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Itihāsa of Bhāratam Janam Through Indus Script and Maritime Tin Route
Itihāsa of Bhāratam Janam Through Indus Script and Maritime Tin Route
Itihāsa of Bhāratam Janam Through Indus Script and Maritime Tin Route
Hindumahasagar parivaar
Malay Tin Granite belt
Opencast tin mining, Taiping
Dong Son Bronze Drum with heron, antelope
Tin
'bhratam janam
R.gveda (ca 3.53.12) uses the term, 'bhratam janam',
which can be interpreted as 'bhrata folk'. The i of the
skta is vivmitra gthina. India was called
Bhratavara after the king Bharata. (Vyu 33, 51-2; Bd.
2,14,60-2; lin:ga 1,47,20,24; Viu 2,1,28,32).
Tiny seal
Dr. Bryan Well (unseen), an expert on Indus
Valley Civilisation, holding a tablet at The
Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Taramani,
Chennai. Photo: M. Karunakaran
http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indus-civilisation-reveals-its-volumetricsystem/article48883.ece
Hieroglyph-multiplex (hypertext)
demonstrated by Dennys Frenez &
Massimo Vidale
Satellite imagery
Siwalik hills were
left-laterally
displaced. NNWSSE-trending
tear fault is still
active. The
earlier westflowing rivers
were swung
southwards,
following the
path of the
fault.
[NRSA, ISRO,
Hyderabad]
IRS P3 WiFS True Color Composite image: palaeo-drainage of Sarasvati river basin. 4 to
10 kms. wide channels. ISRO, Jodhpur
Map of Sapta Sindhu (Nation of Seven Rivers): Theatre of Pan~cajana_h,Five Peoples Marius Fontane, 1881,
Histoire Universelle, Inde Vedique (de 1800 a 800 av. J.C.), Alphonse Lemerre, Editeur, Paris. Amri-Nal
maritime roots. Helavo, elelo seamens song: Mleccha lingua franca; Sanskrit literary language,
grammatically correct.
IRS P6 LISS III image of Feb. 2004 showing Markanda-Bata divide and its mis-fit
wide valley around Paonta Sahib. Movement
along the NNWSSE trending Yamuna Tear Fault was possibly responsible for
the diversion of Yamuna towards south.
VS Area, Section A. Block I, House II: Room 23, showing brick floor with dyeing troughs [Original
1931 caption] House II. - Rooms 1 to 26, covering a rectangular area of 86 ft. 10 in. by 64 ft. 5 in.
to the north of the building just described, appear originally to have belonged to one and the
same house, which had two entrances opening into the main street on the east and another
into Lane I Mohenjo-daro
Riverine, maritime
civilization
Steatite seal showing boat, Mohenjodaro.Sindhu River near Mohenjodaro. Boat and cart still plying here.
24. Moulded tablet, Mohenjo-daro.
Three sided molded tablet. One side shows a flat bottomed boat with a central hut that has leafy fronds at the top of two poles.
Two birds sit on the deck and a large double rudder extends from the rear of the boat. On the second side is a snout nosed gharial
with a fish in its mouth. The third side has eight symbols of the Indus script.
Material: terra cotta Dimensions: 4.6 cm length, 1.2 x 1.5 cm width Mohenjo-daro, MD 602 Islamabad Museum, NMP 1384
Dales 1965a: 147, 1968: 39
22. Toy carts, Nausharo.
Terra cotta toy carts from the Harappan period site of Nausharo in Baluchistan. Holes along the length of the cart serve to hold
wooden side bars and at the center of the cart two of the wooden side bars can be extended below the frame to hold the axle. A
long stick inserted into the holes at the end of the cart would have been used to support a yoke. The two wheels were found lying
next to the cart frame. Period III, Harappan, 2300-2200 B. C. Similar carts are still used in rural areas of Pakistan and India (#2).
Material: terra cotta Dimensions: Larger cart - 17 cm length, 8 cm width, 1.2 cm thickness; Wheel - 7 cm dia., 1.2 cm thickness
Nausharo, NS/88/IV [Accession Number with year] Department of Archaeology, Karachi, EBK 6916 Jarrige 1990: XVa
Indus-Sarasvati Rivers
Tin ingots in the Museum of Ancient Art of the Municipality of Haifa, Israel (left #8251, right
#8252). The ingots each bear two inscribed Cypro-Minoan markings. (Note: I have argued
that the inscriptions were Meluhha hieroglyphs (Indus writing) denoting ranku 'tin' dhatu
'ore'. See: The Bronze Age Writing System of Sarasvati Hieroglyphics as Evidenced by Two
Rosetta Stones By S. Kalyanaraman in: Journal of Indo-Judaic Studies Volume 1: Number 11
(2010), pp. 47-74.)
ranku 'liquid measure'; ranku 'antelope' Rebus: ranku 'tin' (Santali) dhatu 'cross'
Rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore' (Santali).
Hindi. dhn to send out, pour out, cast (metal) (CDIAL 6771).
Inscribed tin ingot with a moulded head, from Haifa (Artzy, 1983: 53). (Michal Artzy, 1983,
Arethusa of the Tin Ingot, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, BASOR 250,
pp. 51-55) An additional hieroglyph on this third tin ingot is : human face. Hieroglyph: mhe
face (Santali) Rebus: mh ingot (Santali). mh opening or hole (in a stove for stoking (Bi.);
ingot (Santali) mh metal ingot (Santali) mh = the quantity of iron produced at one time in
a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a fourcornered piece a little pointed at each end; mh mht = iron smelted by the Kolhes and
formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mht ko
mh akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali).
[Pl.8, Local Tribal coin symbols: Ujjayini, Tripuri, Ayodhya, Almore, Pa_n~ca_la, Arjuna_yana (13), Ra_janya (3,6,8), Uddehika, Audumbara, Kun.inda, Kuluta, Vr.s.n.i, Yaudheya, Ks.atrapa,
Sa_tava_hana]
Taurine symbol [Pl. 35, on punch-marked, local, uninscribed cat coins and local coins]. The
symbol is so intense in almost all cultural periods and in a large number of sites that the taurine
symbol can be compared with the most frequently occurring sign of the SSVC inscribed objects:
the rimmed jar with a narrow-neck (kan.d.kanka copper furnace).
[After Pl. 10 to 13 in: Savita Sharma, 1990, Early Indian Symbols: Numismatic evidence, Delhi, Agam Kala
Prakashan]
[Pl. 6, A, Shamiawala (Lucknow Museum) Uttara Pa_n~ca_la Ahicchatra (Type I) punch-marked coin
symbols]
Bharatiyo
Areas for further research: it is no coincidence that the term bharatiyo means caster of
metals (G.)
Further linguistic studies to reconstruct the Proto-Bharatiya parole (spoken idiom,
vernacular) should relate to the work of sren.i (18 guilds are mentioned in Ja_taka-s)
and links with megalithic cultures.
Further archaeological explorations in Sarasvati river basin and metallurgical analysis is
likely to reveal the early presence of iron-work and experimentation with alloys in
Bharat.
Sociological studies related to Bhratam Janam (R.gveda) and Pn~cla (five artisans =
Pan~cakamml.ar) will establish the pan-bharatiya presence of the visvakarma and
vra_tya tradition (together with yajn~a and yoga), also exemplified by saiva a_gama,
all dating back to not later than 5000 years Before Present.
Knowledge systems of Bharat exemplified by Vedic, itihsa and pura texts will
provide the framework for inter-relating archaeology, tradition and cultural continuum
in puyabhmi Bharat. This calls for a multi-disciplinary approach to the study of
Bharatiya culture, based on Bharatiya ethos and kla gaana using planetaria software
to authenticate the astronomical references in these texts. Such an approach will result
in national resurgence consistent with the tradition which postulates study of itihsa to
achieve dharma, artha, kma and moka.
Plate X [c] Lingam in situ in Trench Ai (MS Vats, 1940, Excavations at Harappa, Vol. II, Calcutta)
Lingam, grey sandstone in situ, Harappa, Trench Ai, Mound F, Pl. X (c) (After Vats). "In an
earthenware jar, No. 12414, recovered from Mound F, Trench IV, Square I... in this jar, six lingams
were found along with some tiny pieces of shell, a unicorn seal, an oblong grey sandstone block
with polished surface, five stone pestles, a stone palette, and a block of chalcedony..." (Vats, EH, p.
370).
6500 BCE. Date of the womans burial with ornaments including a wide bangle of
shankha. Mehergarh. Burial ornaments made of shell and stone disc beads, and
turbinella pyrum (sacred conch, san:kha) bangle, Tomb MR3T.21, Mehrgarh, Period
1A, ca. 6500 BCE. The nearest source for this shell is Makran coast near Karachi, 500
km. South. [After Fig. 2.10 in Kenoyer, 1998].
arukkam
, n. < arka. (.) 1. Copper; .
aka
, n. < arka. Sun; . (. .
35).
H243b
ahi, ai = the petioles and mid-ribs of a compound leaf after the leaflets
have been plucked off, stalks of certain plants, as Indian corn, after the
grain has been taken off (Santali)
dhtu mineral (Vedic); a mineral, metal (Santali)
Imperial series
Asmaka janapada
Silver bent-bar
kamakom = fig leaf (Santali.lex.)
kamarma (Has.), kamakom (Nag.); the
petiole or stalk of a leaf (Mundari.lex.)
A solid copper bolt (24 1/2" in length and a circumference of 14" at the centre and 12" at the
ends), was found in the Rampurva Asoka Pillar near Nepal border.
h188, h196, h291, h630, h631
The copperbolt
with epigraph
(line 1) was
used to bolt
in the bull
capital on the
pillar.
la = spear (Skt.)
cuai = potters kiln, furnace (Ta.); cu_l.ai furnace, kiln, funeral pile (Ta.); cul.l.a potters furnace; cu_l.a brick
kiln (Ma.); culli_ fireplace (Skt.); culli_, ulli_ id. (Pkt.)(CDIAL 4879; DEDR 2709). sulgao, salgao to light a fire;
sen:gel, sokol fire (Santali.lex.) hollu, holu = fireplace (Kuwi); sod.u fireplace, stones set up as a fireplace
(Mand.); ule furnace (Tu.)(DEDR 2857).
Hieroglyph 4 glyph: peak mounted by a rimless pot rebus: furnace
ka = peak (Telugu)
baa = rimless pot (Kannada)
kam = workshop (Tamil); baa = furnace (Santali) bhrra = furnace (Skt.)
Hieroglyph 5 glyph: tree (as shown on hieroglyph 1) with a rim of a jar and a quail ligatured on the branches of
tree
kui = tree; rebus: kui = smelting furnace.
ka kanka = rim of jar (Santali); ka = fire-altar (Santali); kan = copper (Tamil)
baa = quail (Santali)
baa = furnace (Santali) bhrra = furnace (Skt.)
Hieroglyph 2 and hieroglph 6: koha_ga_ra, a pair of storehouses
Thus the line 1 is a hieroglyphic representation of facilities provided to artisan guilds,
itinerant metalsmiths at the tri-junction of three highways.
http://www.engr.mun.ca/~asharan/bihar/ironage/IRONAGEINDIA2.htm
Villagers reported (as a tradition passed down from several generations), that the agarias (a
particular tribe known for their iron smelting skills) from Robertsganj side, used to come in this area
to procure iron by smelting the hematite (Rakesh Tewari about the excavations in Malhar which
Rakesh Tiwari, 2003, Origins of iron working in India: new evidence from the Central
Ganga plain and Eastern Vindhyas, pp.536-545 ca. BCE 1800 Lohar dewa, Malhar, Raja
Nal ka Tala Circular clay furnace, comprising iron slag and tuyures and other waste
materials stuck with its body, exposed at Lohsanwa mound, Period II, Malhar, Dist.
Chandaulihttp://www.antiquity.ac.uk/ProjGall/tewari/tewari.pdf
Austro-asiatic speakers:
Pinnow map
http://www.ling.hawaii.ed
u/austroasiatic/
Correlates with bronzeage sites (extension of
Ganga basin iron-age
sites) [After Fig. 8.1 in:
Charles Higham, 1996,
The Bronze Age of
Southeast Asia,
Cambridge University
Press].
kuila bent; Rebus: kuila, katthl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts
tin) [cf. ra-ka, brass (Sanskrit) (CDIAL 3230)
kamaha crab Rebus: kammaa mint, coiner.ato = claws of crab (Santali) Rebus: dhtu mineral ore
PLUS [ kh ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or
weapon). Rebus: ka tools, pots and pans and metal-ware Thus, mint metalware, ore.
hanga = a crook used for pulling down the branches of trees, for goats, sheep and camels (P.)
Rebus:hangar blacksmith.
Strands of yarn/rope hieroglyph: Hieroglyph: strands of yarn Rebus reading: dhtu strand of rope Rebus:
dhatu mineral ore (Santali)
kolmo paddy plant Rebus: kolami smithy, forge Vikalpa: mogge sprout, bud Rebus: muh
ingot (Santali)
dolu plant of shoot height Rebus: dul cast metal
loa ficus religiosa Rebus: lo iron (Sanskrit) PLUS unique ligatures: [lkhaa ]
n ( S) Iron. or To oppress grievously. [ lkhaakma ] n Iron work; that
portion (of a building, machine &c.) which consists of iron. 2 The business of an ironsmith. [ lkha
] a ( ) Composed of iron; relating to iron. (Marathi)
koi flag (Ta.)(DEDR 2049). Rebus 1: ko workshop (Kuwi)
Rebus 2: kh m. pit, kh f. small pit (Kashmiri. CDIAL 3947).
barao = spine; backbone (Tulu) Rebus: baran, bharat mixed alloys (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi)
baroi twelve bhrata a factitious alloy of copper, pewter, tin (Marathi)
Ligature: two peaks: mu height, rising ground, hillock (Kannada) Rebus: me iron (Ho.) dula pair Rebus: dul
cast metal PLUS |||| Numeral 4: gaa 'four' Rebus: kaa 'furnace, fire-altar' (Santali
dula two, pair Rebus: dul cast metal PLUS dh a slope; inclination of a plane (G.); hiyum = adj. sloping,
inclining (G.) Rebus: hlako = a large metal ingot (G.) hlak = a metal heated and poured into a mould; a solid
piece of metal; an ingot (Gujarati) PLUS kolom three Rebus: kolami smithy, forge. Thus cast metal ingot smithy.
muka ladle (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: muh ingot (Santali) baa = rimless pot
(Kannada) Rebus: ) baa = a kind of iron (G.) ) bhaa furnace (Gujarati) Thus,
iron ingot.
kolom three Rebus: kolami smithy, forge kna arrow (Sanskrit)
Rebus:khna tools, pots and pans, metal-ware. Rebus 2: ka 'fire-altar'
(Santali) Thus, the three sign sequence reads: iron ingot, furnace smithy, firealtar metalware.
ayo fish Rebus: aya iron (Gujarati) ayas metal (Vedic) notch (infixed ligature) Rebus: ka pots and
pans, metalware, Thus, the composite hieroglyph reads rebus: metalware of alloyed metal.
ayo fish Rebus: aya iron (Gujarati) ayas metal (Vedic) PLUS ligatured fins: khambha m. fin
(Lahnda); khambh wing (Punjabi) Allograph: Garh. khambu pillar .(CDIAL 13640) Rebus: kammaa
coiner, mint. Thus fish hieroglyph gets ligatured with fins to denote alloyed metal (of) mint to read:
aya kammaa.coiner, mint alloy.
ayo fish Rebus: ayas iron (Gujarati) ayas metal (Vedic) aaren lid Rebus: aduru native unsmelted
metal
ayo fish Rebus: aya iron (Gujarati) ayas metal (Vedic) PLUS ga four Rebus: ka fire-altar
vajrasanghAta in Varahamihira
M0839 (2476)
[kha] m A young bull, a bullcalf. (Marathi) Rebus: kdr turner
(Bengali); knda engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems (Marathi)
G. sgh m. lathe ; joinery; M. sga double-canoe Rebus:
M0931 (3091)
[kha] m A young bull, a bullcalf. (Marathi) Rebus: kdr turner (Bengali); knda engraver, lapidary
setting or infixing gems (Marathi) G. sgh m. lathe ; joinery; M. sga double-canoe Rebus: sangataras
stone-cutter, mason
ra 'spokes' Rebus: ra brass. cf. erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Kannada)
Glyph: erakanave of wheel Rebus: eraka copper; cf. erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal);
crystal (Kannada) erako moltencast copper PLUS
notch+slanted stroke reads rebus: hlako ka ingot, tools, pots and pans and metal-ware.dh a slope;
inclination of a plane (G.); hiyum = adj. sloping, inclining (G.) Rebus: hlako = a large metal ingot (G.) hlak =
a metal heated and poured into a mould; a solid piece of metal; an ingot (Gujarati) PLUS [ kh ] m A jag,
notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). Rebus: ka tools, pots and pans and metal-ware
Thus, together, the pair reads: ra erako kh brass, moltencast copper metalware.
dula pair Rebus: dul cast (metal) PLUSkana, kanac = corner (Santali); Rebus: kacu = bronze (Telugu) PLUS infixed
kolmo paddy plant Rebus: kolami smithy, forge. Thus, cast bronze smithy, forge. Or, mogge sprout, bud Rebus:
mu h ingot (Santali)Thus, cast bronze ingot. Read as: kacu dul mu h bronze cast ingot
ayo hlako alloy metal ingot
kna arrow (Sanskrit) Rebus:khna tools, pots and pans, metal-ware. Rebus 2: ka 'fire-altar' (Santali)
5261
du cross(Telugu) Rebus: dhatu mineral (Santali).
dh a slope; inclination of a plane (G.); hiyum = adj. sloping,
inclining (G.) Rebus: hlako = a large metal ingot (G.) hlak = a
metal heated and poured into a mould; a solid piece of metal; an ingot
(Gujarati) PLUS [ kh ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as
upon the edge of a tool or weapon). Rebus: ka tools, pots and
pans and metal-ware
aya kammaa.coiner, mint alloy
[ kh ] f ( S) A granary, garner, storehouse, warehouse,
treasury, factory, bank. 2 The grain and provisions (as of an army); the
commissariatsupplies. Ex. -- -.
kanka rim of jar Rebus: karka account (scribe) kar supercargo
kamsa = to jump
(Santali) Rebus: kacu
bronze (Telugu)
m14
M0492 A,B,C Person throwing a spear at a bison, placing one
foot on the head; serpent at left.
M1430 A,C Person throwing aspear at a buffalo and placing
one foot on itshead; three persons standing near a tree at the
centre. Text of inscription 2819 Material: terra cotta
Dimensions: 3.91 length, 1.5 to 1.62 cm width Harappa, Lot
4651-01 Harappa Museum, H95-2486
Meadow and Kenoyer 1997
adar dangra zebu bos indicus Rebus: nativemetal-smith; khu zebu bos indicus Rebus: guild
or community kuha a type of copper
loa ficus religiosa Rebus: lo iron (Assamese,
Bengali); loa iron (Gypsy) Glyph: lo = nine
(Santali); no = nine (Bengali) on-patu = nine
(Tamil)
m1224A,B m1168
eraka upraised arm Rebus: eraka moltencast copper
me body Rebus: me iron (Ho.)
zebu horns: khu, zebu Rebus read rebus guild,
community kuha a type of copper
A synonym is aar angra Rebus: aduru hangar nativemetal-smith, black-smith working on native metal
(Kannada.Santali).
khu zebu Rebus: (native metal) guild
aaren, aren lid, cover (Santali) Rebus: aduru native
metal (Kannada)
kola tiger Rebus: kolhe smelter kol working in iron
m277A
[kha] m A young bull, a bullcalf. (Marathi)
Rebus: kdr turner (Bengali); knda engraver,
lapidary setting or infixing gems (Marathi) G.
sgh m. lathe ; joinery; M. sga doublecanoe Rebus: sangataras. lit. to collect
stones, stone-cutter, mason. Count of four: ||||
Numeral 4: gaa 'four' Rebus: kaa 'furnace, firealtar' (Santali) PLUS aya kammaa.coiner, mint alloy
kanka rim of jar Rebus: karka account (scribe)
kar supercargo
M1179, 1180
mil markhor (Trwl)meho a ram, a sheep
(Gujarati)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: mht, me iron (Mu.Ho.)
dhatu scarf; (Western Pahari) Rebus: dhatu mineral ore
(Santali)
Variant hieroglyph Sign: kuila bent Rebus: bronze
Duplicated bent glyph: dula pair Rebus; dul cast metal. Thus
the hieroglyph denotes caste bronze.
kanka rim of jar Rebus: karka account (scribe) kar
supercargo
h176A,B
Side A:balad m. ox , gng. bald, (Ku.) barad, id. (N. Tarai) Rebus: bharat (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin)(Punjabi)
ra 'spokes' Rebus: ra brass. cf. erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal
(Kannada) Glyph: erakanave of wheel Rebus: eraka copper; cf. erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka)
copper (metal); crystal (Kannada) erako moltencast copper DUPLICATED dula pair Rebus: dul cast metal
Thus, cast copper and brass.
me body Rebus: me iron (Ho.) Rebus: [ kha ] measure of weight (Marathi) ; kai, n. <
Mhr. khail. [T. Tu. khai, M. kai.] Candy, a weight, about 500 lbs. [ kh ] f ( S) frame or
structure of the body (Marathi) Rebus: [ kha ] measure of weight (Marathi) ; kai, n. <
Mhr. khail. [T. Tu. khai, M. kai.] Candy, a weight, stated to be roughly equivalent to 500 lbs.
baa = rimless pot (Kannada) Rebus: baa = a kind of iron (Gujarati) : bhaa furnace, kiln
khv- cot; no. 3785, khai- bier (lex.)(CDIAL 3781) Pa. kaeya cot (< Halbi); Kui kae id.; Kur. kha bedstead,
bed; Malt. kae, ki id. (DEDR 1145) Rebus: [ kh ] f ( S) frame or structure of the body
(Marathi) Rebus: [ kha ] measure of weight (Marathi) ; kai, n. < Mhr. khail. [T.
Tu. khai, M. kai.] Candy, a weight, stated to be roughly equivalent to 500 lbs.
kanka rim of jar Rebus: karka account (scribe) kar supercargo
Side B: kol tiger Rebus: kolhe smelters krammara turn back Rebus: kamar blacksmith
kha A stock or stump (Marathi); leafless tree (Marathi) Rebus: kdr turner (Bengali); Allograph: young
bull.
heraka spy Rebus: erako moltencast copper
kamaha penance Rebus: kammaa mint, coiner.
dhatu scarf; Rebus: dhatu mineral ore
Kur. ka a stool. Malt. kano stool, seat. (DEDR 1179) Rebus: ka 'fire-altar' (Santali) ka tools, pots
and pans and metal-ware (Marathi)
Hare + trough+tiger looks back: kulai hare Rebus: kolhe smelter pattar trough Rebus: pattar guild kol
kamar smelter-artisan Thus, together, the pictorial composition reads: smelter-artisan guild
m1927a 1927b
khu zebu (denoted by the ligatured horns of zebu) Rebus: (native metal) guild
ibha elephant Rebus: ib iron; ibbo merchant (Gujarati. Desi)
Kur. xol tail. Malt. qoli id. (DEDR 2135). Rebus: kolhe smelter
Message: iron smelter merchant guild.
Other ligaturing elements are: body of a ram and hindlegs of tiger read rebus:
agararam Rebus; tagara tin
kol tiger Rebus; kolhe smelter
mu h human face Rebus: mu h ingot
Thus, the message conveyed by the composite animal hieroglyph is: ingot (from) iron smelter,
tin smelter merchant guild.
Anthropomorph with `fish' glyph incised on the chest. Curved arms like the horns of a
fighting ram ligatured to the outstretched legs of a warrior. Sheorajpur, Kanpur Dist.,
UP, India. State Museum, Lucknow (O.37). 47.7 x 39 x
2.1 cm. C. 4 kg. Early 2nd millennium BCE.
Kalibangan 34A mil markhor (Trwl) meho a ram, a sheep (G.)(CDIAL 10120)
Rebus: mht, me iron (Mu.Ho.)
ayo fish Rebus: aya iron ayas metal
Two pure tin ingots found at Haifa with Meluhha hieroglyphs
h1997A,B
Side A: Text box enclosing 24 incisions or a pair of 12 incisions: dula pair Rebus: dul cast metal
baroi twelve bhrata a factitious alloy of copper, pewter, tin (Marathi) dulo hole Rebus: dul
cast metal. Thus bharat alloy castings.
aaren cover of pot or lid Rebus: aduru native, unsmelted metal LIGATURED to ayo fish
Rebus: ayas metal (Vedi) Thus, aya aaren (homonym: aduru)alloy native metal
barao = spine; backbone (Tulu) Rebus: baran, bharat mixed alloys (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin)
(Punjabi)
kanka rim of jar Rebus: karka account (scribe) kar supercargo
khareo = a currycomb (Gujarati) [ kharr ] m ( H) A currycomb. 2 Currying a horse.
(Marathi) Rebus: [kara] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi) khard turner
(Gujarati)
Side B:
balad m. ox , gng. bald, (Ku.) barad, id. (N. Tarai) Rebus: bharat (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1
tin)(Punjabi) pattar trough Rebus: pattar guild. Thus, copper-zinc-tin alloy (worker) guild.
Duplicated: dula pair Rebus; dul cast metal Thus bharat alloy castings.
kha A stock or stump (Marathi); leafless tree (Marathi) Rebus: kdr turner
(Bengali); kd to turn in a lathe (Bengali).
http://www.indogold.com.au/images.htm
This is a tribute to Mahadevan, Parpola and scholars of Indian civilization studies. This is M. [ a ] n (S)
Debt. Three departments of man's debt are reckoned, viz. , , , q. v. This is thus a homage to who
have given us a civilization under dharma or aam , n. < -. [K. aa, M. aam.] 1. Moral or religious duty, virtue,
performance of good works according to the stras, duties to be practiced. < - au- : notes with another;
. (. 385, .) Raison detre of
my life: repay a homage to who have given me my social identity and goals of life, pururtha.
Most of the ca. 500+ glyphs and glyptic elements have been identified with
precision (without ambiguity) thanks to the brilliant work done by
Mahadevan, Parpola and other scholars who have contributed to unraveling
the orthography and structure of the writing system
Each glyph is a potential resource for relating the glyph to glosses of Indian
languages to identify mleccha glosses in the linguistic area
Isoglosses will help reconstruct proto-mleccha and proto-vedic.
Glyptic semantic clusters decode the writing system using the simple rebus
method -- occams razor (rebus: A representation of words in the form of
pictures or symbols, often presented as a puzzle. From Latin rebus, ablative
pl. of res, thing. bartleby.com) and relating them to one semantic
category: early workings in mines, early workings with minerals and metals
an industrial revolution of those ancient times.
h182 tablet
M488 Side B: [kha] m A young bull, a bullcalf. (Marathi) Rebus: kdr turner (Bengali); knda engraver,
lapidary setting or infixing gems (Marathi) G. sgh m. lathe ; joinery; M. sga double-canoe Rebus:
sangataras stone-cutter, mason
loa ficus religiosa Rebus: lo iron (Sanskrit) PLUS unique ligatures: [lkhaa ] n ( S) Iron.
or To oppress grievously. [ lkhaakma ] n Iron work; that portion (of a building, machine
&c.) which consists of iron. 2 The business of an ironsmith. [ lkha ] a () Composed of iron; relating to
iron. (Marathi) bhaa warrior (Sanskrit) Rebus: baa a kind of iron (Gujarati). Rebus: bhaa furnace (Santali) Thus,
together, the ligatured hieroglyph reads rebus: loa bhaa iron furnace lkhaakma ] n Iron work; that portion (of a
building, machine &c.) which consists of iron. 2 The business of an ironsmith. [ lkha ] a () Composed of
iron; relating to iron. (Marathi)
aar 'harrow' rebus: aduru 'native unsmelted metal me body Rebus: me iron (Ho.) [ kh ] f ( S) frame
or structure of the body (Marathi) Rebus: [ kha ] measure of weight (Marathi)
khareo = a currycomb (Gujarati) [ kharr ] m ( H) A currycomb. 2 Currying a horse. (Marathi)
Rebus: [kara] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi) khard turner (Gujarati)
The pair of hieroglyph signs are compositions: 1. bicha scorpion (Assamese) Rebus: bica stone ore (Santali) The
pairing sign is a composition of: sloping stroke PLUS two short strokes of a splinter:dh a slope; inclination of a
plane (Gujarati); hiyum = adj. sloping, inclining (Gujarati) Rebus: hlako = a large metal ingot (Gujarati) hlak = a
metal heated and poured into a mould; a solid piece of metal; an ingot (Gujarati)PLUS sal splinter Rebus: sal
workshop. Thus the composition reads: hlako sal ingot workshop.
kha field, division (Skt.) Rebus: khna tools, pots and pans, metal-ware. Rebus 2: ka 'fire-altar' (Santali) dula
pair Rebus: dul cast metal Thus, duplicated division hieroglyph sign reads: cast metal metal-ware.
M488 Side C: ku horn Rebus: workshop me body Rebus: me iron (Ho.) [ maapa ] canopy Rebus: [ ma ] f ( H) A green market, the
place in a city whither vegetables and fruits are brought to be disposed of by wholesale.
lo, no nine (Assamese) Rebus: lo iron, copper
loa ficus religiosa Rebus: lo iron (Sanskrit) PLUS unique ligatures: [lkhaa ] n ( S) Iron. or To oppress
grievously. [ lkhaakma ] n Iron work; that portion (of a building, machine &c.) which consists of iron. 2 The business of an ironsmith. [
lkha ] a () Composed of iron; relating to iron. (Marathi)
Composite animal: Markhor horns: mil markhor (Trwl) meho a ram, a sheep (G.)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: mht, me iron (Mu.Ho.) scarf: dhatu
scarf Rebus: dhatu mineral ore Ligature: Kur. xol tail. Malt. qoli id. (DEDR 2135). Rebus: kolhe smelter Thus, copper smelter.
Worshipper: bha G. bhuv m. worshipper in a temple rather < bhrta --(CDIAL 9554) Yj.com., Rebus: bha kiln, furnace ku horn Rebus: workshop
kd 'bunch of twigs' (Sanskrit) Rebus: kuhi 'smelter furnace' (Santali)
Scarf: dhatu scarf Rebus: dhatu mineral ore As a phonetic-semantic reinforcement, the worshipper holds a pot: rimless, broad-mouthed pot which is
baa read rebus: bhaa furnace.
kao stool, seat Rebus: ka metalware kaa fire-altar erugu = to bow, to salute or make obeisance (Te.) er-agu = obeisance (Ka.), ir_ai (Ta.) [Note
image of an offering adorant]eraka, erka = copper (Ka.) erako moltencast copper (Gujarati)
[mai] or mani. [Tel.] n. Kneeling down with one leg, an attitude in archery, , . Rebus:
mai market
bhaa worshipper bhaa furnace baa iron (Gujarati)
.
Khandagiri caves (2nd cent. BCE) Cave 3 (Jaina Ananta gumpha). Fire-altar?, rivatsa, svastika
(hieroglyphs)
(King Kharavela, a Jaina who ruled Kalinga has an inscription dated 161 BCE) contemporaneous with
Bharhut and Sanchi and early Bodhgaya
Manoharpura.
ygapaa 50 to
299 CE. Red
sandstone.
Lucknow State
Museum.
(Scan no. 0053006)
Manoharpura.
ygapaa
Tirthankara. Red
sandstone. Lucknow
State Museum. (Scan
no. 0053007)
Manoharpura. Lower quadrant of ygapaa. Twin fish. 1st to 3rd cent. Red sandstone.
Lucknow State Museum. (Scan no.0053009 )
Manoharpura. Right
quadrant of
ygapaa.Red
sandstone. Lucknow
State Museum. (Scan
no. 0053011)
Manoharpura. Twin fish and rivatsa. Top section of ygapaa. Red sandstone. National
Museum, New Delhi. (Scan no. 0053016)
SVASTIKA_, ENDLESS-KNOT
Cylinder seal impression. Sumer (ca. 2500 BCE). After Amiet 1980a: pl.
108, no. 1435
Early Dynastic seal. Lagash. After Amiet 1980a: pl. 83, no. 1099
Rojdi axe
Svastika, endless-knot
m1356
m443Atm443Bt
Chanhudaro49A Chanhudaro49B
Chanhudaro50A Chanhudaro50B
ar 'spokes' Rebus: ra brass. cf. erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh.
of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Kannada) Glyph: erakanave of wheel
Rebus: eraka copper; cf. erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka)
copper (metal); crystal (Kannada) eraka moltencast copper
Duplicated: dula pair Rebus: dul cast metal Thus cast copper, brass
casting.
USE OF HIEROGLYPHS
Cylinder seal impression, ca. 21832159 B.CE of Ibnisharrum, a scribe of Shar-kali-sharri bos gaurus,
overflowing pot
ko = place where artisans work (G.lex.) koiyum = a wooden circle put round the neck
of an animal; ko = neck (G.lex.) ku = horns (Ta.)
[kha] m A young bull, a bullcalf. (Marathi) Rebus: kdr turner (Bengali); knda engraver,
lapidary setting or infixing gems (Marathi) G. sgh m. lathe ; joinery; M. sga double-canoe
Rebus: sangataras stone-cutter, mason
dol = likeness, picture, form (Santali) [e.g., two tigers, two bulls, duplicated signs] dulo
hole Rebus: dul cast metal : me~he~t iron; ispat m. = steel; dul m. = cast iron
(Santali)
lo iron (Assamese, Bengali); loa iron (Gypsy) Glyph: lo = nine (Santali); no = nine (B.) on-patu = nine
(Ta.) lo, no nine phonetic reinforcement of: loa ficus Rebus: lo copper nava: In counting by tetrads
(octo=8 is a dual!) a new series nava begins with No. 9
[Pl. 55, Standard symbol on punch-marked coins and on local coins; this is paralleled by
the standard device in front of the one-horned bull shown on many inscribed objects
with Sarasvati hieroglyphs].
aamangalaka hra
Necklaces with a number of pendants aamangalaka hra depicted on a pillar of a
gateway (toran.a) at the stupa of Sanchi, Central India, 1st century BCE. [After VS
Agrawala, 1969, The deeds of Harsha (being a cultural study of Bas Haracarita, ed.
By PK Agrawala, Varanasi: fig. 62] The hra or necklace shows a pair of fish signs
together with a number of motifs indicating weapons (cakra, parau, an:kua),
including a device that parallels the standard device normally shown in many inscribed
objects of SSVC in front of the one-horned bull.
(cf. Marshall, J. and Foucher, The Monuments of Sanchi, 3 vols., Callcutta, 1936,
repr. 1982, pl. 27). The first necklace has eleven and the second one has thirteen
pendants (cf. V.S. Agrawala, 1977, Bhraya Kal , Varanasi, p. 169); he notes the
eleven pendants as: sun, ukra, padmasara, an:kua, vaijayanti, pan:kaja, mnamithuna, rvatsa, parau, darpaa and kamala. "The axe (parau) and an:kua
pendants are common at sites of north India and some of their finest specimens
from Kausambi are in the collection of Dr. MC Dikshit of Nagpur." (Dhavalikar, M.K.,
1965, Sanchi: A cultural Study, Poona, p. 44; loc.cit. Dr.Mohini Verma, 1989, Dress
and Ornaments in Ancient India: The Maurya and S'un:ga Periods, Varanasi,
Indological Book House, p. 125). Note that one of the pendants looks like the
'device' normally found in front of the one-horned bull, the san:gaa, portable
brazier and lathe (also meaning, battle).
ayo fish Rebus: aya iron ayas metal dula pair Rebus: dul cast metal
[ paaa ] paau. [Tel.] n. A smithy, a
shop. [ paika ] An anvil paaai, n. <
K. paale. 1. Community; . 2. Guild, as of
workmen; .
patta ferryman(Punjabi)
The following semantics lend support to derivation by R. A. Hall in Language
12, 133 from *partana -- (pr ~ Lat.portus, &c.) for the word
paana (Kautilya):
Rebus: S. patau m. ferry (whence pta m. ferryman , f. ferry boat );
L. pattan, (Ju.) pata m. ferry ; P. patta ferry, landing -- place
, patta, tu m. ferryman, one who lives near a ferry ; B. ptan ferryman
.(CDIAL 7705). paaku, n. [T. paava, M. paaku.] 1. Small boat;
. 2. Dhoney, large boat; . (W.) [ pai
] pahi. [Afghan.] n. Pathan, a certain tribe of Afghans.
Allograph: [ paaga ] paaga. [Tel.] n. A flag or banner, a crest. .
A snake's crest or hood.
Rebus: Ta. toru (-v-, -t-) to worship, adore, pay homage to; torukai worshipping,
adoration, prayer; toruvu worshipping, adoration. Ma. toruka to salute by joining
the hands, acknowledge superiority. Ka. turil salutation, obeisance,
bow. Ko. to- (topp-, tott-) to salute. Tu. turli obeisance; solma,
solm salutation. Go. (Mu.) do- to bow (Voc. 1902). Pe. o- (ot) id. Man. u- to bow head. ? Kona tuRpa- to invoke gods, fulfil a religious
vow, adore, worship (DEDR 3525)
Plate X [c] Lingam in situ in Trench Ai (MS Vats, 1940, Excavations at Harappa, Vol. II, Calcutta)
Lingam, grey sandstone in situ, Harappa, Trench Ai, Mound F, Pl. X (c) (After Vats). "In an
earthenware jar, No. 12414, recovered from Mound F, Trench IV, Square I... in this jar, six lingams
were found along with some tiny pieces of shell, a unicorn seal, an oblong grey sandstone block
with polished surface, five stone pestles, a stone palette, and a block of chalcedony..." (Vats, EH, p.
370).
1 a court of law. -2
depository of legal
documents.
khanaka m. one who digs , digger , excavator MBh. iii , 640 R. ; a miner
L. ; a house-breaker , thief L. ; a rat L. ; N. of a friend of Vidura MBh. i ,
5798 f. ; (%{I}) f. a female digger or excavator P. 3-1 , 145 Pat. ; iv , 1
, 41 Ka1s3. karaka scribe
The rim of a jar is ka kan-ka (Santali)
ka is pot; kan-ka in Sanskrit is karaka 'ear or rim of jar'. ka also
means 'fire-altar'.
Daimabad seal (ca. 1400 BCE) Frequency of occurrence of sign:
1395
or [ kra or kraka ] a ( S) That causes, conducts,
carries on, manages. Applied to the prime minister of a state, the
supercargo of a ship &c. (Marathi) or karanikamu.
Clerkship: the office of a Karanam or clerk.
[ karaamu ] karaamu. [Skt.] n. A village clerk, a writer, an
accountant. he has talents
for speaking but not for writing.
the registrar of a district.