A.davtyan Book Engl

THE USE OF SUBJUNCTIVE
MOOD IN MODERN
ENGLISH
(REFERENCE AND PRACTICE BOOK)
II YEAR
BY A. DAVTYAN
ºðºì²ÜÆ ì.´ðÚàõêàìÆ ²Üì²Ü äºî²Î²Ü
Èº¼ì²´²Ü²Î²Ü Ð²Ø²Èê²ð²Ü
THE USE OF SUBJUNCTIVE

MOOD IN MODERN
ENGLISH
(REFERENCE AND PRACTICE BOOK)
II YEAR
BY A. DAVTYAN
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2007
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É»½í³µ³Ý³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³Éë³ñ³ÝÇ ·Çï³Ï³Ý ËáñÑñ¹Ç, ûï³ñ
É»½áõÝ»ñÇ ý³ÏáõÉï»ïÇ ËáñÑñ¹Ç ¨ ³Ý·É»ñ»ÝÇ ³ÙµÇáÝÇ
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Å³Ù³Ý³Ï³ÏÇó ³Ý·É»ñ»ÝáõÙ (The Use of
Subjunctive Mood in Modern English): ºñ¨³ÝÇ
ì. ´ñÛáõëáíÇ ³Ýí³Ý å»ï³Ï³Ý É»½í³µ³Ý³Ï³Ý
Ñ³Ù³Éë³ñ³ÝÇ II ÏáõñëÇ áõë³ÝáÕÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ: –ºñ.:
ÈÇÝ·í³, 2007. – 117 ¿ç:
Ò»éÝ³ñÏÁ ºíñáå³Ï³Ý Ñ³ÝÁÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ ßñç³Ý³ÏÇ

ë³Ý¹Õ³Ïáí Ñ³Ù³å³ï³ëË³ÝáõÙ ¿ B2.1 Ù³Ï³ñ¹³ÏÇÝ:
¶ñ³ËáëÝ»ñ`
²Õ³çÇÝÛ³Ý èáµ»ñï ²Õ³µ³µÇ (Ð³Û³ëï³ÝÇ ²Ù»ñÇÏÛ³Ý
Ð³Ù³Éë³ñ³Ý)
¾¹ÇÉÛ³Ý ÈÇÉÇ³Ý³ ì³½·»ÝÇ (Ð³Û³ëï³ÝÇ ²Ù»ñÇÏÛ³Ý
Ð³Ù³Éë³ñ³Ý)
ØÏñÛ³Ý Ü³Çñ³ è³áõÉÇ, µ.·.Ã. (ì. ´ñÛáõëáíÇ ³Ýí³Ý
å»ï³Ï³Ý É»½í³µ³Ý³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³Éë³ñ³Ý)
¸ 4602020102 2007Ã. ¶Ø¸ 81.2 ²Ý·É ó7

0134(01)2007
ISBN 978- 99930-79-88-0 ©§ÈÇÝ·í³¦, 2007Ã.

Ü³Ë³µ³Ý
êáõÛÝ Ó»éÝ³ñÏÁ Ý³Ë³ï»ëí³Í ¿ ³Ý·É»ñ»ÝÁ áñå»ë ³é³çÇÝ

¨ »ñÏñáñ¹ Ù³ëÝ³·ÇïáõÃÛáõÝ áõëáõÙÝ³ëÇñáÕÝ»ñÇ, ÇÝãå»ë Ý³¨ áã
Ù³ëÝ³·Çï³Ï³Ý ý³ÏáõÉï»ïÝ»ñÇ áõë³ÝáÕÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ:
Ò»éÝ³ñÏÁ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ û·ï³Ï³ñ ÉÇÝ»É µáÉáñ Ýñ³Ýó, áíù»ñ
Ñ»ï³ùñùñíáõÙ »Ý ³Ý·É»ñ»ÝÇ ù»ñ³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ùµ ¨ ó³ÝÏ³ÝáõÙ »Ý
Ëáñ³óÝ»É Çñ»Ýó ·Çï»ÉÇùÝ»ñÁ É»½íÇ ³Û¹ µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ:
²ÛÝ ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ ï³ÉÇë áõë³ÝáÕÝ»ñÇÝ áã ÙÇ³ÛÝ Ó»éù
µ»ñ»É ·Çï»ÉÇùÝ»ñ ³Ý·É»ñ»ÝÇ §»Õ³Ý³Ï Ï³ñ·Ç¦, ³ÛÉ¨ ³Û¹ É»½íáí
Ñ³Õáñ¹³Ïóí»Éáõ ÑÙïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É:
Ò»éÝ³ñÏÁ µ³ÕÏ³ó³Í ¿ Ý»ñ³Í³Ï³Ý ¨ ·áñÍÝ³Ï³Ý
Ù³ë»ñÇó ¨ Ý»ñ³éáõÙ ¿ ãáñë Ñ³í»Éí³Í, áñï»Õ ³ÕÛáõë³ÏÇ ï»ëùáí
Ý»ñÏ³Û³óí³Í ¿ Ã»ù »Õ³Ý³ÏÝ»ñÇ û·ï³·áñÍÙ³Ý Ï³Õ³å³ñÝ»ñÁ,
ÇÝãå»ë Ý³¨ »Õ³Ý³Ï³íáñáÕ µ³Û»ñÇ ¨ Ã»ù »Õ³Ý³Ï³Ó¨»ñÇ
Ñ³ñ³µ»ñ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ÑÝ³ñ³íáñ ï³ñµ»ñ³ÏÝ»ñÁ:
Ü»ñ³Í³Ï³Ý Ù³ëÁ Í³ÝáÃ³óÝáõÙ ¿ áõë³ÝáÕÝ»ñÇÝ
»Õ³Ý³Ï³íáñÙ³Ý Ï³ñ·Ç ¨ Ýñ³ ³ñï³Ñ³ÛïÙ³Ý ÙÇçáóÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï:
øÝÝíáõÙ »Ý ë³ÑÙ³Ý³Ï³Ý »Õ³Ý³ÏÇ ¨ Ã»ù »Õ³Ý³Ï³ÛÇÝ
Ó¨»ñÇ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï Ï³ñ·Ç ÙÇç¨ ï³ñµ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ¨ Ýñ³Ýó ï»ÕÁ
Å³Ù³Ý³Ï³ÛÇÝ Ï»ÝïñáÝÝ»ñáõÙ, ÇÝãå»ë Ý³¨ å³ÛÙ³Ý³Ï³Ý
Ý³Ë³¹³ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ï»ë³ÏÝ»ñÁ: ´³óÇ ³Û¹ Éáõë³µ³ÝíáõÙ ¿ ÙÇ
ß³ñù Ñ³ñó»ñ` Ï³åí³Í »ÝÃ³¹ñ³Ï³Ý »Õ³Ý³ÏÇ û·ï³·áñÍÙ³Ý
Ñ»ï:
Ò»éÝ³ñÏáõÙ Ý»ñ³éí³Í »Ý áñáß Ï³ÛáõÝ Ï³å³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ
Subjunctive I-Ç ÑÇÙ³Ý íñ³, ÇÝãå»ë Ý³¨ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óí³Í ¿
»Õ³Ý³Ï³íáñáÕ µ³Û»ñÇ ¨ Ã»ù »Õ³Ý³Ï³Ó¨»ñÇ
Ñ³ñ³µ»ñ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³éáï í»ñÉáõÍáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¨ ³Û¹
ï³ñµ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ å³ïÏ»ñáÕ ³ÕÛáõë³Ï:
ºÉÝ»Éáí Ó»éÝ³ñÏÇ ·áñÍÝ³Ï³Ý Ýå³ï³ÏÝ»ñÇó`
³é³ç³ñÏíáõÙ ¿ Ñ³Ù³éáï ï»ë³Ï³Ý ÝÛáõÃ, áñÝ ³Ùñ³åÝ¹íáõÙ ¿
ÙÇ ß³ñù ·áñÓÝ³Ï³Ý ³é³ç³¹ñ³ÝùÝ»ñáí:
¶áñÍÝ³Ï³Ý µ³ÅÝáõÙ ÁÝ¹·ñÏí³Í í³ñÅáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ
Ï³éáõóí³Í »Ý Í³ÝáÃ µ³é³å³ß³ñÇ ÑÇÙ³Ý íñ³, ÇÝãÝ ³é³í»É
Ù³ïã»ÉÇ ¨ Ñ»ï³ùñùÇñ ¿ ¹³ñÓÝáõÙ ³ßË³ï³ÝùÁ ¨ Ýå³ëïáõÙ ¿
ù»ñ³Ï³Ý³Ï³Ý ÝÛáõÃÇ ³í»ÉÇ É³í ÁÝÏ³ÉÙ³ÝÁ ¨ Ûáõñ³óÙ³ÝÁ:
Ð³ïáõÏ áõß³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ ¹³ñÓíáõÙ ëï»ÕÍ³·áñÍ³Ï³Ý
í³ñÅáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ íñ³:
²Û¹ Ëáëù³ÛÇÝ í³ñÅáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ Ýå³ëïáõÙ »Ý áã ÙÇ³ÛÝ
ù»ñ³Ï³Ý³Ï³Ý ÝÛáõÃÇ Ûáõñ³óÙ³ÝÁ, ³ÛÉ¨ ³å³ÑáíáõÙ »Ý »Éù ¹»åÇ
3
Ëáëù, ³ÛëÇÝùÝ` Ýå³ëïáõÙ »Ý µ³Ý³íáñ ËáëùÇ ÑÙïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ
½³ñ·³óÙ³ÝÁ:
Úáõñ³ù³ÝãÛáõñ Ã»Ù³Ý ³í³ñïíáõÙ ¿ ³Ù÷á÷Çã
í³ñÅáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáí (Revision Exercises), ÇëÏ ³ÙµáÕç ÝÛáõÃÇ í»ñçáõÙ
ïñíáõÙ »Ý ÁÝ¹Ñ³Ýñ³óÝáÕ í³ñÅáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ (Advanced Revision),
í»ñóí³Í µÝ³·Çñ ëÏ½µÝ³ÕµÛáõñÝ»ñÇó, ¨ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óÝáõÙ »Ý áã
ÙÇ³ÛÝ Ý»Õ É»½í³µ³Ý³Ï³Ý ³ñÅ»ù, ³ÛÉ¨` Ñ³Ýñ³ÏñÃ³Ï³Ý:
Ð»ÕÇÝ³Ï
4
INTRODUCTION
Modality is the grammatical category which expresses the

attitude of the speaker towards the action or state indicated by the
predicate verb.
There are various means of expressing modality:
1. lexical – modal words and expressions such as: surely,
no doubt, to be likely/unlikely, etc.;
2. lexico-grammatical – modal verbs and their equivalents
such as: should/ought to, can/could, may/might, must, to
be able to, to be permitted/allowed to, etc.;
3. grammatical – the category of Mood;
4. phonetic – intonation, stress.
Mood is the grammatical category of the verb which expresses

the attitude of the speaker towards the action or state indicated by the
predicate verb from the point of its reality or unreality.
Taking into consideration the above mentioned, we distinguish
between Direct and Indirect/Oblique Moods.
The Direct Moods are the Indicative and the Imperative. The
forms of the Indicative Mood represent the actions or states as real
actions that do not contradict reality and can be viewed from the
past, present and future.
e.g. He bought the dictionary yesterday.
She studies English at the University.
He’ll buy a house by the sea when he has saved enough
money.
The forms of the Indicative Mood manifest themselves in

three main tense-groups and one supplementary, each having a
grammatical meaning which distinguishes it from the others. They
are:
1. the Indefinite
2. the Continuous
3. the Perfect
4. the Perfect-Continuous groups of tenses.
5
The Indefinite group states the fact of the action in the past,
present or future (what took/takes/will take place).
e.g. He lived in Canada.
He lives in Canada.
He will live in Canada.
The Continuous group expresses the action in

process/progress (how the action proceeds).
e.g. When I went to see him he was sleeping
Don’t make a noise. The child is sleeping.
Don’t come at five. I’ll be sleeping.
The Perfect group underlines the idea of priority (the action

is prior to the moment of speaking or another action in the past,
present or future).
e.g. He had finished the translation by 7 yesterday.
He has finished the translation and is free now.
He will have finished the translation by the time you get back.
The Perfect Continuous group combines the idea of priority

with that of progress/process.
e.g. She has been living in Canada for 5 years.
She had been living in Canada for 5 years by that time.
She’ll have been living in Canada for 5 years by next year.
Meaning Tense-Groups
Past did
Fact Indefinite Present do/does
Future shall/will do
Past was/were doing
Process Continuous Present am/is/are doing
Future shall/will be doing
Past had done
Priority Perfect Present have/has done
Future shall/will have done
6
Past had been doing
Priority + Perf. Cont Present have/has been doing
Process Future shall/willhave been doing
As has already been mentioned the actions expressed by the

forms of the Indicative Mood may refer to the Past, Present or
Future.
The term “temporal centres” is used to indicate the Past, Present
and Future. Each of the tense-forms has its own place in these
centres.
This can be illustrated by the following:
PTC PrTC FTC
Past Indefinite Present Perfect Present Indefinite Future Indefinite
since
Past Past Future-in-the-Past Present Future Future
Perfect Cont. Cont. Perfect Cont.
The vertical line denotes the moment of speaking in the Past,

Present and Future.
P.T.C. Pr.T.C. F.T.C.
Past Perfect Present Perfect Future Perfect
Past Indefinite Present Indefinite Future Indefinite
Past Perfect Cont. Present Perf Cont Future Perf Cont

Past Cont. Present Continuous Future Cont
7
As it can be seen from the chart above, due to the category of
Aspect all the tense forms may be used in their Non-Continuous and
Continuous forms, the latter underlines the idea of progress/process
or an incomplete action.
e.g. I have translated the article. You can use it in your report.
I have been translating the article for two hours, but haven’t
finished it yet.
*T.C. – temporal centre
8
The Indirect/Oblique Moods.
General Traits of the Oblique Moods.
The forms of the Oblique Moods represent actions or states as

unreal or imaginary.
The unreality expressed by the forms of the Oblique Moods is
either unreal in general – contradicting reality or unreal at present
only, possible if there are the corresponding circumstances, and
sometimes unlikely to take place.
The Oblique Moods are:
1. Subjunctive II Past had done/had been doing

Present did/were/were doing
2. Conditional Past should/would have done

have been doing
Present should/would do/be doing
3. Suppositional* Past should have done

Present should do
4. Subjunctive I* Present do/be
As it can be seen from the chart above, unlike the Indicative

Mood, the Oblique Moods have two Tense-forms – Past and Present.
Thus the action expressed by the forms of the Oblique Moods
can be viewed from the past and present temporal centres.
*Some grammarians consider this form as a special use of the

modal verb should in some sentence patterns.
*This form is usually considered to be traditional and is used
in set expressions or some sentence patterns. Besides, it is
furthermore widely used in American English.
9
Past Present
Past had done Present did

Subjunctive II Subjunctive II
Past should/would Present should/would
Conditional have done Conditional do
Past should have Present should do

Suppositional done Suppositional
Subjunctive I do
The past forms of the Oblique Moods refer the unreal action
to the past or express regrets, irritation or criticism about the past
actions.
The present forms refer the unreal action to the present or
future.
In addition, the past forms of Subjunctive II in complex
sentences are used to express prior unreal actions, whereas the
present forms - simultaneous with the action of the predicate verb in
the principal clause i. e. they express the time of the action relatively,
not absolutely.
e.g. In object clauses after I wish:
I wished
I wish he had come
I’ll wish
The action of coming preceeds the action of wishing.
I wished
I wish he came
I’ll wish
The action of coming is simultaneous with the action of wishing.
Though all the forms of the Oblique Moods express unreal
actions, their use is different.
10
The forms of Subjunctive II represent actions as unreal,
contradicting reality but desirable, advisable or preferable from the
speaker’s point of view.
e.g. Oh, if it were summer now.
ºñ³ÝÇ ÑÇÙ³ ³Ù³é ÉÇÝ»ñ:
Хотя бы сейчас было лето.
The forms of the Conditional Mood represent actions as unreal at
present. The realization of the action depends on some
circumstances. If there are the corresponding circumstances, the
realization of the action expressed by the Conditional Mood is quite
possible.
e.g. I don’t know anything about the accident.
If I knew I should tell you so don’t urge me to.
àãÇÝã ã·Çï»Ù ³Û¹ å³ï³Ñ³ñÇ Ù³ëÇÝ: ºÃ» ÇÙ³Ý³ÛÇ,
Ïå³ïÙ»Ç, ³ÛÝå»ë áñ ÙÇ ëïÇåÇñ ÇÝÓ:
(My telling about the accident is impossible as I am
unaware of it and quite possible in case I know).
In a limited number of cases the use of the forms expressing
unreality may be treated as set phrases. Such use is considered to be
traditional use of forms expressing unreality.
It occurs in the following cases:
a) to express wish
Success attend you! – Ð³çáÕáõÃÛáõÝ Ó»½:
May success attend you! – Удачи вам!.
God bless you! - ²ëïí³Í ûñÑÝÇ Ó»½:
Господь благослави тебя.
Let there be light! – Да будет свет!
b) to express concession
Let it be so! – ÂáÕ ³Û¹å»ë ÉÇÝÇ:
Пусть будет так.
Come what will/may! –ÆÝã áõ½áõÙ ¿ ÉÇÝÇ:
Будь, что будет!
Happen what may! – ÂáÕ ÉÇÝÇ ÇÝã ÉÇÝ»Éáõ ¿:
Что будет, то будет.
11
c) in some set phrases such as:
Far be it from me. - ²ëïí³Í Ñ»éáõ å³ÑÇ ÇÝÓ…
God save me. - Упаси боже...
Я далек от того, чтобы.
Damn it! – ê³ï³Ý³Ý ï³ÝÇ:
Manners be hanged! – ê³ï³Ý³Ý ï³ÝÇ
Ó¨³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ:
К черту õорошие манеры!
As it were (used parenthetically) - ²Ûëå»ë ³ë³Í...
Как бы…
e.g. He was silent, as it were, oppressed.
As luck would have it - µ³ñ»µ³Ëï³µ³ñ

По счастливому стечению обстоятельств…
As ill luck would have it - ¹Åµ³Ëï³µ³ñ…

На беду/как на зло…
Heaven forfend! - ²ëïí³Í Ñ»éáõ å³ÑÇ:
Боже упаси!
Woe betide! - ²ÝÇÍÛ³É ÉÇÝ»ë:
Будь проклят!
If it please you/the court – Ò»ñ/¹³ï³ñ³ÝÇ
ÃáõÛÉïíáõÃÛ³Ùµ
С вашего позволения/ с
позволения суда
Hallowed be your name! – úñÑÝÛ³É ÉÇÝÇ ³ÝáõÝÁ
ùá:
Да благославится имя
твое!
MODAL VERBS AND THE OBLIQUE MOODS
The use of modal verbs can not be completely separated from

the use of the Mood form as due to historical events (the loss of
inflections) certain modal verbs have taken the place of the old
synthetic forms of the Oblique Moods.
12
Modal verbs may be used to express facts or non-facts, i.e.
they can be used both in the forms of the Indicative and Oblique
Moods.
The modal meaning expressed by the form of the predicate
verb (i.e. by its mood form) differs from the meaning expressed by
modal verbs.
The form of the predicate verb shows whether the speaker
represents an action as a fact or non-fact. Whereas modal verbs
express various shades of obligation, necessity, ability, possibility,
probability, desirability, permission and prohibition with regard to
the fulfillment of the action indicated by the infinitive that follows
them.
In modern English we find the following modal verbs:
can/could, may/might, shall/should, will/would, have to/had to, to be
to/were to, must/ - , ought to/ - , need/ - , dare/- .
As it is seen above there are certain modal verbs (must, ought
to, need, dare) which have only present tense-forms. They may refer
to the past only in combination with the Perfect Infinitive. Because
of this feature these modal verbs can’t be used in the forms of the
Oblique Moods, the formation of which is homonymous to the past
forms of the Indicative Mood (Subjunctive II), neither can they be
used in the mood forms, built up with the help of the Infinitive
(Conditional, Suppositional, Subjunctive I).
Modal verbs should, would, could and might can be used as
mood auxiliaries to denote unreality. In this case their use depends
on the structure of the sentence, mainly on the type of the
subordinate clause and occasionally also on the lexical character of
the predicate verb in the principal clause. This is the structurally
conditioned or dependent use of the modal verbs.
When the modal verbs are used to denote unreality they do not
express temporal meaning, the time-reference being expressed by the
form of the Infinitive.
The Indefinite or the Simple Infinitive is used if the unreal
action refers to the present or future.
e.g. But for her poor health she could be the best pupil in the
group.
ºÃ» Ý³ í³ï³éáÕç ãÉÇÝ»ñ, ËÙµÇ É³í³·áõÛÝ ³ß³Ï»ñïÁ
ÏÉÇÝ»ñ:
13
Если бы не ее плохое здоровье, она была бы лучшей
ученицей в группе.
The Perfect Infinitive is used to refer the action to the past.
e.g. I could have warned him against the danger, if I had known
about it.
ºë Ï³ñáÕ ¿Ç Ýñ³Ý ½·áõß³óÝ»É íï³Ý·Ç Ù³ëÇÝ, »Ã»
ÇÙ³Ý³ÛÇ ³Û¹ Ù³ëÇÝ:
Я могла бы предупредить ее об опасности, если бы я
знала об этом.
In the case of structurally conditioned use of the modal verbs
the meaning becomes weakened, can be quite vague and isn’t even
translated.
e.g. She gave me her address so that I could find her house easily.
Ü³ ïí»ó Çñ Ñ³ëó»Ý, áñå»ë½Ç Ñ»ßïáõÃÛ³Ùµ ·ïÝ»Ù Ýñ³
ïáõÝÁ:
Она дала мне свой адрес, чтобы я с легкостью нашел ее
дом.
This is accounted for by the fact that these verbs become part
of the structure rather than bears of individual meaning.
The form would + Infinitive (for all persons, both singular and
plural) is used as a modal verb to express a desirable action in the
future or willingness on the part of the subject.
e.g. I wish you would stay with me for a while.
ºñ³ÝÇ ÇÝÓ Ñ»ï ÙÇ ÷áùñ ÙÝ³ÛÇñ:
Я бы хотел, чтобы вы побыли немного со мной.
If you would come and see us mother would be as glad as I

should be.
ºÃ» Ù»½ ³Ûó»É»Çñ (ó³ÝÏ³Ý³ÛÇñ ³Ûó»É»É), Ù³ÛñÇÏÁ ³ÛÝù³Ý
áõñ³Ë ÏÉÇÝ»ñ, áñù³Ý »ë:
Если бы ты навестил нас (захотел бы навестить), мама
была бы так же рада, как и я…
The use of this form occurs only in sentences referring to the

present or future where the subject of the principal clause is different
from that of the object clause.
These sentences mostly express request or annoyance.
14
e.g. I’d rather you would stop asking such silly questions.
ÎÝ³ËÁÝïñ»Ç ÝÙ³Ý ÑÇÙ³ñ Ñ³ñó»ñ ãï³ÛÇñ:
Я бы предпочел, чтобы ты не задавал таких глупых
вопросов.
The modal verb would + Infinitive is used in the subordinate

clause of comparison to refer the non-fact to the future.
e.g. He was whistling gaily and it seemed as if his heart would
break for joy.
Ü³ áõñ³Ë ëáõÉáõÙ ¿ñ, ¨ ÃíáõÙ ¿ñ, Ã» ÑÇÙ³ áõñ³ËáõÃÛáõÝÇó
ëÇñïÁ Ïå³ÛÃÇ:
Он весело насвистывал, и казалось его сердце вот-вот
разорвется от радости.
The modal verb were to implies greater remoteness and

improbability, but does not imply a rejection of it.
It is used in the conditional clause and should/would +
Infinitive in the principal clause.
Both actions have future or present time-reference.
e.g. If he were to come everybody would be greatly surprised.
ºÃ» Ý³ Ñ³ÝÏ³ñÍ (³ÛÝáõ³Ù»Ý³ÛÝÇí) ·³ñ, µáÉáñÁ ß³ï
Ï½³ñÙ³Ý³ÛÇÝ:
Если бы вдруг (случайно) он пришел, все бы очень
удивились.
The modal verbs may/might + Infinitive; can/could +

Infinitive are regularly used to denote hypothetical actions and they
are regarded as quasi-subjunctive forms. The modal verbs could,
might, would are freely used to express unreality in various types of
subordinate and principal clauses.
They may be combined with different forms of the Infinitive.
A modal phrase may be used in both clauses or in one clause
only.
e.g. If I could translate this article without a dictionary, it would
be nice/it might be nice.
ºÃ» »ë Ï³ñáÕ³Ý³ÛÇ Ã³ñ·Ù³Ý»É Ñá¹í³ÍÁ ³é³Ýó
µ³é³ñ³ÝÇ, ÑáÛ³Ï³å ÏÉÇÝ»ñ:
15
Если бы я мог перевести эту статью без славаря, было
бы замечательно..
If you would be frank with me I might perhaps be of more

help.
ºÃ» ÇÝÓ Ñ»ï ³ÝÏ»ÕÍ ÉÇÝ»Çñ (ó³ÝÏ³Ý³ÛÇñ ³ÝÏ»ÕÍ ÉÇÝ»É),
ÙÇ·áõó» ¨ Ï³ñáÕ³Ý³ÛÇ ù»½ û·Ý»É:
Если бы ты был со мной искренен (захотел бы быть
искренним), я, вазможно, смогла бы тебе помочь.
The modal verbs can/could + Infinitive or may/might +

Infinitive are used in clauses of purpose introduced by the
conjunctions that, so that, in order that.
The forms might + Infinitive or could + Infinitive are used if
the action in the subordinate clause, though following the action in
the principal clause, refers to the past.
But when the action refers to the present or future, both forms
of each verb are possible.
e.g. He got up cautiously, so that he might not wake the sleeping
child.(Cronin)
Ü³ ½·áõßáõÃÛ³Ùµ í»ñ Ï³ó³í, áñå»ë½Ç ã³ñÃÝ³óÝÇ ùÝ³Í
»ñ»Ë³ÛÇÝ:
Он осторожно поднялся, чтобы не разбудить спящего
ребенка.
After the conjunction lest should + Infinitive is generally used.

e.g. She opened the window, lest it should be stuffy in the room.
Ü³ µ³ó»ó å³ïáõÑ³ÝÁ, áñå»ë½Ç ë»ÝÛ³ÏáõÙ ïáÃ ãÉÇÝÇ:
Она открыла окно, чтобы в комнате не было душно.
Modal verb may/might is used in clauses of concession. The

clauses can be joined asyndetically or by connectives however,
whoever, whatever, whenever; conjunctions though, although, even
if, even though and by phrases like no matter how, no matter when.
May + Infinitive/might + Infinitive is used if the action refers
to the present or future.
May + Perfect Infinitive or might + Infinitive is used if the
action refers to the past.
16
When a concessive clause is joined asyndetically the inversion
is usually used.
The front position is occupied by the part which lends the
concessive meaning to the clause, that is, which states the
circumstances despite which, the action in the main clause is carried
out.
e.g. Cold though it may be, we shall go to the skating-rink.
(However cold it may be)
àñù³Ý ¿É óáõñï ÉÇÝÇ, Ù»Ýù Ï·Ý³Ýù ë³Ñ³¹³ßï:
Как бы ни было холодно, мы пойдем на каток..
Thus the use of modal verbs in the Oblique Moods can be

found in simple sentences, in complex sentences with an object,
subject, appositive, predicative clauses; in sentences with adverbial
clauses of purpose, comparison, concession, condition (split,
implied).
It should be borne in mind that those modal verbs which have
no Infinitive (can, may, must, shall, will, ought to,should, would ) are
not used in the forms which are built up by means of the Infinitive
(the Conditional, the Suppositional and Subjunctive I).
The modal verbs, which have the past forms (could, might,
would) are used only in the forms of Subjunctive II, the temporal
meaning being expressed by the form of the Infinitive.
Could/might do – Present Subjunctive II
Could/might have done – Past Subjunctive II
These forms are used instead of the Conditional Mood in
sentence patterns in which the use of the Conditional Mood is
obligatory.
e.g. 1) If I had time I should help you.
If I had time I could help you with pleasure.
ºÃ» Å³Ù³Ý³Ï áõÝ»Ý³ÛÇ, Ñ³×áõÛùáí Ïû·Ý»Ç ù»½:
2)If he had come an hour ago he would have seen everything

with his own eyes.
or If he had come an hour ago he could have seen everything
with his own eyes.
ºÃ» Ù»Ï Å³Ù ³é³ç ·³ñ/»Ï³Í ÉÇÝ»ñ, Çñ ³ãùáí ³Ù»Ý ÇÝã
Ïï»ëÝ»ñ/ï»ë³Í ÏÉÇÝ»ñ:
17
The verb “should” can be used as an auxiliary verb and as a
modal verb.
As an auxiliary verb “should” is used to build up the analytical
forms of the verb (the Future-in- the-Past of the Indicative Mood, the
Conditional Mood, the Suppositional Mood)*.
1. auxiliary (Future-in-the Past)

e.g. I said I should do it when I was free.
2. auxiliary (the Conditional Mood)

e.g. But for your help we shouldn’t
have finished the work.
Should
3. auxiliary(the Suppositional Mood)*
e.g. It’s quite possible that he should
invite all his friends.
4. modal verb
e.g. You should be more careful.
5. emotional
e.g. Why should I help him if he doesn’t
want me to.
*The Suppositional Mood formed by means of “should” for all

the persons + Infinitive is considered by some grammarians to be a
special use of the modal verb “should” in some sentence patterns.
They are:
1. Subject clauses introduced by the Introductory “It”.
It is necessary/important/desirable etc. somebody should do
something.
e.g. It’s necessary that they should apply new methods in their
work.
2. In predicative clauses with the link verb “to be”.
e.g. The suggestion is that everybody should take part in the
discussion.
3. In object clauses after
a) verbs expressing order, request, desire, suggestion etc.
18
e.g. He suggested that everybody should take part in the
discussion.
b) verbs expressing fear
e.g. I fear lest he should reject my offer.
4. In clauses of purpose introduced by “so that”, “in order that”,
“that” (так чтобы/áñå»ë½Ç), lest чтобы не/áñå»ë½Ç ã).
e.g. Write down his address lest you should forget it.
5. In clauses of concession after though/although, whatever
(чтобы ни/ÇÝã ¿É áñ), whenever (когда бы ни/»ñµ ¿É áñ) etc.
It should be noted that modal verbs can/may are also possible in
the above mentioned clauses.
e.g. Whatever should/may happen he’ll ring you up.
6. In clauses of problematic condition. (the action is unlikely to
take place)
e.g. If he should come I’ll be greatly surprised.
Should he come I’ll be greatly surprised.
“Should” as an auxiliary is used to form:

1) the Conditional Mood
Should do/would do
Should have done/would have done
Should is used for the first person singular and plural, would is
used for the second and third persons singular and plural.
In modern English would can be used for all the persons.
e.g. But for the rain they would go out for a walk.
But for the rain I should go out for a walk.
2) Future-in-the Past
This tense form is only used due to the rule of the Sequence of
Tenses in object clauses.
e.g. I thought I should be pleased to see him.
Î³ñÍáõÙ ¿Ç` áõñ³Ë ÏÉÇÝ»Ù Ýñ³Ý ï»ëÝ»É:
Мне казалось я буду рад видеть его.
19
FREE AND DEPENDENT USES OF THE OBLIQUE
MOODS
The choice of the forms of the Oblique Moods depends on

either the structure of the sentence or on the meaning and attitude of
the speaker towards the action expressed in the sentence.
Accordingly, we distinguish between the independent or free
and structurally dependent or obligatory uses of the forms expressing
unreality.
Thus, the use of Subjunctive II in object clauses after “to
wish” is dependent, i.e. no other form expressing unreality can be
used in this structure.
e.g. She wished she had been invited too.
Ü³ ³÷ëáë³ó, áñ Çñ»Ý ã¿ÇÝ Ññ³íÇñ»É:
Она пожалела, что ее не пригласили.
Whereas the same meaning can be expressed by Subjunctive
II in its free use in a simple sentence.
e.g. Oh, if she had been invited too.
ºñ³ÝÇ Ýñ³Ý ¿É Ññ³íÇñ»ÇÝ:
Хотя бы ее тоже пригласили.
The form “Oh if” itself expresses the meaning of wish.
THE USE OF SUBJUNCTIVE II
Free Use
Subjunctive II
Dependent (Obligatory) Use
The forms of Present Subjunctive II are homonymous to the

forms of the Past Indefinite Indicative with the exception of the verb
“to be”. The form “were” is used for all the persons.
It should be noted that in American English and Modern
British English “was” is possible.
e.g. Oh, if he were a friend of mine.
I wish he never lied to me.
20
The forms of Past Subjunctive II are homonymous to the forms
of Past Perfect Indicative.
e.g. If I had warned him about the danger he wouldn’t have taken
that risk.
The present forms of Subjunctive II either refer the unreal
action to the present or to the future or express an action
simultaneous with the action of the principal clause, whereas the past
forms denote past or prior actions.
The choice of Subjunctive II depends on the syntactical
constructions in which the given form acquires the meaning of
unreality, supposition.
Past Present
Non-Continuous had done did (were)
Forms might/could have might/could do
done
Continuous Forms had been doing were doing
As can be seen from the chart above the use of Subjunctive II

can be both free and dependent. The use of Subjunctive II is free if it
is used for its meaning, i.e to express wish, advice, preference.
e.g. Oh, if he were my friend. (wish)
The use of Subjunctive II is dependent if the structure of the
sentence demands its use.
e.g. It’s high time he were here.
THE FREE USE OF SUBJUNCTIVE II
In its free use Subjunctive II is used in simple sentences to

express wish, advice and preference.
1) Wish
⎧Oh if ⎫ somebody did/had done something
⎪ ⎪
⎨If only ⎬ somebody might/could do/might could have
⎪Oh that ⎪ done something
⎩ ⎭
21
e.g. Oh, if he knew it for sure.
ºñ³ÝÇ Ý³ Ñ³Ùá½í³Í ÉÇÝ»ñ:
Хотя бы он был уверен в этом. /Если бы он был уверен.
If only I had known about it yesterday.
ºñ³ÝÇ »ñ»Ï ÇÙ³Ý³ÛÇ ³Û¹ Ù³ëÇÝ:
Если бы я знала об этом вчера./Хотя бы я вчера узнала об
этом.
This form is used to express a more emphatic unreal wish, to
say that you would like things to be different.
Note: The Indicative Mood is used to express a real wish

referring to the future.
e.g. If only he comes in time to see us.
ºñ³ÝÇ Ý³ Å³Ù³Ý³ÏÇÝ ·³ ¨ ï»ëÝÇ Ù»½:
If only followed by a clause with “would” may express our
wish for a change in the situation or someone’s behaviour, because
we are annoyed by it.
e.g. If only it would stop snowing. (wish for a change)
ºñ³ÝÇ ÓÛáõÝÁ ¹³¹³ñ»ñ:
Хотя бы снег перестал.
e.g. If only you would stop insulting people. (wish for a change in
somebody’s behaviour = Do stop insulting people!)
´³í³Ï³Ý ¿ íÇñ³íáñ»ë Ù³ñ¹Ï³Ýó:
Да перестань ты оскорблять людей.
If only + would may express:
1) regret about a present action as an alternative to wish +
would
e.g. If only he would drive more slowly. (I wish he wouldn’t
drive so fast but he won’t drive slowly.)
ºñ³ÝÇ ³Û¹ù³Ý ³ñ³· ãí³ñ»ñ:
Хотя бы он не вел машину так быстро.
2) not very hopeful wish concerning the future
e.g. I wish the rain would stop. (If only the rain would stop but
it’s unlikely to stop. It’s raining cats and dogs.)
ºñ³ÝÇ ³ÝÓñ¨Á ¹³¹³ñ»ñ:
Хотя бы дождь перестал.
22
Drills.
a) Express unreal wish or regret about the following:
1. He never admits his mistake. (If only he admitted his mistake.)
2. You are not experienced at all.
3. She always comes late.
4. It’s snowing again!
5. The child keeps crying all the time!
6. He was so cruel to me.
7. You are always interfering into my affairs.
8. We’ve lost our way.
9. You are absent-minded.
b) Show that you are sorry an action took place or didn’t

take place in the past:
1. He couldn’t check all the dictations. (Oh, if he could have
checked all the dictations.)
2. You didn’t take all the facts into account.
3. He lost the documents. He couldn’t prove anything.
4. The tickets were delivered too late.
5. My car was in a bad state of repair.
6. He didn’t manage to let them know about the accident.
7. I was not able to warn her about the danger.
8. We found no taxi.
9. I didn’t promise to help her.
10. I forgot to mind my alarm-clock.
Ex. II. Translate into English:

1. ºñ³ÝÇ ³Û·Ç áõÝ»Ý³ÛÇ:
Если бы у меня был сад.
2. ºñ³ÝÇ Å³Ù³Ý³ÏÇÝ ÇÝÓ ½·áõß³óÝ»Çù: ÐÇÙ³ ³ñ¹»Ý áõß ¿:
Ах, если бы вы заранее предупредили меня. Сейчас уже
поздно.
3. ºñ³ÝÇ Ý³ ·³ñ ¨ û·Ý»ñ ÇÝÓ: ºë ã»Ù Ï³ñáÕ³Ý³ ³Ù»Ý ÇÝã
³Ý»É:
Ах, если бы он пришел и помог мне. Я не смогу все
сделать сам.
4. ºñ³ÝÇ »Õ³Ý³ÏÇ ï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÁ Éë³Í ÉÇÝ»Ç: ²ÝÓñ¨³Ýáóë
Ïí»ñóÝ»Ç:
23
Ах, если бы я слышал прогноз погоды! Я бы взял плащ.
5. ºñ³ÝÇ ÁÝ¹áõÝ³Í ÉÇÝ»Ç Ýñ³ Ññ³í»ñÁ:
И зачем я не приняла его приглашение.
6. Ò³ÝÓñ³ó»É »Ù Ýñ³ µáÕáùÝ»ñÇó: ºñ³ÝÇ ¹³¹³ñ»ñ
µáÕáù»É:
Мне надоели его жалобы. Ах, если бы он перестал
жаловаться.
7. ºñ³ÝÇ Ýñ³Ý ¿É Ññ³íÇñ»ë: Ü³ Ñ³×áõÛùáí Ï·³:
Пригласи и его. Он с удовольствием придет.
2) Advice
Somebody had better do something É³í ÏÉÇÝ»ñ …
Somebody had better not do something
This form is used to give advice or to say what the best thing
to do in a particular situation is.
Had better may also suggest a treat or warning,
recommendation if you don’t do it, there will be a problem or a
danger.
e.g. You’d better take an umbrella. It may rain. (You’ll get wet
through.)
It should be noted that had better suggests no idea of

comparison. This structure means it would be good to do something,
not it would be better….
Unlike the modal verb should which expresses advice or
somebody’s opinion in general, had better is used for a particular
situation and refers to the immediate future.
Should only means it’s a good thing to do something, whereas
had better implies the idea of warning or threat.
e.g. The book is interesting. You should read it. (I just advise you
to read it but there is no problem if you don’t read it.)
but The train starts at 7. You’d better take a taxi. (You’re going
to be late. If you don’t take a taxi you’ll miss the train. There
is a risk of your missing it.)
Had better expresses more urgent and stronger advice than
“should/ought to” but it is not as strong as must.
24
e.g. You must call in a doctor. He is getting worse.
You had better see Dr Brown today. He is leaving tomorrow.
You should see the doctor if you are unwell.
Drill. Make a choice between had better and should:

1. I’ve got a terrible cold. - You … not go to work then.
2. There is a speed limit. You … not drive so fast.
3. Thank you for coming to see us. You … come more often.
4. She’ll be offended if we don’t invite her. You … invite her
too.
5. Drivers … wear seat belts.
6. The road is dangerous. You … wear your seat belts.
7. You … not eat this salad. It’s not fresh.
8. You … eat more vegetables if you want to be young.
9. You … buy these vegetables. They look fresh.
Ex. I. Paraphrase the following sentences using had better:

1. I don’t advise you to give up the idea of getting in touch with
him.
2. I shouldn’t advise you to make a fuss about such a little
thing.
3. Tell her that it would be more sensible if she doesn’t put off
what she has to do now.
4. I think it’ll do you a lot of good if you read the book in the
original, not in translation.
5. Take my advice and don’t go into details.
6. Don’t sign any documents until you have read it.
7. I think you should turn to him to find the best solution to that
problem.
Ex. II. Translate into English:

1. È³í ÏÉÇÝ»ñ Ý»ñáÕáõÃÛáõÝ ËÝ¹ñ»ù áõß³Ý³Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ:
2. ²Û¹ ËÝ¹ñÇ ßáõñç ³Û¹ù³Ý Ùïáñ»Éáõ ÷áË³ñ»Ý, É³í ÏÉÇÝ»ñ
Ý³ ¹ÇÙ»ñ Ù³ÛñÇÏÇ û·ÝáõÃÛ³ÝÁ:
3. È³í ÏÉÇÝ»ñ ³ÝÙÇç³å»ë ³ÝóÝ»Çù ·áñÍÇ, áñå»ë½Ç
³í³ñï»Çù í»ñ³Ýáñá·áõÙÁ ÙÇÝã Ýñ³ í»ñ³¹³ñÓÁ:
25
4. È³í ÏÉÇÝ»ñ ãåÝ¹»Çù Ó»ñ ³é³ç³ñÏÁ: àã áù ³ÛÝ ãÇ
ÁÝ¹áõÝÇ:
5. È³í ÏÉÇÝ»ñ Ýñ³Ýù Ñ»ï¨»ÇÝ ùá ËáñÑñ¹ÇÝ: ÆÙ Ï³ñÍÇùáí
³Û¹ ËÝ¹ñÇ ÉáõÍÙ³Ý ùá Ùáï»óáõÙÁ µ³í³Ï³ÝÇÝ Ë»É³ÙÇï
¿:
1. Вам лучше извиниться за свое опоздание.

2. Ей лучше обратиться к матери за помощью вместо того,
чтобы ломать себе голову над этой проблемой.
3. Вам лучше взяться за дело немедленно, чтобы закончить
ремонт к ее приезду.
4. Вам лучше не настаивать на своем предложении. Никто
не примет его.
5. Им лучше прислушаться к твоему совету. На мой взгляд
у тебя довольно разумный подход к решению этой
проблемы.
3) Preference
Would rather/sooner do something (would rather/sooner not do
something) – ÏÝ³ËÁÝïñ»Ç, Ï·»ñ³¹³ë»Ç, предпочел бы,
пожалуй
Would rather/sooner … than …
This construction may occur in questions as well.

e.g. Would you rather go to the movies now?
Would you sooner not drive there at this late hour?
I’d sooner go to the theatre than to the cinema.
In older English the construction had rather was used in the

same way but it is not normally used in Modern English. When the
subject of would rather is different from the subject of the following
verb, the following construction is used:
Somebody would rather/sooner + somebody did something
Somebody would rather/sooner + somebody had done
something
e.g. I’d rather he did the shopping today.

I’d rather he had done the shopping today.
26
The use of Past Subjunctive II after would rather, though
possible, is not common. This idea is usually expressed by means of
I wish he had done the shopping today. ²÷ëáë, Ý³ ³Ûëûñ
·ÝáõÙÝ»ñÁ ãÏ³ï³ñ»ó:
Thus, the meaning of preference can be expressed by:
1. Prefer + noun + noun (general preference)
e.g. I prefer tea to coffee.
2. Prefer + full Infinitive + rather than + bare Infinitive (general
preference)
e.g. I prefer to go out rather than stay at home.
3. Prefer + gerund + to + gerund (general preference)
e.g. I prefer driving a car to cycling.
4. Would prefer + full Infinitive + (rather than + bare Infinitive)
(specific preference)
e.g. I’d prefer to have coffee today (rather than have tea).
5. Would rather + bare Infinitive + (than+ bare Infinitive) (specific
preference)
e.g. I’d rather have coffee today (than [have] tea).
Drill I. Fill the blanks with would rather, prefer or would prefer:
1. Does he … reading newspapers or books?
2. I … go to the theatre than go to the cinema.
3. My sister … listening to music to watching TV.
4. I … study English than Math.
5. You … have fish or meat for dinner today?
6. I … to pay in cash than by credit card for the dress.
Drill II. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form:
1. I’d rather you (not/leave) your books on the table every time
you finish your homework.
2. Did you enjoy the performance? – Not really. I’d rather it
(not/be) so long and boring.
3. Shall we go anywhere today? – I’d rather (stay in). And what
about you? – I’d prefer (visit) my parents.
4. I’ve got terrible headache. I’d rather you (do the shopping)
today.
27
5. My parents prefer (spend) their holidays in the mountains,
but this summer they would rather (spend) them at the
seaside.
6. Shall I tell her the truth? – I’d rather she (not/know).
Drill III. Fill in the blanks with would rather or had better
according to the sense:
1. You --- study hard this weekend for the exam on Monday.
2. Would you like to play a game of chess? – I --- not. I --- lie
down to have a little rest.
3. Where --- you put up – at a hotel or your friend’s?
4. The climate disagrees with him. He --- move to another
place.
5. Since the reporter isn’t ready yet we --- put off the meeting.
6. I --- you didn’t turn up. You are not expected.
7. I --- you said something in connection with my offer.
8. You --- get down to business at once if you don’t want to
fail.
9. Since there is quite a simple solution to the whole matter, I---
you didn’t get so nervous. (or Since there is quite a simple
solution to the whole matter, you --- not get so nervous.)
Drill IV. Translate into English:

1. ºë ÏÝ³ËÁÝïñ»Ç ³é³çÇÝÁ å³ï³ëË³Ý»É, »Ã» áã áù ãÇ
³é³ñÏáõÙ:
2. ÎÝ³ËÁÝïñ»Çñ Ç±Ýù¹ ³ë»É Ýñ³Ý ×ßÙ³ñïáõÃÛáõÝÁ:
3. ²ÛëåÇëÇ »Õ³Ý³ÏÇÝ ÏÝ³ËÁÝïñ»Ç ÙÝ³É ï³ÝÁ,µ³Ûó
ëïÇåí³Í »Ù ·Ý³É Ýñ³ Ñ»ï¨Çó:
4. ÎÝ³ËÁÝïñ»Ç áñ ¹áõ Ù³ÝñáõùÝ»ñÇ »ï¨Çó ãÁÝÏÝ»Çñ: (to
get into details)
5. Æ±Ýã ÏÝ³ËÁÝïñ»Çù Ö³ßÇÝ:
6. ºÃ» ã»ù áõ½áõÙ íÇñ³íáñ»É Ýñ³Ý, É³í ÏÉÇÝ»ñ ÁÝ¹áõÝ»Çù
Ýñ³ Ññ³í»ñÁ:
7. ú·Ý»±Ù ù»½: - ²í»ÉÇ É³í ¿, áã: ÎÝ³ËÁÝïñ»Ç ÇÝùë ³Ù»Ý
ÇÝã ³Ý»É:
8. Ü³ ÏÝ³ËÁÝïñ»ñ é»ëïáñ³Ý ·Ý³É, ù³Ý ï³ÝÁ
å³ïñ³ëï»É:
9. Ü³ ÏÝ³ËÁÝïñ»ñ Ù³Ñ³Ý³É, ù³Ý Ññ³Å³ñí»ñ ³Û¹
·³Õ³÷³ñÇó:
28
1. Я бы предпочел ответить первым, если никто не возражает.
2. Вы предпочли бы сказать ей правду сами?
3. Я бы охотно осталась дома в такую погоду, но мне придется
зайти за ним.
4. Я бы предпочел, чтобы вы не вдавались в подробности. (to
get into details)
5. Что бы вы предпочли на обед?
6. Если не хотите обидеть его, вам бы лучше принять его
приглашение.
7. Тебе помочь? - Лучше не надо. Я бы предпочел все сделать
сам.
8. Она бы предпочла пойти в ресторан, чем готовить дома.
9. Он бы предпочел умереть, отказаться от этой идеи.
Drill V. Make a choice using means of expressing preference,

advice, wish:
1. Your friend has been wearing the same clothes for years.
You think she needs some new clothes. You say…
2. Jack always leaves the door open. This annoys you. You
say…
3. Your friend drives very fast. You don’t like it. You say…
4. You are invited to the party. But you can’t go. You say…
5. It’s very noisy. You are irritated. You say…
6. Your husband smokes a lot. You don’t want him to smoke.
You say…
7. You are looking for a job. So far without success. You say…
8. Whenever you see your friend, he complains. It makes you
nervous. You say…
9. It’s raining cats and dogs. You can’t leave the house. You
say…
10. Your daughter always makes mistakes in the test, as she is
careless. You say…
11. He didn’t visit his friend while he was in hospital. You say…
12. The doctor was unable to save the patient’s life. You say…
13. The children are running all about the house. You can’t bear
it. You say…
14. Your parents are away on holiday. You miss them greatly.
You say…
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TYPES OF CONDITIONAL CLAUSES
If - Clause Main Clause

Type 0
(general truth) Present Simple Present Simple
Type I Real Indicative Mood Indicative Mood
Type I Present Simple Future Indefinite
(likely to take Indicative Mood Indicative Mood
place in Present Continuous Modal Verb +
the present) Indicative Mood Infinitive
Present Perfect Indicative Mood
Indicative Mood Imperative Mood
Present Perfect
Continuous
Indicative Mood
Present Present Subjunctive II Present Conditional
Type II Unreal
Past Past Subjunctive II Past Conditional
(contradicting
reality)
Future Indefinite
Problematic Indicative Mood
Type III (unlikely to take place) Suppositional Mood Imperative Mood
Present Conditional
Type 0 is used to express something which is always true. The

conjunction “if” can be replaced by “when” or “whenever”.
e.g. If the temperature falls below 0˚ C, water turns into ice.
Whenever temperature falls below 0˚ C, water turns into ice.
Type I Conditional Clauses express real actions, actions which

are likely to take place in the present or future. “If” is not replaced by
“when” but can be replaced by “unless” followed by the verb in the
affirmative form or “providing that”.
e.g. If you finish your work properly, you will be praised.
If you have finished your work, you can have a break (we’ll have
a break).
You’ll miss the bus unless you leave now.
We’ll have dinner together providing that Father comes on time.
30
“Will” as an auxiliary verb is not used in clauses of real
condition introduced by “if”, “unless”. However, in object clauses
with expressions, such as: I am sure, no doubt, I wonder, etc. “Will is
used to express uncertainty, doubt referring to the future.
e.g. I don’t know if he will insist on his suggestion.
“Will” as a modal verb is used in if-clauses to express polite

requests, insistence, willingness, consent referring to the future.
e.g. If you will help me to fill in the form, I’ll be very grateful to you.
= Will you, please, help me to fill in the form. (polite request)
If you will not stop making such a noise, you’ll be punished.
(resistance)
When the if-clause comes before the main clause, it is

separated with a comma, and is not if follows the main clause.
e.g. If the weather is fine tomorrow, we’ll go on a picnic.
but We’ll go on a picnic if the weather is fine.
It should be mentioned that due to the rules of the Sequence of

Tenses, the Past Simple is used in the if-clause and the Future-in-the-
Past is used in the main clause.
Sometimes the modal verb would+Infinitive is used in the if-
clause to express willingness or consent and the Present Conditional
Mood is used in the principal clause.
e.g. If you would help me, I would be very grateful to you.
ºÃ» ó³ÝÏ³Ý³ÛÇù/Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝí»Çù ÇÝÓ û·Ý»É, ß³ï
»ñ³Ëï³å³ñï ÏÉÇÝ»Ç:
Если бы вы согласились/захотели помочь мне, я была бы
очень благодарна вам.
Tom was sure I would help him if he turned to me for help.

ÂáÙÁ Ñ³Ùá½í³Í ¿ñ, áñ Çñ»Ý Ïû·Ý»Ù, »Ã» ¹ÇÙ»ñ ÇÝÓ:
Том был уверен, что помогу ему, если он обратится ко
мне за помощью.
Type II if-clauses represent unreal, imaginary actions contrary

to the facts in the present or in the past.
e.g. If Ann were here, she would know what to do. (Present
31
Subjunctive II)
(but she isn’t here.)
e.g. If he hadn’t paid all his debts, he would have been sent to prison.
(Past Subjunctive II)
(He had paid and wasn’t arrested.)
The past form of Subjunctive II sometimes expresses regret or

criticism.
e.g. If you had studied harder, you would have passed the exam.
(you hadn’t studied, you didn’t pass)
The adverbial clauses of unreal condition are introduced by

“if”, “unless”, “suppose”.
e.g. Suppose he came, would you be surprised?
= Would you be surprised if he came?
If-clauses with the verbs “had”, “were”, “could” can be

introduced without any conjunction, asyndetically. The inverted
word order is possible in these cases.
e.g. Had he remained awake for another half an hour, he would have
seen her leave.
The form “If I were you” is used to express advice.
e.g. If I were you, I’d talk to him.
Ò»ñ ï»ÕÁ ÉÇÝ»Ç, ÏËáë»Ç Ýñ³ Ñ»ï:
На вашем месте я бы поговорил с ним.
“Were to” expresses unreality referring to the future, not to the

present.
e.g. If he were to come, I’d be greatly surprised. (He is unlikely to
come.)
ºÃ» Ñ³ÝÏ³ñÍ Ý³ ·³ñ, ß³ï Ï½³ñÙ³Ý³ÛÇ:
Если бы он вдруг пришел, я бы очень удивилась.
The rules of Sequence of Tenses are not observed in complex

sentences with clauses of unreal condition in the way they are in
sentences with real condition. The hypothesis/condition may refer to
the past while the result/consequence refers to the present and vice
versa. Sentences of this kind are called split condition.
32
e.g. If you hadn’t caught a cold, you wouldn’t be coughing now.
â¿Çñ Ñ³½³, »Ã» Ùñë³Í ãÉÇÝ»Çñ:
Ты бы не кашляла (сейчас), если бы не простудилась
(тогда).
If I were you, I wouldn’t have invited him. (He spoiled

everything.)
Ò»ñ ï»ÕÁ ÉÇÝ»Ç, Ýñ³Ý ã¿Ç Ññ³íÇñÇ (³ÛÝ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï):
На вашем месте я бы его не приглашала.
If he were not so absent-minded, he wouldn’t have lost the

money.
ºÃ» Ý³ ³Û¹ù³Ý óñí³Í ãÉÇÝ»ñ, Ý³ ã¿ñ ÏáñóÝÇ ·áõÙ³ñÁ:
Если бы он не был таким рассеянным, он бы не потерял
деньги.
The Present Subjunctive II in the If-clause is used to

characterize the person. It should be noted that those modal verbs,
which have the past forms, can be used in the forms of Subjunctive
II, the temporal meaning being expressed by the form of the
Infinitive.
e.g. If I could speak Japanese, I would spend next year studying in
Japan.
If I could have met him, he wouldn’t have got lost.
Sometimes the if-clause in complex sentences of unreal

condition may not be stated but implied. The Conditional Mood is
still used in the main clause. Sentences of this kind are sentences
with implied condition.
e.g. I’m sure you would have passed the test (… if you had studied
properly).
Ð³Ùá½í³Í »Ù, ÏÑ³ÝÓÝ»Çñ ëïáõ·³ñùÁ (… »Ã» É³í å³ñ³å³Í
ÉÇÝ»Çñ):
Я уверен ты бы сдал тест (… если бы хорошо
подготовился).
I would accept his invitation (…if I were you).

ºë ÏÁÝ¹áõÝ»Ç Ýñ³ Ññ³í»ñÁ (…»Ã» Ó»ñ ï»ÕÁ ÉÇÝ»Ç):
33
Я бы принял его приглашение (… будь я на вашем месте).
Type III Problematic condition.

The form “should” is used in the if-clause to denote a
problematic future action (an action which is unlikely to take place).
The Future Indefinite Indicative or the Imperative Moods can be
found in the principal clause.
As the action is not unreal the Conditional Mood is very
seldom used in the principal clause.
If somebody should do something somebody will do something

or the inverted form
Should somebody do something somebody will do something
The problematic character of the action in the if-clause is

rendered into Armenian by »Ã» ³ÛÝáõ³Ù»Ý³ÛÝÇí, »Ã» å³ï³ÑÇ
³ÛÝå»ë, áñ, »Ã» Ñ³ÝÏ³ñÍ into Russian by если случайно, все же,
если окажется что, если случится так, что …
e.g. Should you win the game I’ll be the first to congratulate you.
ºÃ» Ñ³ÝÏ³ñÍ Ñ³ÕÃ»ë, »ë ³é³çÇÝÁ ÏßÝáñÑ³íáñ»Ù ù»½:
Если вдруг/случайно ты выиграешь, я первым поздравлю
тебя.
Should I be late, don’t worry.

ºÃ» ³ÛÝå»ë å³ï³ÑÇ, áñ áõß³Ý³Ù, ã³ÝÑ³Ý·ëï³Ý³ë:
Если случится так, что я опоздаю, не волнуйся.
Clauses of condition can be introduced by if,

provided/providing that, suppose/supposing, in case, unless etc.
Provided that replaces “if” when there is a strong idea of
limitation or restriction. It’s mainly used with giving permission.
e.g. You can camp here, provided you leave no mess.
Suppose/supposing (= what if) is used to introduce suggestions.

e.g. Suppose no one had been there? (What if no one had been
there?)
34
“In case” gives the reason for the action in the main clause and is
placed after the main clause.
e.g. I’ll warn him in case I am late.
In if-clauses the action of the main clause depends on the

action of the if-clause. The if-clause can either follow or precede the
main clause. The if-clause can be omitted but implied (sentences
with implied conditions).
e.g. I wouldn’t do it. (If I were you).
1. the supposition is contrary to known facts:
e.g. If I were you…
2. we don’t expect the action in the if-clause to happen:
e.g. If he knew he would come. (but I am not sure he knows)
Might/could may be used instead of would with a slight difference.

e.g. If you tried again, you would succeed. (certain result)
If you tried again, you might succeed. (possible result)
If I knew her telephone number, I could ring her up. (ability)
If I had a permit, I could get a job. (ability or permission)
Ex. I. make Type I/0 conditional sentences using the prompts:

e.g. nobody/object/discuss/now.
If nobody objects, we’ll discuss it now.
1. cut down/all forests/world’s climate/change/

2. population/continue to increase/ not to be/enough food for
everyone.
3. temperature/go up/by a few degrees/sea levels/rise.
4. he said/not to write down my address/to forget it in no time.
Ex. II. Study the situations and make Type II (unreal)

conditional sentences, as in the examples:
e.g. He never helps his younger sister, so his mother is angry
with him.
If he helped his younger sister, his mother wouldn’t be angry
with him.
1. I live in a small flat, I can’t afford to buy this furniture.
35
If I…
2. I never get up early, so I am always late for classes.
If I …
3. I’m sure he doesn’t know the truth, so he can’t tell it to you.
If he …
4. My brother finds it important, so he made up his mind to
discuss it with me.
If my brother …
5. You left the house without your raincoat on, that’s why you
got wet through.
If you …
Ex. III. Combine the following sentences making them

hypothetical:
e.g. I didn’t have enough money, so I didn’t go to Spain last
summer.
If I had had enough money, I would have gone to Spain last
summer.
1. She didn’t have spare room, so we stayed in a hotel.

2. The weather wasn’t bad, so we enjoyed our stay.
3. The boat arrived late, so we missed the train home.
4. We arrived late, so we didn’t get good seats.
Ex. IV. State the type of the condition and choose the correct
answer:
1. If he --- in the garden, he would have heard the doorbell.

a) was b) wasn’t c) hadn’t been
2. I --- to the bank manager if I were you.
a) would talk b) will talk c) talked
3. If you are bored, --- something else.
a) would do b) will do c) do
4. Had I known about the meeting, I --- it.
a) attend b) would attend c) would have attended
5. If you --- well, lie down for a while.
36
a) don’t feel b) didn’t feel c) hadn’t felt
6. Ice --- if the temperature rises above 0˚ C.
a) will melt b) would melt c) melts
7. If he --- the offer, I’d be greatly surprised.
a) will reject b) rejects c) were to reject
8. --- him, let him know about the meeting.
a) saw b) were to see c) should you see
Ex. V. Suggest unreal or problematic conditions for the following

sentences and translate them into Armenian/Russian:
e.g. If he is still here, I’ll introduce you.
If he were still here, I would introduce you. (unreal)
Should he be here I’ll introduce you. (problematic)
1. I am sure he will stay longer if he enjoys the party.

2. It will be better if you take things coolly.
3. What will his parents think if they hear of what he has done?
4. As nobody told him anything about this affair, he was not
involved in it.
5. He was not a handsome man. He was not tall enough.
6. If she learns about it, she will be offended.
7. If I am through before you are, I’ll wait for you downstairs.
Ex. VI. Choose the correct answer:
1. Shall I invite John to the party? – Well, if I were you, I ---

him.
a) would invite b) will invite c) am inviting d) had
invited
2. If I --- the bus, I wouldn’t have been late for school.
a) shouldn’t miss b) didn’t miss c) hadn’t missed d) don’t
miss
3. If you watch the news, you --- a lot.
a) would learn b) should learn c) learn d) are learning
4. Should you see Ann, ---.
a) let her know about it b) would let her know about it c) will let
her know about it
37
5. I am unwell. – Well, you would feel much better if you ---.
a) didn’t sit up late b) hadn’t sat up late c) wouldn’t sit up
late
6. If Campbell weren’t so beautiful, she --- a super model.
a) should never become b) would never become
c) would never have become d) had never become
Ex. VII. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form:
1. If Jane (to be) older, she would live by herself.

2. If I had a toothache, I (to go) to the dentist.
3. You (to lose) your work if you are rude to the boss.
4. If you would not interfere, nothing (to happen).
5. If the job were to be offered to me, I (to be) delighted.
6. If it hadn’t been for his advice, we (to get) into trouble.
7. I haven’t taken my umbrella. If it (to rain), I’ll get wet
through.
8. What would you do if he (to be) to ask you for help.
9. They (not to fail) if they had taken your advice.
10. If we (to hear) the weather forecast, we would have changed
our plans.
Ex. VIII. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form:
1. If you (to save) enough money, you (to be) able to go on

holiday last year.
2. She looks rather upset. If I (to be) you, I (to be) more polite.
3. Should I buy this car? – Why not? If I (to have) enough
money, I (to buy it myself).
4. What time will you be back? – I am not sure. If I (to have) to
work late, I (to let) you know.
5. I believe you (to make) her stay if it (not to be) so late.
6. I am glad that he turned this offer down. There (to be) no
turning back if he (to accept) it.
7. Just think. If he (to buy) the picture, he (to be) rich now.
8. He (to be) back by 5, give him his message.
38
9. If it (not to be) so important, I (not to insist).
10. You (to do) it differently, if you (to be) to do it again?
Ex. IX. State the type and explain the use of the verb forms in the
conditional sentences and translate them into Armenian/Russian:
1. I should certainly try to deserve your confidence if you

would give me another chance.
2. If that should happen again, I’ll have to inform your parents.
3. It might be fatal if she learnt the news.
4. The situation has been bad lately, but everything will calm
down if only you stop making a fuss.
5. The situation was embarrassing. If I went in at once, it would
be obvious that I had overheard their conversation.
6. They are going to call for me in case I should forget about
the appointment.
7. I thought it would be for the better if he knew nothing about
the accident.
8. If you hadn’t kept late hours, you wouldn’t be so pale.
9. If I were to tell you what she has done, you’d be shocked.
10. Should you find me out, you can leave a message for me.
Ex. X. Complete the conditional sentences using the proper verb

form:
1. She wouldn’t have got into trouble if ---.

2. If he were to see her again, ---.
3. He would drive straight home if ---.
4. If they like your poems, they ---.
5. If the article should prove to be difficult, ---.
6. I’ll be the first to congratulate you if ---.
7. If ---, don’t waste time.
8. You wouldn’t be sneezing now if ---.
9. ---, let me know.
10. If he ---, he would not have made such a mistake.
39
Ex. XI. Correct the mistakes:
1. Shall I invite John to the party? – Well, if I were you, I will

invite him.
2. If I didn’t miss the bus, I wouldn’t have been late for school.
3. May I join the club, please? – Provided you will be over
eighteen, you can join the club.
4. Sandra will join us later unless she will have a lot of work to
do.
5. If the article should prove to be very difficult, I am trying to
translate it with a dictionary.
6. She would have acted otherwise if she knew how important
it was.
7. If he understood children, he shouldn’t speak like that.
8. I could come earlier if I had realized you were in danger.
Ex. XII. Translate into English:
1. Æ±Ýã Ï³Ý»Çñ, »Ã» Ý³ ù»½ Ññ³íÇñ»ñ: ¶Çï»Ù, áñ ¹áõù

ÙÇÙÛ³Ýó ï³Ý»É ã»ù Ï³ñáÕ:
2. ºÃ» Ý³ Ùáé³Ý³ Çñ ËáëïáõÙÁ, »ë Ýñ³Ý ÏÑÇß»óÝ»Ù: Üñ³Ý
Ñ³Ý·Çëï ã»Ù ÃáÕÝÇ, ÙÇÝã¨ ãÇÙ³Ý³Ù áÕç ×ßÙ³ñïáõÃÛáõÝÁ
³Û¹ ÙÇç³¹»åÇ Ù³ëÇÝ:
3. ºÃ» Ó»ñ ï»ÕÁ ÉÇÝ»Ç, ³í»ÉÇ ß³ï Å³Ù³Ý³Ï Ï³ÝóÏ³óÝ»Ç
»ñ»Ë³Ý»ñÇ Ñ»ï. Ýñ³Ýù Ó»ñ áõß³¹ñáõÃÛ³Ý Ï³ñÇùÝ áõÝ»Ý:
4. ºÃ», ³ÛÝáõ³Ù»Ý³ÛÝÇí, Ñ³Ý¹Çå»ù Ýñ³Ý, áãÇÝã ã³ë»ù Ýñ³
ÑÇí³Ý¹áõÃÛ³Ý Ù³ëÇÝ: ºÃ» ó³ÝÏ³Ý³ñ, Ý³ ÇÝùÁ ÏÇÙ³Ý³ñ
³Û¹ Ù³ëÇÝ:
5. ºÃ» ì³Ý-¶á·Á í³×³é»ñ Çñ ÝÏ³ñÝ»ñÁ, Ý³ ×³Ý³ãáõÙ
Ï·ïÝ»ñ Ï»Ý¹³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ûñáù ¨ ã¿ñ Ù³Ñ³Ý³ ³Õù³ïáõÃÛ³Ý
Ù»ç:
6. ÆÝÓ ÃíáõÙ ¿, áñ »Ã» ´³ñµ³ñ³ êÃñ»Û½³Ý¹Á ÷áË»ñ ùÃÇ
Ó¨Á, Ýñ³ Ï³ñÇ»ñ³Ý ³Û¹ù³Ý ÷³ÛÉáõÝ ã¿ñ ÉÇÝÇ:
7. ÆÝã ÑÇ³Ý³ÉÇ é»ëïáñ³Ý ¿. áõñ³Ë »Ù, áñ ³Ûëï»Õ »Ï³Ýù:
ºÃ» ×³ßÁ ã³Ûñí»ñ, Ù»Ýù ³Ûëï»Õ ã¿ÇÝù ×³ßÇ:
8. ²÷ëáë, Ý³ ã·Çï»ñ Ù»ñ Ñ³Ý¹ÇåÙ³Ý Ù³ëÇÝ: Ü³
Ñ³×áõÛùáí Ï·³ñ: ÆÝã µ³Å³Ýí»É ¿Çù Ý³ ëå³ëáõÙ ¿ñ ¹ñ³Ý:
9. àõ±ñ Ï·Ý³ÛÇù, »Ã» ã³ÝÓñ¨»ñ: - â»Ù Ï³ñÍáõÙ ³ÛÝ »ñÏ³ñ
Ïï¨Ç:
40
10. Ü³ ÝáõÛÝÇëÏ ³ÏÝ³ñÏ»ó, áñ »Ã» ï³ëÁ ï³ñÇ ³é³ç
Ñ³Ý¹Çå³Í ÉÇÝ»ÇÝ, »ñµ Ýñ³Ýù ùë³Ý ï³ñ»Ï³Ý ¿ÇÝ, ³Ù»Ý
ÇÝã ³ÛÉ Ï»ñå Ïëï³óí»ñ:
1. Что бы ты сделала, если бы он пригласил тебя? Я знаю,

что вы не терпите друг друга.
2. Если он забудет о своем обещании, я ему напомню. Я не
оставлю его в покое, пока не узнаю всю правду об этом
инциденте.
3. Если бы я был на вашем месте, я бы больше времени
проводил с детьми. Они нуждаются в вашем внимании.
4. Если случайно встретите ее, ничего не говорите ей о его
болезни. Если бы она хотела, она бы сама узнала об
этом.
5. Если бы Ван Гог продал свои картины, он бы приобрел
признание при жизни и не умер бы в нищете.
6. Мне кажется, если бы Барбара Стрейзанд изменила
форму носа, ее карьера не была бы столь успешной.
7. Какой прекрасный ресторан. Я рада,что мы пришли
сюда. – Если бы обед не подгорел, мы бы не обедали
здесь.
8. Жаль, что он не знал о нашей встрече. Он бы пришел с
удовольствием. Он ждал этого с тех пор, как вы
расстались.
9. Куда бы ты пошел, если бы не шел дождь? Не думаю,что
он продлится долго.
10. Она даже намекнула, что если бы они встретились 10 лет
назад, когда им было по 20 лет, все могло бы сложится
иначе.
41
THE USE OF THE CONDITIONAL MOOD
The Conditional Mood expresses an unreal action, the

realization of which depends on some circumstances. If there are the
corresponding circumstances, the realization of the action is possible.
e.g. If he were here, he would take part in our discussion. (His taking
part in the discussion depends on his being here.)
The use of the Conditional Mood is always free. It is used in
the principal clause in complex sentences with unreal condition (if-
clauses) after “but for”, “otherwise”, “or else” and in sentences with
the subject expressed by the Infinitive. The use of the Conditional
Mood can be illustrated by the following scheme:
Present Conditional should/would do something

Past Conditional should/would have done something
1. somebody would do something

⎧did I/we should do something
If ⎫⎪ ⎪⎪something
Evenif ⎬ somebody ⎨ somebody would have done
Even though ⎪⎭ ⎪had done something
⎪⎩something I/we should have done
something
2. somebody would do something
I/we should do something
But for … somebody would have done
something
I/we should have done
something
3. to do something would do something
to have done something would have done something
4. otherwise somebody would do something
or/or else I/we should do something
somebody would have done
something
I/we should have done
somethiung
42
The Present Conditional refers an unreal action to the present
or to the future.
e.g. I’m sure if he were not so tired, he would take all the trouble.
Ð³Ùá½í³Í »Ù, áñ »Ã» Ý³ Ñá·Ý³Í ãÉÇÝ»ñ, ³ÙµáÕç Ñá·ëÝ Çñ
íñ³ Ïí»ñóÝ»ñ:
Я уверена, если он не был бы таким уставшим, он бы взял
всю заботу на себя.
The Present Conditional always expresses a future action in

the principal clause with the modal verb “to be to” in the if-clause.
e.g. What would you answer if you were to be asked about it?
Æ±Ýã Ïå³ï³ëË³Ý»Çù, »Ã» å³ï³Ñ»ñ ³ÛÝå»ë, áñ Ó»½
Ñ³ñóÝ»ÇÝ ³Û¹ Ù³ëÇÝ:
Что бы вы ответили, если вдруг вас спросили бы об этом?
The Past Conditional is used to refer the unreal action to the

past.
e.g. If he had invited me, I would have accepted his invitation with
pleasure. Why didn’t he?
ºÃ» Ý³ ÇÝÓ Ññ³íÇñ»ñ, »ë Ñ³×áõÛùáí ÏÁÝ¹áõÝ»Ç Ýñ³
Ññ³í»ñÁ: ÆÝãáõ± Ý³ ÇÝÓ ãÑñ³íÇñ»ó:
Если бы он меня пригласил, я бы с удовольствием принял его
приглашение. Почему он не пригласил меня?
But for his help, I wouldn’t have finished the work.

ºÃ» ãÉÇÝ»ñ Ýñ³ û·ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ, »ë ã¿Ç ³í³ñïÇ ³ßË³ï³ÝùÁ:
Если бы не его помощь, я бы не закончила работу.
As it has already been mentioned the Conditional Mood is used

in the principal clause with the subordinate clause of unreal condition
introduced by the conjunctions “even if”, “even though”, “if”.
43
I
somebody
would do
something
I/we should do
If ⎫ something
⎪ ⎧ did something somebody
Even if ⎬ somebody ⎨ would have
⎩ had done something
Even though ⎪
⎭ done
something
I/we should
have done
something
Activity
Ex. I. Read the text. Explain the use of the Mood form and
complete the story giving a way to your imagination:
I knew before I dialed the number what this conversation
would be like. It would be like all other conversations. My mother
would start out by asking how things were with Jamsie. If I said they
were fine, she would ask how long it was going to be before we got
married.
If I said things were not fine, she would just cluck her tongue
as if to say: “I told you so.”
On this particular day, I did not want to talk to my mother about
Jamsie. Twice I picked up the receiver and put it down again.
I looked up at Jasmie’s photo on the desk and thought how
little my mother really understood our relationship. If only she …
Ex. II. Answer the following questions:

1. What would the narrator rather her mother understood?
2. Would the narrator be so upset if her mother knew
everything about Jamsie, and approved of their relationship?
3. Do you think that Jamsie and the narrator will get married
some time? Why yes or why not?
44
Ex. III. Read the following and retell the passage making
sentences hypothetical where possible:
Arline looked at her husband’s serene face, took a
handkerchief out of her pocket and dabbed at her eyes. She sniffed a
little and began to cry.
Eddie stirred in his bed. Arline knew that he was awake, but
Eddie pretended to be asleep. He even snored once or twice. Arline
continued crying. Eddie sighed, sat up in his bed and asked what had
happened. He said she shouldn’t bother him, then he went over to his
wife, sat next to her on the bed and put his arm round her to comfort
her.
Areline went on sobbing; her round shoulders were shaking
now and then. Eddie squeezed her shoulders two or three times,
exhausting his method of consolation.
Ex. IV. Read the following story and do the assignment following
it:
The Accursed House.

(after E. Gaborian)
(adapted)
The Vicomte de B. was peacefully enjoying an income of

30.000 livers yearly, when unfortunately for him, his uncle died,
leaving him all his wealth which would bring him 30.000 francs.
“Too much, too much,” thought the generous Vicomte. “My
uncle was too hard. I will begin to lower my rents and my tenants
will bless me.”
He sent for the concierge of the building and told him about
his intentions. On hearing about it Bernard was shocked.
“Low …er the rents!” It was as if a brick had fallen on his
head.
If the lodgers learned of it, what would they think of
Monsieur? What would people say in the neighbourhood? Staggering
like a drunken man, Bernard went out of the house.
Why should he lower the rents?
45
If indeed the lodgers had complained! If his uncle could only
know this, he would rise from the tomb! The tenants were surprised
none the less when the news spread. Who would think of such a
thing?
“This man must have committed a crime,” said some of them.
“The house perhaps was badly built,” thought the others and finally
one morning everybody left. From top to bottom, the house was
empty of lodgers.
And now, on the Rue de la Victoire stands the abandoned
house – “The Accursed House”.
Discussion
Ex. I. Answer the questions:
1. Would the tenants have been surprised, if the Vicomte had
raised the rent?
(If yes, why? If no, why? Give your reasons.)
2. Would the Vicomte’s uncle have lowered the rent, if he had
been alive?
(If yes, why? If no, why? Give your reasons.)
3. Would the Vicomte have lowered the rent, if he
a) had not been a generous person?
b) had always been rich?
4. Why were the tenants sure “that one wouldn’t conduct
himself without being forced to by terrible circumstances”?
5. What would you do, if you were to inherit great fortune?
Ex. II. State the mood form and translate the sentences into
Armenian/Russian:
1. “If the lodgers learned of it, what would they think of the
new owner? What would people say in the neighbourhood?”
Bernard thought.
2. One would not conduct himself thus without being forced to
by powerful or terrible circumstances.
3. If indeed, the lodgers had complained; but they had not
complained!
46
4. It’s not as if a man of good sense would ever deprive himself
of good revenues for the simple pleasure of depriving
himself.
5. It looked as if the owner intended to set fire to the house so
that he could get great sums from the insurance companies.
6. The unexpected step taken by the Vicomte greatly worried
the lodgers and they wished they knew the real reason for his
puzzling decision.
7. If the Vicomte hadn’t decided to lower the rent, the tenants
wouldn’t have left the house.
8. If the Vicomte’s uncle hadn’t died, the latter wouldn’t have
had so much trouble with the house.
Ex. III. Complete the following sentences using the vocabulary of

the text:
1. If the Vicomte’s uncle hadn’t died, he …
2. The Vicomte de B. wouldn’t have lowered the rent if …
3. The tenants wouldn’t have been surprised if the Vicomte …
4. Bernard wished his master …
5. If the Vicomte weren’t a generous man he …
6. The tenants thought if the owner of the house were a man of
good sense he …
7. If the tenants didn’t suspect, they …
8. He wouldn’t have deprived himself of good income if …
9. The tenants wished they …
10. Everyone awaited some terrible catastrophe. They were sure
that the new owner of the house …
Ex. IV. Translate the following sentences using the active

vocabulary of the text:
1. ºÃ» µÝ³ÏÇãÝ»ñÁ µáÕáù»ÇÝ, áñ ï³Ý í³ñÓÁ ã³÷³½³Ýó
µ³ñÓñ ¿, Ýáñ ïÇñáç áñáßáõÙÁ ³ÛÝ Çç»óÝ»Éáõ Ù³ëÇÝ, Ñ»ßï
ÏÉÇÝ»ñ Ñ³ëÏ³Ý³É:
2. ºÃ» ÏáÙëÁ áõ½»Ý³ñ Ññ¹»Ñ»É ïáõÝÁ ¨ ³å³Ñáí³·ñ³Ï³Ý
ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÇó Ù»Í ·áõÙ³ñ ëï³Ý³É, Ý³ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ñ ¹³
³Ý»É ³é³Ýó µÝ³Ï³ñ³ÝÝ»ñÇ í³ñÓÁ Çç»óÝ»Éáõ:
3. ²Ý·³Ù, »Ã» ´»ñÝ³ñ¹Á Ë»É³ÙÇï µ³ó³ïñáõÃÛáõÝ ï³ñ,
µÝ³ÏÇãÝ»ñÁ ã¿ÇÝ Ñ³í³ï³ Ýñ³Ý:
47
4. ºÃ» ÏáÙëÇ ù»éÇÝ ÇÙ³Ý³ñ Ýñ³ áñáßÙ³Ý Ù³ëÇÝ, Ý³
ÏÙï³Í»ñ, áñ Çñ ½³ñÙÇÏÁ Ë»É³·³ñí»É ¿:
5. §ºÃ» Ó»ñ ï»ÕÁ ÉÇÝ»Ç, ÏÑñ³Å³ñí»Ç ³Û¹ ÙïùÇó¦, -
ËáñÑáõñ¹ ïí»ó ´»ñÝ³ñ¹Á:
6. §È³í ÏÉÇÝÇ ãùÝÝ³ñÏ»Çù áñáßáõÙë: ÎÝ³ËÁÝïñ»Ç, áñ
ï»Õ»Ï³óÝ»Çù µÝ³ÏÇãÝ»ñÇÝ ³Û¹ Ù³ëÇÝ ¦, - Ñ³Ý¹ÇÙ³Ý»ó
ÏáÙëÁ:
7. §Ü³ Ï÷áßÙ³ÝÇ, áñ ³Û¹åÇëÇ áñáßáõÙ ¿ ÁÝ¹áõÝ»É¦, -
Ùï³Í»ó ´»ñÝ³ñ¹Á, µ³Ûó áãÇÝã ã³ë³ó, áñå»ë½Ç ¿É ³í»ÉÇ
ãµ³ñÏ³óÝÇ Ýáñ ïÇñáçÁ:
8. ´Ý³ÏÇãÝ»ñÁ ã¿ÇÝ ÉùÇ ïáõÝÁ, »Ã» Ñ³í³ï³ÛÇÝ ÏáÙëÇÝ:
9. §Ä³Ù³Ý³ÏÝ ¿` Ù³ñ¹ÇÏ Ñ³ëÏ³Ý³Ý, áñ Ï³ñ»ÉÇ ¿ É³í
·áñÍ»ñ ³Ý»É¦, - ¹³éÁ ÏëÏÇÍáí Ùï³Í»ó ÏáÙëÁ` Ý³Û»Éáí
¹³ï³ñÏí³Í ï³ÝÁ:
1. Если бы жильцы дома жаловались, что квартплата

слишком высокая, решение нового хозяина снизить ее
было бы легко понять.
2. Если бы виконт хотел поджечь дом и получить большую
сумму от страховой компании, он бы мог это сделать не
снижая квартплату.
3. Даже если бы Бернард дал разумное объяснение,
жильцы дома не поверили бы ему.
4. Если бы дядя виконта узнал о его решении, он бы
подумал, что племянник сошел с ума.
5. “Будь я на вашем месте, я бы отказался от этой мысли,”
– посоветовал Бернард.
6. “Вам лучше не обсуждать мое решение. Я бы предпочел,
чтобы вы сообщили о нем жильцам,” – возразил виконт.
7. “Он пожалеет, что принял такое решение,” – подумал
Бернард, но ничего не сказал, чтобы не рассердить
нового хозяина еще больше.
8. Жильцы не покинули бы дом, если бы они поверили
виконту.
9. “Пора бы людям понять, что можно совершать добрые
поступки,” – с горечью подумал виконт, смотря на
опустевший дом.
48
Ex. V. Translate into English:
1. ¸áõ ÇÝÓ ÏÙ³ïÝ»Ç±ñ (give smb away), »Ã» ù»½ 5 ÙÇÉÇáÝ
¹áÉ³ñ ï³ÛÇÝ:
2. ºÃ» ³ÛÝå»ë å³ï³ÑÇ, áñ ¹áõ ¿ÉÇ ÇÝã-áñ ³å³óáõÛó ·ïÝ»ë,
ÇÝÓ Ïï»Õ»Ï³óÝ»±ë:
3. ºÃ», ³ÛÝáõ³Ù»Ý³ÛÝÇí, Ñ³Ý¹Çå»ë Ýñ³Ý, áÕçáõÝÇñ ÇÙ
ÏáÕÙÇó:
4. ºÃ» »ë ù»½ ³Ù»Ý ÇÝã å³ïÙ»Éáõ ÉÇÝ»Ç, ¹áõ Ï½³ñÙ³Ý³ÛÇ±ñ:
5. ºÃ» Ýñ³Ý íÇ×³Ïí»ñ ÇëÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ å³ñ½»É, Ý³ Ù»½ Ñ»ï ¿É
»ñµ»ù ã¿ñ ËáëÇ:
6. ºÃ» ³ÛÝ ûñÁ ¹áõ Ýñ³Ýó Ñ»ï ãÉÇÝ»Çñ, »ë Ýñ³Ýó ÏÑ³ñóÝ»Ç
æ»ÛÝÇ Ù³ëÇÝ:
7. ºÃ» ÝáõÛÝÇëÏ ¹áõù Ýñ³Ý ³Û¹ ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ïí³Í
ÉÇÝ»Çù, Ý³ Ç íÇ×³ÏÇ ã¿ñ ÉÇÝÇ ¹³ ³Ý»É ³Û¹åÇëÇ Ï³ñ×
Å³Ù³Ý³ÏáõÙ:
8. ºÃ» Ñ»ï¨»Çñ µÅÇßÏÇ ËáñÑñ¹ÇÝ, ÑÇÙ³ É³í Ï½·³ÛÇñ ¨
ëïÇåí³Í ã¿Çñ ÉÇÝÇ Ññ³Å³ñí»É Ýñ³Ýó ³é³ç³ñÏÇó:
9. ºÃ» ùá ³å³·³Ý ÇÝÓ Ñ³Ù³ñ ÙÇ¨ÝáõÛÝ ÉÇÝ»ñ, »ë ã¿Ç ·³ ¨
ã¿Ç ËáëÇ ù»½ Ñ»ï ³Û¹ Ù³ëÇÝ:
10. ºÃ» Ýñ³Ý ãíÇñ³Ñ³ï»ÇÝ, ÑÝ³ñ³íáñ ã¿ñ ÉÇÝÇ Ýñ³Ý ÷ñÏ»É:
1. Ты бы меня предал, если бы тебе дали пять миллионов

долларов?
2. Если случится так, что ты найдешь еще какое нибудь
доказательство, ты дашь мне знать об этом?
3. Если случайно встретишь его, передай ему привет.
4. Ты бы удивился, если бы я вдруг рассказал вам обо
всем?
5. Если бы ему удалось выяснить истину, он никогда не
разговаривал бы с нами.
6. Если бы тебя не было с ними в тот день, я бы их спросил
о Джейн.
7. Даже если бы вы дали ему эту возможность, он бы не
смог сделать это в такой короткий срок.
8. Если бы ты последовал совету врача, ты бы чувствовал
себя лучше и не был бы вынужден отказаться от их
предложения.
9. Если бы мне было безразлично твое будущее, я бы не
пришел и не разговаривал бы с тобой об этом.
49
10. Если бы его не прооперировали, его невозможно было
бы спасти.
Ex. VI. What would you do if you were Vicomte de B.?

The Conditional Mood is used after “but for”.
II
But for ….. somebody would do something
somebody would have done something
Drills
But for …
Ex. I. Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets in the
corresponding tense form of the Conditional Mood and translate
them into Armenian/Russian:
1. But for her impatience, she (to be) a good teacher.
2. But for him, nobody (to notice) my mistake.
3. He was late. But for it, he (to see) everything with his own
eyes.
4. But for the further explanation, nobody (to understand) the
rule.
5. Something went wrong with the car engine. But for it, they
(to arrive) long ago.
6. I know everything for sure. But for it, I (not to speak) like
that.
7. But for her slight accent, nobody (to take) her for a French.
8. But for your help and understanding, I (to feel) ill at ease.
9. I (may be) a millionaire on the Klondike but for Spot. He got
on my nerves.
Ex. II. Complete the following sentences:

1. But for his parents, ---.
2. But for her red eyes, ---.
3. But for his words, ---.
50
4. But for the wind that has been blowing since early morning,
---.
5. But for the new mistakes she made in the translation, ---.
6. But for his unexpected arrival, ---.
7. But for her smile, ---.
8. But for the music which was too loud, the party ---.
9. We knew about the decision. But for it, ---.
10. But for the heavy traffic, ---.
Ex. III. Translate into English:

1. Ü³ ½·áõß³óñ»ó, áñ Ïáõß³Ý³: ºÃ» ¹³ ãÉÇÝ»ñ, »ë Ýñ³Ý
Ï½³Ý·³Ñ³ñ»Ç:
2. ºÃ» ãÉÇÝ»ñ Ýñ³ û·ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ, »ë ¹»é Ùï³Í»ÉÇë ÏÉÇÝ»Ç
³Û¹ Ñ³ñóÇ ÉáõÍÙ³Ý Ù³ëÇÝ:
3. ºÃ» ãÉÇÝ»ñ ³ÝÓñ¨Á, Ù»Ýù ã¿ÇÝù áõß³Ý³:
4. Ü³ ÇÝùÁ ³é³ç³ñÏ»ó Çñ û·ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ: ºÃ» ¹³ ãÉÇÝ»ñ, »ë
»ñµ»ù Ýñ³Ý ã¿Ç ¹ÇÙÇ û·ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ:
5. ºÃ» Ýñ³ í³ï ³éáÕçáõÃÛáõÝÁ ãÉÇÝ»ñ, Ý³ ¿É ÏÙÇ³Ý³ñ Ù»½:
6. ºÃ» ãÉÇÝ»ÇÝ áõÕÕ³·ñ³Ï³Ý ëË³ÉÝ»ñÁ, Ýñ³
Ã³ñ·Ù³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ µ³í³Ï³ÝÇÝ Ñ³çáÕ ÏÉÇÝ»ñ:
7. ºÃ» Ýñ³ Ï³ñÙñ³Í ³ãù»ñÁ ãÉÇÝ»ÇÝ, áã áù ã¿ñ ÝÏ³ïÇ, áñ
Ý³ É³ó ¿ »Õ»É:
8. Ø»Ýù ÙáÉáñí»É ¿ÇÝù, »Ã» ³Û¹ ãÉÇÝ»ñ, Ù»Ýù ã¿ÇÝù áõß³Ý³:
9. ºÃ» ¹»ÙùÇ ÏÝ×ÇéÝ»ñÁ ãÉÇÝ»ÇÝ, Ý³ »ñÇï³ë³ñ¹ ï»ëù
ÏáõÝ»Ý³ñ:
1. Он предупредил, что опоздает. Если бы не это, я бы

сама позвонила ему.
2. Если бы не его помощь, она все еще думала бы над
решением этого вопроса.
3. Если бы не дождь, мы бы не опоздали.
4. Она сама предложила свою помощь. Если бы не это, я
никогда не обратилась бы к ней за помощью.
5. Если бы не ее слабое здоровье, она бы присоединилась
к нам.
6. Если бы не орфографические ошибки, его перевод был
бы удачным.
7. Если бы не ее красные глаза, никто бы не подумал, что
она плакала.
51
8. Мы сбились с дороги, если бы не это, мы бы не
опоздали.
9. Если бы не ее морщины, она бы выглядела очень
молодой.
Ex. IV. Translate into Armenian/Russian:

1. But for the urgency of the work, we should go home.
2. But for you, I should not even try to persuade him to do it.
3. But for the street fighting, the cabman would not have been
afraid to drive the passengers through the city.
4. But for the joke he wanted to play on me, I would probably
have remained.
5. But for his debts, he wouldn’t have to cut down his
expenses.
6. But for his help, it wouldn’t have been difficult to establish a
connection between us.
7. The thunderstorm broke out when we were crossing the
field. But for it, we wouldn’t have got wet through.
8. But for your support, Jean would have been miserable.
9. But for the agents, it would have taken us longer to find the
man I needed.
10. But for her weak heart, she would have been operated on that
very day.
Ex. V. Paraphrase the sentences using but for:

1. Thanks to my parents I have made a final decision and know
what I am going to do.
2. The kidnapping idea occurred to them because of the money,
they badly needed.
3. He was able to travel in a separate compartment thanks to his
trustee.
4. He was so careless. He lost all the money he had.
5. He drew the map of the place and I didn’t lose my way.
6. I recognized him the moment I saw him. The deep long scars
on his face hadn’t changed at all.
52
7. The man went blind and could no longer paint and see that in
ten years she wept the beauty out of her face.
8. She knew he loved her. It touched her. She felt very tenderly
towards him.
III
Present to do something … would do Present Conditional
something
Past to have done something … Past Conditional
would have done something
e.g. To help him now would be a waste of time.

ÐÇÙ³ Ýñ³Ý û·Ý»ÉÁ Å³Ù³Ý³ÏÇ Ïáñáõëï ÏÉÇÝ»ñ:
Помогать ему сейчас, означало бы потерять время.
To have warned him at that time would have been the best thing to
do.
Üñ³Ý ³ÛÝ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ½·áõß³óÝ»ÉÁ ³Ù»Ý³É³í µ³ÝÁ ÏÉÇÝ»ñ:
Было бы лучше предупредить его в то время.
Activity:
Ex. I. Translate into Armenian/Russian:

1. The first problem in reviewing the world’s languages is to
decide what to count a language. To find out this would be
of great help.
2. To tell them the whole story would make them possible to
join in the discussion.
3. To have overburdened the book with so many details would
tire the reader.
4. To accomplish this work would be the best thing he could do
for us.
5. To put the matter in another way would confuse everything.
6. To choose the right way wouldn’t be an easy task.
7. Now that she was quite alone she was a little afraid she
would be unable to overcome all the difficulties facing her.
53
To have turned to him for help then would have been more
sensible.
8. To have introduced those redical methods would have
improved the situation in the country.
9. They moved a little to make room for the lady but she told
them not to bother as she would rather stand. To have
accepted their offer would have made her feel obliged to
them.
10. The first business of grammar, as of every other science, is
to observe the facts and phenomena with which it has to
deal. To ignore this would lead to misunderstanding of the
importance of grammar.
Ex. II. Open the brackets using the Conditional Mood and
translate the sentences into Armenian/Russian:
1. The first problem in rewieving the world’s languages is to
decide what to count a language. To find out the answer (to
do) a lot of good.
2. Without language there is no understanding among people,
and without understanding there is no chance of their being
able to work together. To ignore this fact (to bring forth)
great confusion.
3. To come to an agreement right now (to put an end to) our
useless debate.
4. To think that they are unaware of the fact (to be a mistake).
5. To work in a town so fantastically rich in antiquities and
prehistoric culture (to be splendid) for an archaeologist.
6. To read a book in the original (to be) much better.
7. To define those forces and to indicate the directions in which
they operate (to require) an exhaustive comparison between
religious and social sructures.
8. To save a woman’s life (to be) an honour for every
gentleman. So don’t thank me, please.
9. To live in the country together (to be) more economical, but
to go there right now (to be) difficult.
10. To have told the whole truth (to disappoint) him greatly.
54
Ex. III. Complete the following sentences:
1. He was the first to pay attention to that peculiarity. To ignore
it …
2. Did human beings always possess the power of speech? If
not, when and how did they acquire it? To answer these
questions …
3. To have overburdened the book with so many details …
4. To our surprise the seats for the first concert were sold in
advance. To have booked the tickets beforehand …
5. The business of which he was a director was about to crash.
To have used new technology …
6. He examined the problem and decided that the only solution
was for him to return to the order of his old life. To do so …
7. When shown to the experts the manuscript aroused great
interest. To investigate the origin of it …
8. He had all his things stolen in the South of France one year
and had to leave. To have stayed there any longer…
Ex. IV. Translate into English:

1. Ü³Ë³×³ßÇó Ñ»ïá ³ÛÝï»Õ ·Ý³ÉÁ µáÉáñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ Ñ³ñÙ³ñ
ÏÉÇÝ»ñ:
2. ´Ý³·ÇñÁ Ï³ñ¹³ÉÁ ß³ï ³í»ÉÇ Ñ»ï³ùñùÇñ ÏÉÇÝ»ñ:
3. ²Û¹åÇëÇ »Õ³Ý³ÏÇÝ ³ÛÝï»Õ ÙÝ³ÉÁ íï³Ý·³íáñ ÏÉÇÝ»ñ:
4. ²Ûë Ñ³ñóÁ ÙÇ³ëÇÝ ùÝÝ³ñÏ»ÉÁ Ïû·Ý»ñ ³ñ³· ×Çßï
áñáßáõÙ Ï³Û³óÝ»É:
5. Üñ³Ý Ññ³íÇñ»ÉÁ ÏÉáõÍ»ñ µáÉáñ ËÝ¹ÇñÝ»ñÁ:
6. Üñ³Ý íßï³óÝ»ÉÁ ó³í³ÉÇ ÏÉÇÝ»ñ:
7. ¶Çï»Ù, áñ Ó»½ Ñ³Ùá½»ÉÁ ¹Åí³ñ ÏÉÇÝ»ñ, ¹ñ³ Ñ³Ù³ñ ¿É
ã÷áñÓ»óÇ:
1. Было бы всем удобно пойти туда после завтрака.

2. Было бы гораздо лучше прочесть оригинал.
3. Оставаться здесь в такую погоду было бы опасно.
4. Обсуждение этого вопроса всеми помогло бы быстрее
принять правильное решение.
5. Пригласив его мы бы решили все проблемы.
6. Было бы жаль огорчить его.
55
7. Я знаю, что убедить вас было бы трудно, поэтому я и не
попытался.
IV
….. otherwise somebody would do something
somebody would have done something
Otherwise/or/or else …
Ex. I. Paraphrase the sentences using otherwise:
1. He ignored me and I was deeply hurt.
2. She had read the fearful reports about the events. That was
why she was so worried.
3. The doctor saved many lives and the number of victims in
the accident was not great.
4. He had warned everybody about the danger and nobody got
injured.
5. They missed the train and had to take a taxi to get to town in
time lest their mother should worry.
6. He was shy and didn’t dare to say what he really felt about
the matter.
7. I don’t know him well enough and can’t accept his invitation
to spend the evening somewhere in a quiet place.
8. I told her at once who I was. That was why she opened the
door and let me in.
9. I know all the details. That’s why I recommend you not to
take it close to heart.
10. I am sure he was in a hurry and that’s why he didn’t stop to
talk to you.
11. No doubt he memorized his speech. That’s why he spoke so
well.
Ex. II. Complete the following sentences:

1. She is really fond of children. Otherwise …
2. I’m sure he didn’t get the job. Otherwise …
3. She was a talented actress. Otherwise …
4. I’m to look after my younger sister, or else …
56
5. He disliked my idea of spending one more day in the
country, or …
6. He walked silently by my side. He had nothing to say,
otherwise …
Ex. III. Translate the following sentences into

Armenian/Russian:
1. If anyone had seen him that evening going up the steps, he
would have been surprised at how he had aged.
2. If one were to take the trouble to count up all the words in
the dictionaries, one would reach a total running into six
figures – the hundreds of thousands.
3. When he was asked what changes had taken place in his life
in the country he replied that a comparison between the last
two years would suffice to throw light on this question.
4. He was educated at Oxford and devoted himself to the study
of medecine. But for his weak health he would have become
an experienced physician.
5. If we were to tie ourselves down to only those words that
the Anglo-Saxons used, our vocabulary would be poor
indeed.
6. He would take the money in exchange for his hospitality
and he bade me come to him should I ever be in those
places again.
7. If it were possible to invent a method of embalming
(½Ùñë»É/ бальзамировать) persons in such a manner that
they may be recalled to life at any period I would be the first
to join in the experiment.
8. He tried to behave as if nothing had happened, otherwise
everybody might have noticed the change.
9. A good speaker, besides choosing appropriate terms from a
wide vocabulary, and besides being able to utter his
thoughts with fluency, uses correct sounds and employs
proper intonation or else he would be misunderstood.
10. Only in this last work does the author show what he would
have done, had he used his genius rightly.
57
1. Ü³ ã·Çï»ñ, áñ æáÝÁ Ñ³½Çí ¿ñ Í³ÛñÁ Í³ÛñÇÝ Ñ³ëóÝáõÙ.
³ÛÉ³å»ë ã¿ñ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝÇ ³ÙáõëÝ³Ý³É:
2. ÐÇí³Ý¹Ç íÇ×³ÏÁ Ã»Ã¨³ó»É ¿ñ. Ñ³Ï³é³Ï ¹»åùáõÙ Ý³
³Û¹å»ë Ñ³Ý·Çëï ã¿ñ ùÝÇ:
3. Üñ³ ÷³ëï³ñÏÝ»ñÁ Ñ³Ùá½Çã ¿ÇÝ. Ñ³Ï³é³Ï ¹»åùáõÙ »ë
ã¿Ç ÁÝ¹áõÝÇ ³Û¹ ³é³ç³ñÏÁ:
4. Ü³ Ñ³í³Ý³µ³ñ Ùáé³ó»É ¿ñ Çñ ËáëïáõÙÁ. Ñ³Ï³é³Ï
¹»åùáõÙ í³Õáõó ³Ûëï»Õ ÏÉÇÝ»ñ:
5. àõñ³Ë »Ù, áñ ³ßË³ï³ÝùÁ ³í³ñïí»ó. Ñ³Ï³é³Ï
¹»åùáõÙ ã¿Ç Ï³ñáÕ ·³É:
6. Ü³ ³é³çÇÝÁ Ñ³ëÏ³ó³í ²ÝÝ³ÛÇ µ³é»ñÇ ÇÙ³ëïÁ.
Ñ³Ï³é³Ï ¹»åùáõÙ Ýñ³Ý ã¿ñ ÁÝ¹Ñ³ïÇ ¨ ¹áõñë ã¿ñ ·³:
7. Ü³ Ëáëï³ó³í áã áùÇ ã³ë»É ÇÙ áñáßÙ³Ý Ù³ëÇÝ.
Ñ³Ï³é³Ï ¹»åùáõÙ »ë Ýñ³Ý áãÇÝã ã¿Ç å³ïÙÇ:
8. Ü³ Ñ³í³Ý³µ³ñ ·Çï»ñ ÇÙ ·³Éáõ Ù³ëÇÝ. Ñ³Ï³é³Ï
¹»åùáõÙ Ï½³ñÙ³Ý³ñ` ï»ëÝ»Éáí ÇÝÓ ³Û¹ »ñ»ÏáõÛÃáõÙ:
9. ºë Ýñ³Ý É³í »Ù ×³Ý³ãáõÙ. Ñ³Ï³é³Ï ¹»åùáõÙ Ýñ³Ý ã¿Ç
»ñ³ßË³íáñÇ:
10. ¸áõ ã»ë Ï³ñ¹³ó»É ³Ûë Ñá¹í³ÍÁ. Ñ³Ï³é³Ï ¹»åùáõÙ
ÏÏ³ñáÕ³Ý³ÛÇñ å³ï³ëË³Ý»É ÝÙ³Ý å³ñ½ Ñ³ñó»ñÇÝ:
11. Ü³ ÙÇßï ½µ³Õí³Í ¿ ï³Ý ·áñÍ»ñáí. Ñ³Ï³é³Ï ¹»åùáõÙ
ÏÁÝ¹áõÝ»ñ Ññ³í»ñ¹ ¨ ù»½ ã¿ñ íßï³óÝÇ:
12. Ü³ Íáí³ÛÇÝ ÑÇí³Ý¹áõÃÛáõÝ áõÝÇ. Ñ³Ï³é³Ï ¹»åùáõÙ Ý³
¿É ÏÙ³ëÝ³Ïó»ñ ³Ûë ×³Ý³å³ñÑáñ¹áõÃÛ³ÝÁ:
13. Ü³ ÇÝÓ ãÇ Ññ³íÇñ»É. Ñ³Ï³é³Ï ¹»åùáõÙ »ë ¿É Ï·³ÛÇ ù»½
Ñ»ï Ýñ³ ÍÝÝ¹Û³Ý ï³ñ»¹³ñÓÇÝ:
14. ´³Ëïë µ»ñ»ó, áñ ÝÙ³Ý Ù³ëÝ³·»ï ·ï³, Ñ³Ï³é³Ï
¹»åùáõÙ Ù»ù»Ý³ë ³Û¹ù³Ý ³ñ³· ã¿ÇÝ í»ñ³Ýáñá·Ç:
1. Она не знала, что Джон едва сводил концы с концами,

иначе бы не согласилась выйти за него замуж.
2. Больному стало лучше, иначе он не спал бы так
спокойно.
3. Его доводы были убедительными, иначе я не приняла бы
его предложение.
4. Он, наверное, забыл о своем обещании, иначе бы он
давно пришел.
5. Я рада, что работа закончена, иначе я не смогла бы
прийти.
58
6. Он первый понял значение слов Анны, иначе он не
прервал бы ее и не вышел.
7. Он обещал никому не говорить о моем решении, иначе я
не рассказала бы ему все.
8. Он возмажно знал о моем приезде, иначе он удивился бы
увидев меня на этом вечере.
9. Я его хорошо знаю, иначе я не рекомендовала бы его
вам.
10. Ты не читала этой статьи, иначе смогла бы ответить на
такие простые вопросы.
11. Она почти всегда занята по дому, иначе она приняла бы
ваше приглашение и не огорчила бы вас.
12. У нее морская болезнь, иначе она тоже поплыла бы с
нами.
13. Он не пригласил меня, иначе я пришла бы с тобой на его
день рождения.
14. Мне повезло, что я нашел такого специалиста, иначе
мою машину не отремонтировали бы в такой короткий
срок.
Ex. V. Answer the following:

1. Would you be a success if you were to do your work in
haste?
2. What would you say if you thought your friend wastes his
time?
3. What would you advise your friend to do if he were to be
disappointed in the results of his work?
59
DEPENDENT USE OF SUBJUNCTIVE II
As it has already been stated the use of Subjunctive II is

dependent if the structure of sentence demands its use.
Thus Subjunctive II is used:
1. in subject clauses after “It’s time/It’s high time/It’s
about time …”
2. in predicative clauses after “As if/As though … ”
3. in object clauses after “I wish … ”
4. in clauses of unreal condition after “If/Even if…”
5. in clauses of comparison after “As if/As though…”
6. in clauses of purpose introduced by “so that/in order
that/that”
(Subjunctive II of modal verbs might/could do, might/could
have done)
7. in clauses of concession introduced by “Even if/Even
though”
SUBJECT CLAUSES
It’s time somebody did something – Ä³Ù³Ý³ÏÝ ¿, áñ…

Пора бы …
This construction can be followed by:

a) the Infinitive
e.g. It’s time to start (the correct time has arrived)
b) “for” phrase
e.g. It’s time for us to start.
c) a clause with a predicate verb in Subjunctive II
e.g. It’s time we started. (It’s a little late)
It’s high time we started. (emphasizes the idea)
d) the use of should is possible, though less common
e.g. It’s time we should go.
60
Drills:
Ex. I. Supply a suitable form of the verb in brackets and
translate them into Armenian/Russian:
1. It’s time you (to have) a haircut.
2. Isn’t it high time your daughter (to set) to work?
3. It’s high time for them (to know) all about our decision.
4. Look! The flowers have dropped their heads. Isn’t it time
they (to water)?
5. It’s about time he (to express) his own point of view on the
subject.
6. It’s high time for you (to settle down).
7. Dinner is ready. It’s time we (to sit down) to table.
8. We’ve packed all the things. It’s time (to take a taxi).
9. It’s time for the second course (to serve).
10. It’s time we (to take) some preventive measures.
Ex. II. Paraphrase the sentences using Subjunctive II after the

expression it is (about, high) time:
1. You must begin reading books in the original.
2. It’s time for everybody to come.
3. You don’t realize the importance of the matter.
4. Why can’t you express such simple things in English yet?
5. Don’t you think it is about time for the team to start
training?
6. It’s time for you to stop fussing. You make everybody
nervous.
Ex. III. Translate into English:

1. Ä³Ù³Ý³ÏÝ ¿, áñ Ù»½ µ³ó³ïñ»ù, Ã» ÇÝã »ù
å³ïñ³ëïíáõÙ ³Ý»É:
2. â»±ë Ï³ñÍáõÙ` Å³Ù³Ý³ÏÝ ¿, áñ Çñ»ñÁ Ñ³í³ù»Ýù:
3. Ä³Ù³Ý³ÏÝ ¿, áñ Ý³ Ùï³ÍÇ Çñ ë»÷³Ï³Ý ÏÛ³ÝùÇ Ù³ëÇÝ:
4. Ä³Ù³Ý³ÏÝ ¿ í»ñ³¹³éÝ³É ÑÛáõñ»ñÇ Ùáï ¨ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óÝ»É
Ó»½:
5. ì³Õáõó Å³Ù³Ý³ÏÝ ¿` ÙÇ É³í ¹³ë ï³É Ýñ³Ý: Ü³ ÇÝÓ
ÝÛ³ñ¹³ÛÝ³óÝáõÙ ¿:
6. Ä³Ù³Ý³ÏÝ ¿, áñ ¹áõù å³ï³ëË³Ý³ïíáõÃÛ³Ý ½·³óáõÙ
áõÝ»Ý³ù:
7. Ä³Ù³Ý³ÏÝ ¿ í»ñç ï³É ³Ûë ³ÝÇÙ³ëï íÇ×³µ³ÝáõÃÛ³ÝÁ:
61
8. Ä³Ù³Ý³ÏÝ ¿, áñ Ý³ í³ëï³ÏÇ Çñ ³åñáõëïÁ: â¿± áñ Ý³
»ñ»Ë³ ã¿:
9. Ä³Ù³Ý³ÏÝ ¿ Ññ³Å³ñí»É Ýñ³Ý ï»ëÝ»Éáõ ÙïùÇó: Ü³ ³ÛÝ
Ù³ñ¹Á ã¿, áõÙ Ñ»ï Ï³ñ»ÉÇ ¿ ·áñÍ áõÝ»Ý³É:
10. Ä³Ù³Ý³ÏÝ ¿, áñ í»ñç ¹Ý»Ù Ýñ³ ï³é³å³ÝùÝ»ñÇÝ: ºë
å»ïù ¿ å³ïÙ»Ù áÕç ×ßÙ³ñïáõÃÛáõÝÁ:
1. Пора бы вам обяснить нам, что вы собираетесь делать.

2. Тебе не кажется, что нам пора собирать вещи?
3. Ему пора подумать о своей личной жизни.
4. Пора вернуться к гостям и представить вас.
5. Его давно пора проучить. Он действует мне на нервы.
6. Вам пора иметь чувство ответственности.
7. Пора бы прекратить этот бесполезный спор.
8. Ему пора зарабатывать на жизнь. Ведь он не ребенок.
9. Пора отказаться от мысли видеться с ним. Он не тот
человк, с которым можно иметь дело.
10. Мне пора положить конец его страданиям. Я должна
рассказать всю правду.
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PREDICATIVE CLAUSES
Such clauses are introduced by “as if” and “as though” after the link
verbs expressed by to be, to feel, to look, to sound, to seem.
⎧did/could do
⎧⎪looked as if ⎪⎪had done/could
Smb. ⎨ looks as Smb. ⎨have done sth.
⎪⎩will look though ⎪were doing/had
⎪⎩been doing
⎧looked/was looking ⎧did/could do

⎪ looks/is looking as if ⎪⎪had done/could
It ⎨
will look/will as Sb. ⎨have done sth.
⎪be looking
⎩ though ⎪were doing/had
⎪⎩been doing
The form “somebody looks as if” is used when we judge by a

person’s appearance.
e.g. He looked as if he were ill. (He was pale.)
Ü³ Ï³ñÍ»ë ÑÇí³Ý¹ ¿:
Он кажется болен.
The form “it looks as if” is used when we judge by the
situation.
e.g. It looks as if they had already gone to bed. (the lights are out)
ÂíáõÙ ¿` Ýñ³Ýù ³ñ¹»Ý ùÝ»É »Ý:
Они кажется уснули.
Special attention should be paid to sentence patterns with the
link verb “to be” in the negative forms.
⎧⎪was not smb. did sth.

It ⎨is not as if
⎪⎩won' t be smb. had done sth.
e.g.
1. It’s not as if he knew you.
63
â¿±, áñ Ý³ ù»½ ãÇ ×³Ý³ãáõÙ:
Ведь он же не знает тебя.
2. It’s not as if I had interfered.
â¿±, áñ »ë ã»Ù ÙÇç³Ùï»É:
Ведь я же не вмешивалась.
3. It won’t be as if you were offended.
â¿±, áñ ¹áõ ã»ë íÇñ³íáñíÇ:
Ведь ты же не обидешься?
Sentences of this kind are rendered into Armenian by means of
“â¿, áñ ã» …” and with the help of “Ведь … не…” into Russian.
The choice of the Past or Present Subjunctive II in the
subordinate clause depends on the tense form of the notional verb in
Armenian or Russian.
Activity
Ex. I. Comment on the use of Subjunctive II and translate the

sentences into Armenian/Russian:
1. She looked so fresh and clean as though nothing had
happened to her that night.
2. It seems as if he knew what to do but pretended to be
unaware of everything.
3. When he finally broke the silence his voice sounded as
though he had been shouting inside himself.
4. It was as if someone he had never known had written the
story.
5. Her stillness and her strange words made me feel as if I
were still dreaming.
6. She sounded as if she were unwilling to accept the
invitation.
7. It sounds as though they were fighting upstairs.
8. Don’t get offended. It’s not as if I could do anything for
you.
9. It seemed as if she had made her decision and nothing in
the world could make her change it.
64
10. He looked as if he hadn’t had a meal for a week, and I
hadn’t the heart to refuse him.
Ex. II. Open the brackets using the necessary form of

Subjunctive II in predicative clauses:
1. He looked as if he (to step) from the pages of a magazine.
2. It looks as tough they (not to expect) us.
3. Her mother knew the young man very well but it seemed as
if she (not to want) to admit it.
4. She was at a loss. She felt as if she (to lose) something.
5. It was as if she (to receive) a physical blow and (to rock) on
her feet.
6. Whenever I saw them it looked as tough they (to be) on
friendly terms.
7. She looked very pale as if she (not to sleep) much lately.
8. Though we had known each other for a long time she
looked as if she (not to believe) me.
9. Don’t blame yourself. It’s not as if you (to do) it on purpose.
10. The child looks as if he (to be) feverish.

1. He greeted me warmly and I felt as if …
2. When I met him the next day he looked as if …
3. … as if it were the only thing to do.
4. … as though she expected me to go there with her.
5. It won’t be as if …
6. … as though she had slept in her clothes.
7. Don’t you feel as if …
8. How can you speak like this? It’s not as if …
9. Why are you in a hurry? It’s not as if …
10. You are wet through. It looks as if …

1. Ü³ ³ÛÝåÇëÇ ï»ëù áõÝ»ñ, Ï³ñÍ»ë áõñ áñ ¿ É³ó ÏÉÇÝ»ñ:
2. ÆÝãáõ± »ë ³Û¹å»ë ËáëáõÙ, ã¿ áñ ¹áõ »ñ»Ë³ ã»ë:
3. ê»ÝÛ³ÏÁ ³ÛÝåÇëÇ ï»ëù áõÝ»ñ, Ï³ñÍ»ë ³ÛÝï»Õ »ñµ»ù
ã¿ÇÝ ³åñ»É:
4. ÂíáõÙ ¿` Ýñ³Ýù ³ñ¹»Ý ·Ý³ó»É »Ý. ÷áÕáóáõÙ áã áù ãÏ³:
65
5. ÆÝãáõ± »ù íßï³ÝáõÙ, ã¿ áñ áã áù ¹³ Ó»½³ÝÇó É³í ã¿ñ
³ÝÇ:
6. ÂíáõÙ ¿ñ` Ý³ ¹»Ù ã¿ñ Ù»ñ ³é³ç³ñÏÇÝ:
7. â¿± áñ »ë Ó»½ áãÇÝã ã»Ù Ëáëï³ó»É:
8. ÂíáõÙ ¿` »ë Ó»½ »ñÏ³ñ ï³ñÇÝ»ñ ×³Ý³ãáõÙ »Ù:
9. Ü³ ³ÛÝåÇëÇ ï»ëù áõÝ»ñ, Ï³ñÍ»ë »ñµ»ù ã¿ñ Éë»É ³Û¹
Ù³ëÇÝ:
10. ÂíáõÙ ¿` µáÉáñÁ ³ñ¹»Ý ·Ý³ó»É »Ý: â¿± áñ ³Û¹å»ë ã¿ÇÝù
å³ÛÙ³Ý³íáñí»É:
1. Он выглядел так, словно вот-вот заплачет.

2. Почему ты так говоришь? Ведь ты же не ребенок.
3. Комната выглядела так, словно в ней никогда не жили.
4. Кажется они уже ушли, на улице никого нет.
5. Почему вы расстроились? Ведь никто не смог бы
сделать это лучше вас.
6. Казалось он не был против нашего предложения.
7. Ведь я же вам ничего не обещал.
8. Кажется я знаю вас много лет.
9. Он выглядел так, словно никогда не слышал об этом.
10. Кажется все уже ушли, ведь мы же так не
договаривались.
66
OBJECT CLAUSES
wished smb. did sth.

Smb. wishes
’ll wish smb. had done sth.
As can be seen from the chart above, any tense form of the
Indicative Mood is used in the principal clause whereas Present
Subjunctive II is used in the object clause to express an action
simultaneous with the action of the principal clause, and Past
Subjunctive II to express priority and sometimes to express regret
that something happened or did not happen in the past.
e.g. I wish I had talked to him. (I didn’t talk to him and I regret it
now.)
I wish I hadn’t invited him. (I invited him and regret it now.)
Thus Subjunctive II is used in object clauses after “wish”,
which doesn’t mean “want”, to express regret that things are not
different and refers to situations that are unreal, impossible, unlikely.
Wish + that clause is not used for wishes about things that
seem possible in the future. The verb to hope is used in this sense.
e.g. I wish I spoke French. (It would be nice if I spoke French.)
but I hope you feel much better tomorrow. (Not I wish you felt
better.)
It should be borne in mind that sentences beginning with “I
wish” can be rendered into Armenian and Russian either by means of
²÷ëáë…or ºñ³ÝÇ …, Жаль… or Хотя бы …(как бы мне
хотелось) and accordingly different forms of Subjunctive II are
used in the object clauses. This can be illustrated by the following:
Armenian Russian English

²÷ëáë Жаль I wish
(+) (+) (-)
(-) (-) (+)
(+) the affirmative form

(-) the negative form
67
e.g. (+) ²÷ëáë, Ý³ ÑÇí³Ý¹ ¿:
(+) Жаль, что он болен.
(-) I wish he were not ill.
(-) ²÷ëáë, Ý³ ã»Ï³í:

(-) Жаль, что он не пришел.
(+) I wish he had come.

ºñ³ÝÇ Как бы мне I wish
хотелось
Хотя бы
(+) (+) (+)
(-) (-) (-)
e.g. (+) ºñ³ÝÇ Ý³ ³ÛÝï»Õ ÉÇÝ»ñ:

(+) Как бы мне хотелось, чтобы он был здесь.
(+) I wish he were here.
(-) ºñ³ÝÇ ãï»ëÝ»Ç Ýñ³Ý:

(-) Как бы мне хотелось не видеть его.
(-) I wish I hadn’t seen him.
As to the choice of the mood and the tense form in the object
clause, it also depends on the way of rendering of “I wish”. Thus:

²÷ëáë Жаль I wish
ê³ÑÙ³Ý³Ï³Ý Изъявительное Present Subjunctive
»Õ³Ý³Ï наклонение II
Ý»ñÏ³ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï настоящее время
ê³ÑÙ³Ý³Ï³Ý Изъявительное Past Subjunctive II
»Õ³Ý³Ï наклонение
³ÝóÛ³É Å³Ù³Ý³Ï Прошедшее время
e.g. ²÷ëáë, »ë Ýñ³Ý ã»Ù ×³Ý³ãáõÙ: (ê³ÑÙ³Ý³Ï³Ý »Õ³Ý³Ï,

Ý»ñÏ³ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï)
68
Жаль я его не знаю. (Изъявительное наклонение,
настоящее время)
I wish I knew him. (Present Subjunctive II)
²÷ëáë` ãï»ë³ Ýñ³Ý ³ÛÝï»Õ: (ê³ÑÙ³Ý³Ï³Ý »Õ³Ý³Ï,

³ÝóÛ³É Å³Ù³Ý³Ï)
Жаль я не увидела его там. (Изъявительное наклонение,
прошедшее время)
I wish I had seen him there. (Past Subjunctive II)

Хорошо бы
ºñ³ÝÇ Хотя бы I wish
Как бы мне хотелось
ÀÕÓ³Ï³Ý »Õ³Ý³Ï Сослагательное Present Subjunctive II
Ý»ñÏ³ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï наклонение
ÀÕÓ³Ï³Ý »Õ³Ý³Ï Сослагательное Past Subjunctive II
³ÝóÛ³É Å³Ù³Ý³Ï наклонение
e.g. ºñ³ÝÇ Ù³ëÝ³Ïó»Ç ³Û¹ ùÝÝ³ñÏÙ³ÝÁ:

(ÀÕÓ³Ï³Ý »Õ³Ý³Ï, Ý»ñÏ³ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï)
Как бы мне хотелось принять участие в этой дискуссии.
(Сослагательное наклонение)
I wish I took part in the discussion. (Present Subjunctive II)
ºñ³ÝÇ ãï»ëÝ»Ç/ï»ë³Í ãÉÇÝ»Ç Ýñ³Ý ³Û¹ ûñÁ: (ÀÕÓ³Ï³Ý

»Õ³Ý³Ï, Ý»ñÏ³/³ÝóÛ³É Å³Ù³Ý³Ï)
Хотя бы я не видела его в тот день. (Сослагательное
наклонение)
I wish I hadn’t seen him that day. (Past Subjunctive II)
The construction wish/if only + would is used in the

subordinate clause of an object if the subjects of the main and the
subordinate clauses are different to express:
a) a polite order (a critical request):
e.g. I wish you would stop shouting. = (Please, stop shouting!)
¸», µ³í³Ï³Ý ¿ µÕ³í»ë/³Õ³Õ³Ï»ë:
Да перестань же ты кричать.
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b) to express our wish for a change in a situation or somebody’s
behaviour as we are annoyed or irritated, dissatisfied,
impatient:
e.g. I wish it would stop raining. (It keeps on raining. I am annoyed.)
ºñ³ÝÇ ³ÝÓñ¨Á ¹³¹³ñ»ñ:
Как бы мне хотелось, чтобы дождь перестал.
I wish he would come soon. (I am impatient)

ºñ³ÝÇ ßáõï ·³ñ:
Хорошо бы, если бы он пришел рано. (wish for a change of
situation)
I wish you would stop asking such silly questions. (I am irritated)

ºñ³ÝÇ í»ñç ï³ÛÇñ ÑÇÙ³ñ Ñ³ñó»ñÇ¹:
Как бы мне хотелось, чтобы ты перестал задавать глупые
вопросы.
c) to express willingness/unwillingness, insistence or refusal to

do something:
e.g. I wish you would stop smoking.
ºñ³ÝÇ ãÍË»Çñ:
Хотя бы ты не курил.
It should be mentioned that could/might is used instead of would

after the pronouns “I” and “we”.
e.g. I wish I could do it myself.
ºñ³ÝÇ ÇÝùë ¹³ ³Ý»Ç:
Хорошо бы я сам сделал это.
I wish we could get along with them.

ºñ³ÝÇ Ýñ³Ýó Ñ»ï ÛáÉ³ ·Ý³ÛÇÝù:
Хотя бы мы ладили с ними.
The form wish/if only+would is hardly ever used with the verb
“to be” and can’t replace Past Subjunctive II.
e.g. I wish he had warned me in time.
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Thus both the free and the dependent uses of Subjunctive II can
express wish.
e.g. Oh, if I had a house of my own. (free use)
I wish I had a house of my own. (dependent use)
The free use of Subjunctive II after if only/oh, if/oh, that is more
emphatic than the dependent use.
Drills:
Ex. I. Explain the use of the verb forms after the verb to wish and
translate the sentences into Armenian/Russian:
1. He wished they would let him enjoy his dinner in peace.
2. I wish you had stayed there for another week.
3. I wish I could know it for sure.
4. She’ll wish she had taken this opportunity!
5. I wished you would not interfere.
6. I wish you had brought your children with you.
7. I wish I could make myself understood.
8. You’ll wish you hadn’t taken his advice.
9. I wish you wouldn’t be so horrid when she is so miserable.
10. Oh, how I wish it would rain. It hasn’t rained for at least 2
months.
Ex. II. Open the brackets:

1. I wish I (to be) quite sure that she is altogether honest.
2. She wished nobody (to notice) her embarrassment.
3. I wish you (not to smoke) in the room. The child is asleep.
4. I wish I (can) go round the world.
5. I wish you (to stop) talking. I can hardly hear what she is
saying.
6. How I wish you (not to interrupt) me all the time.

1. What lovely music. Don’t you wish …?
2. Tom’s mother wished he …
3. When she saw those lovely flowers, she wished she …
4. Don’t treat him like that. You’ll wish you …
5. He asked me something but I didn’t hear his question. It was
so noisy. I wish …
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Ex. IV. Paraphrase the following sentences using Subjunctive II
in object clauses after the verb to wish:
1. She had better treat her friend more politely.
2. He is not a man of his word. I’m so sorry about it.
3. What a pity you can’t stay any longer.
4. I’m sorry I don’t know who she is talking about.
5. She was sorry she had given you so much trouble.
Ex. V. Express unreal wish or regret using the following

statements:
a) Jane is a film star. She says there are some things she finds
annoying and she wishes …
1. Reporters never give her any privacy, write stories about her
private life, take photos of her all the time.
2. People stare at her everywhere she goes.
3. The fans make her sign autographs.
4. She has no time to spend with her family or just relax and
concentrate on her work.
b) I’ve moved into a new flat but can’t say I’m pleased with it. I
wish …
1. My flat is a long way from my office.
2. I have to wake up much earlier.
3. It is on the ground floor and very noisy.
4. I don’t know anybody in the neighbourhood and I am all
alone.
5. I can’t visit my friends as they are so far away.
Ex. VI. Complete the story using the key words:

would rather, his wife, to argue, a rare offer, otherwise, it was not as
if, couldn’t help talking.
He stepped out of the station and pushed the receipts into his wallet.
That was settled. His cases were looked after. There was no going
back now. Not that he wanted to go back. Still he wished…
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Ex. VII. Read the following and make it hypothetical:
The old life. They both remembered it. Syd had been a dancing
gigolo since he was 18. He was very good-looking in his dark
Spanish way and full of life. Old women and middle-aged women
were glad to pay to dance with him and he was never out of work. He
had drifted from England to the Continent and there he had stayed,
going from hotel to hotel. It wasn’t a bad life but he wished …
Unless I had heard the story from his own lips, I should never
have believed that he was capable of such an action.
Ex. VIII. Translate into Armenian/Russian:

a) Finally they were in the nice little town he used to live in his
youth. It occurred to him that it would be fun to go and have a look
at the girl he’d had. He was sure he would be able to find the farm
without difficulty.
He remembered their parting. Now he wished he hadn’t been so
rude. She shouldn’t have slapped him and wouldn’t have gone away.
Oh, if he could be back in those days. It was not as if he were the
quick-tempered youth he used to be. He would be more cautious,
more loving.
He had a good bump of locality and was sure he would find her
house without difficulty. But he took one wrong turning and got lost.
In despair he sat on the bench thinking what would happen if she
were to pass by.
b) I know what you are going to say – if I had had the soul of a
true artist. I would have died rather than do such a thing. But
remember that my wife and children were crying for bread – or
would have been crying for bread if I had had a wife or children.
Ex. IX. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense of
Subjunctive II:
1. I wish I (to be) young again.
2. – I wish I (not to speak) to Tom like that.
- Don’t worry. I’m sure he’ll forgive you.
3. – Are you going to your school reunion party next week?
- I’m afraid not. I wish I (to go) because I’d like to see my
schoolmates again.
4. – Ann, I wish you (to stop) making so much noise.
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- Sorry, I’ll do my best.
5. I wish I (to join you). I’ve been looking forward to that
party ever since I left school.
6. I wish you (not to invite) Jack. He spoilt everything.
7. I wish you (to leave) the door unlocked. The thieves broke
in while we were away.
Ex. X. Translate into Armenian/Russian:

1. For a moment I wished I hadn’t invited him.
2. I wish you went on with your work instead of interrupting
me all the time. (S. Maugham)
3. He wished they would let him enjoy his dinner in peace.
4. I wish I could drop the whole matter.
5. She almost wished she hadn’t invited him to dinner.
6. – Have you got my letter? – Yes, I wish you hadn’t written
it.
7. I wished he hadn’t asked me that question.
8. I wished he would not treat me as a child.
9. He stood at the corner as if he had forgotten something. I
wish I had spoken to that man. I wish I had asked him how
he came to be unemployed.
10. “I do wish,” she cried. “Uncle Timothy wouldn’t talk about
what doesn’t concern him!” (J. Goldsworthy)
Ex. XI. Combine the following sentences making them

hypothetical:
e.g. I didn’t have enough money, so I didn’t go to Spain last summer.
If I had had enough money, I would have gone to Spain last summer.
1. She didn’t have a spare room, so we stayed in a hotel.
2. The weather wasn’t bad, so we enjoyed our stay.
3. The boat arrived late, so we missed the train home.
4. We arrived late, so we didn’t get good seats.
Ex. XII. Translate into Armenian/Russian:

1. When we reached the sports-ground, we explained to him
that even if he were a much bigger boy, the fact that his
knees were bare would prevent him from crawling a mile
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for the championship of the world, but his expression
remained stubborn. (Australian Short Stories)
2. Mother and Sarah used to talk about Jack Love. “If I were
Dave,” Sarah would say, “I’m blest if I’d have her carrying
on with him the way she does.” (Australian Short Stories)
3. If there were any other way for Tom to earn a living, she
would be glad for him to leave this flat. (Australian Short
Stories)
4. “If only people would realize how hard a miner’s life is,” I
said, “and that men as well as machinery suffer from the
strain of it.” (Australian Short Stories)
5. The flowers had died long before the air was bad. No flowers
could have lived in it for long. (O’Henry)
Ex. XIII. Paraphrase the following so as to use Subjunctive II in

object clauses to express wish or regret:
1. We were very disappointed that she had not convinced him as
to how important it all was.
2. What a pity you are leaving us so soon!
3. It’s a pity we shan’t be able to reach the destination before
sunset.
4. As nobody told him anything about this affair, he wasn’t
involved in it.
5. You shouldn’t have left your pretty wife alone in that strange
town.
6. She just sits on the porch doing nothing.
7. I didn’t know how important it was.
8. She had eaten something at lunch that disagreed with her.
9. She didn’t take any advice and failed.
10. Nobody told her how to solve the problem.
11. I don’t know what decision they arrived at. I wasn’t present
at the meeting yesterday.
12. What a pity! I missed such a wonderful chance.
13. I’m sorry to say that he is not a man of his word.
14. It’s a pity you couldn’t talk him into giving up the foolish
idea.
15. It would be nice if he agreed to deliver a lecture on Modern
Literature.
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Ex. XIV. Translate into English:
1. ºñ³ÝÇ ³Ûëï»Õ Ñ³ëï³ïí»ÇÝù. »ë ß³ï »Ù ëÇñáõÙ ³Ûë
ù³Õ³ùÁ:
2. ²÷ëáë, áñ Ý³ Ï³ëÏ³Íáí ¿ Ó»½ í»ñ³µ»ñíáõÙ ¨ Ó»ñ
ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ ³ñ¹³ñ ã¿:
3. ºñ³ÝÇ Ï³ñáÕ³Ý³ÛÇ Ñ»ï¨»É Ó»ñ ËáñÑñ¹ÇÝ, µ³Ûó ¹³
³ÝÑÝ³ñ ¿:
4. Üñ³Ýù ³÷ëáëáõÙ ¿ÇÝ, áñ ãÏ³ñáÕ³ó³Ý ÙÇ³Ý³É Ù»½:
5. Ü³ Ïó³ÝÏ³Ý³ñ, áñ Çñ»Ý Ñ³Ý·Çëï ÃáÕÝ»Çù:
6. ²÷ëáë, áñ Ý³ Ó»é áõ áï ¿ ÁÝÏÝáõÙ/Çñ³ñ ¿ ³ÝóÝáõÙ ãÝãÇÝ
µ³Ý»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ: (to be fussy)
7. ºñ³ÝÇ Ý³ ÑÝ³ñ³íáñÇÝë ßáõï áõßùÇ ·³ñ Çñ
³ÝÑ³çáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇó: (to get over her failure)
8. ºñµ Ñ³ëÏ³ó³í Ýñ³ Ññ³í»ñÇ Ýå³ï³ÏÁ, ³÷ëáë³ó, áñ
·Ý³ó»É ¿ñ ³Û¹ »ñ»ÏáõÛÃÇÝ,:
9. ²÷ëáë, áñ íÇñ³íáñí»óÇù. ã»Ù Ï³ñÍáõÙ, áñ Ý³
ÙÇïáõÙÝ³íáñ ¿ ¹³ ³ë»É: (on purpose)
10. ºñ³ÝÇ ³í»ÉÇ ßáõï ¹ÇÙ»Çù ÇÝÓ, »ë ÏÏ³ñáÕ³Ý³ÛÇ Ó»½
û·Ý»É:
1. Хорошо бы обосноваться здесь. Мне очень нравится

этот город.
2. Жаль, что он с подозрением относится к вам и
несправедлив по отношению к вам.
3. Как бы мне хотелось воспользоваться вашим советом,
но это невозможно.
4. Они сожалели, что не смогли присоединиться к нам.
5. Ему бы хотелось, чтобы вы оставили его в покое.
6. Жаль, что она так суетится по пустякам. (to be fussy)
7. Хотя бы она смогла пережить все неудачи как можно
скорее. (to get over her failure)
8. Она пожалела, что пошла на эту вечеринку, когда
поняла цель его приглашения.
9. Жаль, что вы обиделись. Не думаю, что он сказал это
намеренно. (on purpose)
10. Хотя бы вы обратились ко мне раньше. Я бы смогла
помочь вам.
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CLAUSES OF COMPARISON
⎧ did ⎫
⎪ ⎪ as if smb. did sth.
Smb. ⎨ does ⎬sth.
as though smb. were doing sth
⎪ will do ⎪
⎩ ⎭
Present Subjunctive II is used in the subordinate clause to
show that unreal action is simultaneous with the action of the
principal clause.
The choice of the Continuous or Non-Continuous form
depends on the category of aspect. The Non-Continuous forms of
Subjunctive II state the fact of the unreal action. Whereas the
Continuous forms of Subjunctive II show the unreal action in
progress.
e.g. She behaved as if she didn’t know me at all.
Ü³ ³ÛÝå»ë ¿ñ å³ÑáõÙ Çñ»Ý, Ï³ñÍ»ë ÇÝÓ µáÉáñáíÇÝ ã¿ñ ×³Ý³ãáõÙ:
Она вела себя так словно меня совсем не знала.
She looked at me with a puzzled expression as if she were trying to

remember where she had seen me.
Ü³ ½³ñÙ³ó³Í Ý³Û»ó ÇÝÓ. Ï³ñÍ»ë ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ ÑÇß»É, Ã» áñï»Õ ¿ñ
ï»ë»É ÇÝÓ:
Она с удивлением посмотрела на меня, словно пытаясь
вспомнить, где видела меня.
⎧ did ⎫ as if smb. had done sth

⎪ ⎪
Smb. ⎨ does ⎬ sth. as though smb. had been doing sth.
⎪ will do ⎪
⎩ ⎭
The Past form of Subjunctive II in the subordinate clause is used to

express an action preceding the action of the principal clause. (a prior
action)
e.g. You are so pale as if you had seen a ghost.
²ÛÝå»ë ·áõÝ³ï »ë, Ï³ñÍ»ë áõñí³Ï³Ý ï»ë³Í ÉÇÝ»ë:
Ты так бледна, словно увидела призрак.
77
Her eyes were red as if she had been crying.
Üñ³ ³ãù»ñÁ Ï³ñÙñ»É ¿ÇÝ, Ï³ñÍ»ë É³ó ¿ñ »Õ»É:
Ее глаза покраснели, словно она плакала.
It should be noted that if the action of the subordinate clause

follows the action of the principal clause sometimes would +
infinitive or be going + infinitive is used.
e.g. She began to weep as though her heart would break/or were
going to break.
The rules of the sequence of tenses are not observed in the
clauses of comparison.
e.g. He tried to behave as if nothing had happened, so that nobody
might notice the change.
Activity
Ex. I. Complete the following sentences:

1. They spoke so quietly as if …
2. She smiled at me in a friendly way as if …
3. Will you stop discussing me as if I …?
4. She was breathless as though …
5. They greeted us as though …
6. She was breathing deep and fast as though …
7. Don’t treat him as if he …
8. He stared at me as if …
Ex. II. Open the brackets supplying the necessary forms of

Subjunctive II in clauses of comparison:
1. Her eyes were sparkling as though she (to laugh) at us.
2. He went into the house by the back door as though he (to be
afraid) of being seen.
3. After that incident their lives went on as if nothing
(to happen).
4. The old man’s face was red and swollen as if he (to choke).
5. She speaks of the book as if she (to read) it.
6. My words made him turn back and he looked at me as if I (to
go mad).
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7. He didn’t say a word as though he (not to hear) my question.
8. He fixed the knife on the chain as if he (to be afraid) of
losing it.
Ex. III. Paraphrase the underlined parts so as to use Subjunctive

II in clauses of comparison:
1. On hearing the news he stood as if shocked.
2. “What’s wrong with you?” she asked as if not knowing the
reason.
3. He stood motionless as if struck.
4. I like to be treated like a child.
5. The man bent low as if looking for something.
6. He kept looking at his watch as if in a hurry.
7. He paid no attention to my words as if having heard the news
several days before.
8. He recognized the handwriting and hesitated as if afraid to
open it.
9. He smiled at me as though understanding my thoughts.

1. ºë ³ÛÝù³Ý Ñá·Ý³Í ï»ëù áõÝ»Ç, Ï³ñÍ»ë ³ÙµáÕç ûñÁ
³ßË³ï»É ¿Ç:
2. Ü³ ÇÝÓ ³ÛÝå»ë Ý³Û»ó, Ï³ñÍ»ë ÇÝÓ »ñµ»ù ã¿ñ ï»ë»É:
3. ÆÝãáõ± »ë ³ÛÝå»ë ËáëáõÙ, Ï³ñÍ»ë ÇÝù¹ ã»ë ëË³ÉíáõÙ:
4. Ü³ ³ÛÝå»ë ¿ñ ß³ñÅíáõÙ, Ï³ñÍ»ë ³å³Ïáõó
å³ïñ³ëïí³Í ÉÇÝ»ñ:
5. ¸áõ ³ëáõÙ »ë, áñ Ñ³í³ïáõÙ »ë ÁÝÏ»ñáç¹, µ³Ûó ÙÇ¨ÝáõÛÝ
Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ³ÛÝå»ë »ë í³ñíáõÙ Ýñ³ Ñ»ï, Ï³ñÍ»ë Ý³
ÃßÝ³ÙÇ¹ ÉÇÝÇ:
6. ØÇ ½³ñÙ³óÇñ: Ü³ ³ÛÝå»ë Ïå³ÑÇ Çñ»Ý, Ï³ñÍ»ë ¹³ Çñ
Ù»ÕùÁ ã¿, Ï³ñÍ»ë Ý³ ³ñ»É ¿ ³Ù»Ý ÇÝã` Çñ³íÇ×³ÏÁ
÷ñÏ»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ:
7. ÆÝãáõ± »ù Ó¨³óÝáõÙ, áñ »ñµ»ù ã»ù ï»ë»É ÇÝÓ:
8. ØÇ ù³ÝÇ ûñÇó Ý³ ÏËáëÇ ³ÛÝå»ë, Ï³ñÍ»ë áãÇÝã ãÇ
å³ï³Ñ»É:
9. Ü³ ß÷áÃí³Í Ï³Ý·Ý»ó ÷áÕáóÇ ³ÝÏÛáõÝáõÙ. Ï³ñÍ»ë
ã·Çï»ñ áõñ ·Ý³É:
10. Ø³ÛñÇÏÁ ½³ñÙ³ó³Í Ý³Û»ó Ù»½. Ï³ñÍ»ë ã¿ñ Ñ³ëÏ³ÝáõÙ,
Ã» ÇÝã ¿ñ Ï³ï³ñíáõÙ:
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11. Þá·Á ï³Ýç»ó Ù»½: îáÃ ¿ñ, ãáñ, ¨ ÃíáõÙ ¿ñ, Ã» ³Ýï³éÝ
³ÝÏñ³Ï ³ÛñíáõÙ ¿ñ ³ñ¨Ç ×³é³·³ÛÃÝ»ñÇó: ÜáõÛÝÇëÏ,
Ï³ñÍ»ë, ³Ûñí³ÍùÇ Ñáï ¿ñ ·³ÉÇë: Ø»Ýù ã¿ÇÝù ÍËáõÙ,
í³Ë»Ý³Éáí, áñ Ñ»Ýó ÉáõóÏáõ µáóÇó ³Ýï³éÁ ÏµéÝÏíÇ áõ
Ï³ÛñíÇ, ¨ ëåÇï³Ï ÍáõËÁ ÍáõÉáñ»Ý ÏëáÕ³ ¹»åÇ ¹»ÕÇÝ
³ñ»·³ÏÁ:
12. âáñ ù³ÙÇÝ ³ÉÛáõñÇ å»ë Ù³Ýñ ÷áßáõ ³Ùå»ñ ¿ñ ùßáõÙ
ù³Õ³ùÇ íñ³: öáßáõ ³Ùå»ñÇ Ù»ç ÉáÕáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ÷»ïáõñÝ»ñ,
ãáñ ï»ñ¨Ý»ñ ¨ ÍÕáï: Ð»éíÇó ÃíáõÙ ¿ñ, Ã» ù³Õ³ùáõÙ
Ù³ñÙ³Ý¹ Ññ¹»Ñ ¿ ÍËáõÙ:
13. ºë Ýëï³Í ¿Ç Ë³ñáõÛÏÇ Ùáï, ¨ ÇÝÓ ÃíáõÙ ¿ñ, Ã» ÇÝã-áñ
Ù»ÏÁ Ï³Ý·Ý»É ¿ñ ÃÇÏáõÝùÇë Ñ»ï¨áõÙ ¨ Ùé³ÛÉáñ»Ý Ý³ÛáõÙ
¿ñ ÍáÍñ³ÏÇë:
1. У меня был такой уставший вид, словно я всю ночь

работала.
2. Он так посмотрел на меня, словно никогда меня не
видел.
3. Почему ты говоришь так, словно никогда не
ошибаешься.
4. Он двигался так, словно был сделан из стекла.
5. Ты говоришь, что веришь своему другу, но в то же время
так обращаешься с ним, словно он твой враг.
6. Не удивляйся, он будет вести себя так, словно это не
была его вина, словно он сделал все, чтобы спасти
ситуацию.
7. Почему вы притворяетесь, словно никогда не видели его.
8. Через несколько дней он будет говорить так, словно
ничего не случилось.
9. Он в замешательстве встал на углу улицы, словно не
знал куда идти.
10. Мама с удивлением посмотрела на нас, словно не
понимала, что происходит.
11. Жара мучила нас. Было душно, сухо, и казалось, будто
лес горел под лучами солнца. Даже казалось, что пахнет
паленым. Мы не курили, боясь, что от искры лес
загорится и белый дым лениво поползет к желтому
светилу.
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12. Сухой ветер гнал облака из мелкой как мука пыли на
город. В облаках пыли витали перья, сухие листья и
солома. Издалека казалось, словно в городе дымил
медленный огонь.
13. Я сидел у костра, и мне казалось, словно кто-то стоял у
меня за спиной и мрачно смотрел мне в затылок.
CLAUSES OF PURPOSE
⎧⎪ did ⎫⎪ so that smb. may/might do sth.

Smb. ⎨ does ⎬ sth . that smb. can/could do sth.
⎪⎩ ' ll do ⎪⎭ lest smb. should do sth.
Clauses of purpose are introduced by the conjunction “so

that”, sometimes “that”, “in order that”. The predicate in the clauses
is expressed by might or could + Infinitive. In negative sentences
should + Infinitive is often used. If the clause of purpose is
introduced by the negative conjunction “lest” – áñå»ë½Ç ã, should +
Infinitive is used in the affirmative.
The action in the adverbial clause of purpose follows the
action of the principal clause thus can/could, may/might and should
are never combined with the Perfect Infinitive. Due to the rules of
the Sequence of Tenses the forms can/may/should + Infinitive are
used in present-time contexts and might/could + Simple Infinitive in
past-time contexts.
e.g. I underlined the new words, so that she could see them.
ºë ÁÝ¹·Í»óÇ Ýáñ µ³é»ñÁ, áñå»ë½Ç Ý³ ï»ëÝÇ ¹ñ³Ýù:
Я подчеркнул новые слова, чтобы она могла их увидеть.
Open the door, so that I can enter.
´³óÇñ ¹áõéÁ, áñå»ë½Ç ÙïÝ»Ù:
Открой дверь, чтобы я могла войти.
Close the window, lest the child should catch a cold.
ö³ÏÇñ å³ïáõÑ³ÝÁ, áñå»ë½Ç »ñ»Ë³Ý ãÙñëÇ:
Закрой окно, чтобы ребенок не простудился.
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Activity
Ex. I. Translate into Armenian/Russian:

1. I asked him to stop the car, so that I could get out.
2. She turned away, lest anyone should see she had been
crying.
3. Speak a bit slower, so that I can understand what you are
driving at.
4. The gates are never locked in order that the children may
come and go whenever they like.
5. She spoke in a whisper, lest anybody should overhear them.
6. I gave him the address, so that he could find the house easily.
7. Please, explain the rule to me, lest I should be mistaken.
Ex. II. Open the brackets using the necessary form:

1. He told me the truth, so that I (to know) what measures to
take.
2. I left a message for him, lest he (to forget) about our
appointment.
3. She kept her head averted, so that we (not to see) she had
been crying.
4. She spoke in a low voice, so that the baby (not to wake up).
5. Keep the matches away from the child, lest he (to play) with
them.
6. You’d better hurry, lest you (to miss) the train.
7. He gave her another glance from the corner of his eye, so
that she (not to see) he was looking at her.
8. I like to know what new books are being published, so that I
(to ask) for them in the library.
9. The boy went over to his mother and leaned over her, so that
he (to speak) into her ear.
10. Close the window, lest the child (to catch) a cold.
Ex. III. Change the Infinitive phrases and the Infinitive of

purpose into clauses of purpose:
e.g.
1. He left the book on the table for me to see it.
He left the book on the table, so that I could see it.
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2. I’ve taken some books to read them on the train.
I’ve taken some books, so that I can read them on the train.
3. She spoke in a whisper not to wake him up.
She spoke in a whisper, lest she should wake him up.
1. I’m telling this for you to understand everything.

2. He kept the gate closed for the pigs not to get into the
garden.
3. He smiled to show her that he was not against her
suggestion.
4. He spoke loudly and clearly for everybody to hear.
5. I went there yesterday to see everything myself.
6. You should wear warm clothes in winter not to catch a cold.
7. Buses stop at different places for the passengers to get on
and out wherever they want.
8. He ran fast to catch the bus.
9. You should work hard to get promotion.
10.She rang off for her mother not to know who she had been
talking to.
Ex. IV. Answer the following questions. Each answer must

contain a clause of purpose:
e.g. - Why did you get up so early?
- I got up early, so that I might/could see the sun rise.
1. Why did the sick man go to the seaside?

2. Why does he work so hard?
3. Why do ships carry lifeboats?
4. Why should cars not travel fast along busy streets?
5. Why did he have to take exercises/physical jerks?
6. Why do businessmen advertise their goods?
7. Why do some people wear spectacles?
8. Why did you go to bed so early last night?
9. Why should students work hard every day?
10. Why did the doctor examine you so carefully?
Ex. V. Translate the following sentences:

1. òáõÛó ïáõñ ÑÛáõñÇÝ Çñ ë»ÝÛ³ÏÁ, áñå»ë½Ç Ý³ Ñ³Ý·ëï³Ý³:
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2. àõëáõóÇãÁ ÏñÏÇÝ µ³ó³ïñ»ó Ï³ÝáÝÁ, áñå»ë½Ç
³ß³Ï»ñïÝ»ñÁ É³í ÁÝÏ³É»Ý ³ÛÝ:
3. Ü³ Ó¨³óñ»ó, áñ ËáëáõÙ ¿ ÇÝã-áñ Ù»ÏÇ Ñ»ï, áñå»ë½Ç »ë
Ýñ³Ý ãË³Ý·³ñ»Ù:
4. ºë ÏÃáÕÝ»Ù Ý³Ù³ÏÁ ë»Õ³ÝÇÝ, áñå»ë½Ç Ý³ ³ÝÙÇç³å»ë
ï»ëÝÇ ³ÛÝ:
5. àõñ ¿É áñ ·Ý³ë, ½³Ý·³Ñ³ñÇñ, áñå»ë½Ç
ã³ÝÑ³Ý·ëï³Ý³Ù:
6. Ø»Ýù ëïÇåí³Í ¿ÇÝù ï³ùëÇ Ýëï»É, áñå»ë½Ç
ãáõß³Ý³ÛÇÝù ·Ý³óùÇó:
7. ÊÝ¹ñáõÙ »Ù, ¹³Ý¹³Õ ËáëÇñ, áñå»ë½Ç Ñ³ëÏ³Ý³Ù
³ë³Í¹:
8. ¸áõñë ·³ÉÇë ½³Ý·³Ñ³ñÇñ, áñå»ë½Ç ÇÙ³Ý³Ù` »ñµ ù»½
ëå³ë»Ù:
9. Ø»Ýù áñáß»óÇÝù ßñç³·³Û»É Ù»ù»Ý³Ûáí, áñå»ë½Ç
ÑÝ³ñ³íáñÇÝë ß³ï ï»ëÝ»Ýù:
10. Ø»Ýù ¹áõñë »Ï³Ýù í³Õ ³é³íáïÛ³Ý, áñå»ë½Ç ·ÛáõÕ
Ñ³ëÝ»Ýù Ý³Ëù³Ý ÙÃÝ»ÉÁ:
1. Покажи гостю его комнату, чтобы он мог отдохнуть.

2. Учитель снова объяснил правило, чтобы ученики хорошо
его поняли.
3. Он притворился, что говорит с кем-то, чтобы я ему не
мешал.
4. Я оставлю письмо на столе, чтобы он сразу его увидел.
5. Куда бы ты не пошел, позвони, чтобы я не волновался.
6. Мы были вынуждены взять такси, чтобы не опоздать на
поезд.
7. Пожалуйста, говори медленнее, чтобы я мог понять, что
ты говоришь.
8. Перед тем как уйти позвони, чтобы я могла знать когда
тебя ждать.
9. Мы решили путешествовать на машине, чтобы увидеть
как можно больше.
10. Мы выехали рано утром, чтобы доехать до деревни
до того как стемнеет.
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CLAUSES OF CONCESSION
Clauses of concession are introduced by conjunctions “even if” and
“even though”.
the Subordinate clause the Principal clause

Even if
smb. did sth. smb. would do sth.
Even though
smb. had done sth. smb. would have done sth.
e.g. Even if I had seen him I wouldn’t have recognized him.

ÜáõÛÝÇëÏ »Ã» Ýñ³Ý ï»ë³Í ÉÇÝ»Ç, »ë ã¿Ç ×³Ý³ãÇ Ýñ³Ý:
Даже если бы я видел его, я бы его не узнал.
Even if he were right I wouldn’t trust him.
ÜáõÛÝÇëÏ »Ã» Ý³ ×Çßï ÉÇÝ»ñ, »ë ã¿Ç íëï³ÑÇ Ýñ³Ý:
Даже если бы он был прав, я бы не доверяла ему.
As it can be seen, clauses of concession are built on the same
pattern as sentences with unreal condition. (Type II)
In complex sentences with a clause of concession introduced
by “though/although, whichever, whatever, wherever, however, no
matter how” either the Indicative Mood is used in both clauses or
Imperative is used in the Principal clause.
If the stress lies on the meaning of supposition may/might +
Infinitive is possible, though not common.
e.g. Though the news was shocking, nobody seemed to be
interested in it.
Wherever you go let me know/ring me up!
Wherever you may go let me know!
REVISION
Ex. I. Comment on the mood form in the following sentences and

translate them into Armenian/Russian:
1. At the time we talked, I was unaware that it had happened.
Even if I had known, it would not have occurred to me as
important to mention.
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2. It was half a minute before I regained my self-possession.
But for two circumstances, I should have thought I had been
awakened by some nightmare.
3. I said to myself, well, after all why should I go back? It
wasn’t as if I had anyone dependent on me. My wife had
died five years before.
4. If it had been anybody else’s play, he would have rejected it.
Everybody would have understood the reason for his refusal.
5. I think he might have learned from them something that
would be useful for him. Otherwise he wouldn’t have
behaved like that.
6. I knew you were out of danger. I shouldn’t have slept a wink
all night if hadn’t known you were safe.
7. He lay on his back limply as though all his strength had gone
out of his limbs, and presently I saw he had fallen asleep.
8. I wonder if we ought to have played that trick on Miss Reid.
I almost wish we had left her alone.
9. Unfortunately I remember everything. Some people wish I
didn’t.
10. Whenever I saw them, it looked as if they were on friendly
terms with one another. - No wonder, it’s not as if they were
enemies.
11. It’s time you understood that this is no joke. He really means
what he said.
12. To go back then would have made things still worse. I do
wish you would understand it and stop blaming me.
13. If only I had known about the facts. I’d have given him the
extra day. I wish I had done so.
14. You were always against me. But for you, I would have
never slipped out of the affair like that. I’d rather you would
mind your own business. It’s not as if you were my guardian.
15. You are silly, you know I like you or else I shouldn’t be
here. And, please, don’t behave as if you were unaware of it.
16. The actress, as it were, did not suit the role. I wish they
hadn’t given her that part.
17. They were busy packing and, as it were, took no notice of
me. It seemed as if I never existed.
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18. It’s high time you went and left me alone and if we were
ever to meet again I’d say the same.
Ex. II. Complete the following sentences using the required

Oblique Mood:
1. I’d have got there long ago if …
2. The child wouldn’t be crying if …
3. If it were not raining …
4. He might have noticed that she looked sad if …
5. On hearing about it she frowned as if …
6. As I opened the door I seemed to hear a strange sound as if a
mass of metal …
7. She sounded breathless on the telephone as though she …
8. I’m not a little girl anymore. I wish you …
9. If he should turn down your offer …
10. He would drive straight home if …
11. If you wouldn’t interfere …
12. The situation was embarrassing. It would be obvious that I
had overheard their conversation if I …
13. I’m telling you this so that you …
14. She was painting as if she …
15. I went to the desk and asked for my key so that …
16. I have no lab of my own. I wish somebody …
17. At the first sight of the house, she wished …
Ex. III. Recast the sentences using the proper form of the
Oblique Mood:
1. It’s time for the new method to be introduced into our work.
2. She is absent-minded. She forgot all about our arrangement
for the afternoon.
3. I’m sorry you can’t settle down. You no longer are a child.
4. When we saw her, she sat there as if thinking about
something important.
5. She was sorry she had given so much trouble.
6. What a pity my sister missed such a wonderful chance.
7. He spoke loudly and clearly for all to hear.
8. I knew that he preferred to go and stand at the front door to
be the first to see what was going on.
87
9. They were sorry they hadn’t taken a taxi and had missed
their train.
10. It’s raining cats and dogs. I can’t take the children out for a
walk.
11. The new assistant is difficult to deal with. They refused to
work with him.
12. It’s high time for her to learn to do without you.
13. This man is seriously ill. He looks so.
14. He was not a handsome man. He was not tall enough.
Ex. IV. Supply the necessary forms of the Oblique Mood:

1. Don’t think it (to be) very much for the better if you and I
both (to keep) quiet?
2. If I (to realize) it was to be like this, I (not to come).
3. They drove with the windows closed so that they (not to
catch) a cold.
4. She didn’t know anything or she (not to agree) to accept
them.
5. But for that letter on the table, she (not to accuse) you.
6. She was by this time a woman of hard on sixty, but she bore
her years well and no one (to take) her for more than fifty.
7. How wonderful it (to be) to take the sadness out of those big
and lovely eyes.
Ex. V. Paraphrase the following sentences making them

hypothetical:
1. She was pressed for time and had to run to catch the bus.
2. It’s a pity you didn’t go to the Caucasus with us. The journey
was rather exciting.
3. She advised me to keep to a diet if I didn’t want to grow too
stout.
4. It’s a pity he was in low spirits that night.
5. Pack your things beforehand not to forget something
important in a hurry.
6. She introduced me to some girls for me not to feel lonesome.
7. I’m sorry that I made that error.
8. It’s a pity you lost your temper while speaking to them.
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9. I’m sorry to come at such a late hour. But it’s a matter of
great importance.
10. He noticed me and didn’t come up to me.
Ex. VI. Complete the following sentences using the proper mood
form:
1. He almost bumped into Mrs. Bramwell at the corner of
Station Road, but turned away as if he … (A. Cronin)
2. I’d be unlikely to find her even if she …(A. Christie)
3. Had he been informed about the changes, he …
4. Evidently the news upset him. I wish …
5. If you played fair …
6. Would he have apologized to her for his conduct if …?
7. You … turn to him for help. I think he is the only man who
has ever had such an experience.
8. Don’t you think it’s high time they …? We have been
waiting for more than a quarter of an hour.
9. I would have informed him about it if I …
10. Don’t look at me as if you …
11. It’s high time you … such things. It’s not as if you …
Ex. VII. Translate into English:

1. ºíë Ù»Ï ³Ý·³Ù ³ë³ Ñ³ëó»¹, áñå»ë½Ç »ë
ã³ÝÑ³Ý·ëï³Ý³Ù:
2. ÆëÏ Ç±Ýã, »Ã» Ý³ Ñ³ÝÏ³ñÍ ³é³ñÏÇ: - ¼³ñÙ³Ý³ÉÇ áãÇÝã
ãÏ³,.ï³ñûñÇÝ³Ï ÏÉÇÝ»ñ, »Ã» Ý³ ã³é³ñÏ»ñ:
3. ºÃ» ÇÝÓ Ñ³Ù³ñ ÙÇ¨ÝáõÛÝ ÉÇÝ»ñ, »ë ã¿Ç ·³ ¨ ÑÇÙ³ ã¿Ç ËáëÇ
Ó»½ Ñ»ï:
4. Ü³ Ó¨³óñ»ó,Ã» ÇÝã-áñ µ³Ý ¿ ÷ÝïñáõÙ ÷³ëï³ÃÕÃ»ñáõÙ,
áñå»ë½Ç áã áù ãÝÏ³ï»ñ, áñ Ý³ É³ó ¿ñ »Õ»É:
5. ¸áõù å»ïù ¿ Ù»½ ½·áõß³óÝ»Çù, áñ ã»ù ·³ : Ø»Ýù Ó»½
ã¿ÇÝù ëå³ëÇ:
6. ¸áõù ¹³ ã»ù ³ÝÇ, ÑÇß»ù ³Û¹: - àã, Ï³Ý»Ù, ÇÝã ¿É áñ
å³ï³ÑÇ, Å³Ù³Ý³ÏÝ ¿, áñ ÇÙ³Ý³ÛÇù ³Û¹ Ù³ëÇÝ:
7. Î³ñÍáõÙ »Ù, »Ã» ¹áõù ¿É Ýñ³Ý Ñ³Ý¹Çå³Í ÉÇÝ»Çù, »ñµ»ù
ã¿Çù Ùáé³Ý³:
8. ºÃ» Ýñ³Ý ³í»ÉÇ É³í ×³Ý³ã»Çù, ³Û¹å»ë ã¿Çù ËáëÇ Ýñ³
Ù³ëÇÝ:
9. àõ±ñ Ï·Ý³ÛÇñ, »Ã» ã³ÝÓñ¨»ñ: - Î³ñáÕ ¿Ç ½µáë³ÝùÇ ·Ý³É:
89
10. â¿± áñ ¹áõ »ñ»Ë³ ã»ë, Å³Ù³Ý³ÏÝ ¿` ÝÙ³Ý ÑÇÙ³ñ Ñ³ñó»ñ
ãï³ë:
11. Ð³Ùá½í³Í »Ù, ¹áõù Ï³ñáÕ »ù Ýñ³Ý Ñ³Ùá½»É, »Ã»
÷áñÓ»ù:
12. ²ñ¹»Ý ÑÇÝ·Ý ³Ýó Ï»ë ¿. í³Ë»ÝáõÙ »Ù áõß³Ý³Ù: Ê»É³óÇ
ã¿ñ ÉÇÝÇ ëå³ë»óÝ»É ï³É µáÉáñÇÝ:
13. ¾ÉÇ½Ç Ù³Ñí³Ý ÉáõñÁ Éë»Éáõó Ñ»ïá Ý³ Çñ»Ý ³Û¹ù³Ý
ÁÝÏ×í³Í ã¿ñ ½·³, »Ã» ã·Çï³Ïó»ñ Çñ Ù»ÕùÁ Ýñ³ ³éç¨:
14. ºÃ» ³Ûë Ñá¹í³ÍÁ ïå³·ñí³Í ÉÇÝ»ñ ³Ùë³·ñÇ í»ñçÇÝ
Ñ³Ù³ñáõÙ, Ù»Ýù ³ÛÝ, ³Ýßáõßï, Ï³ñ¹³ó³Í ÏÉÇÝ»ÇÝù. »ë
ÙÇßï ÁÝÃ»ñóáõÙ »Ù ³Û¹ ³Ùë³·ÇñÁ:
15. ºÃ» Ó»ñ ï»ÕÁ ÉÇÝ»Ç, ¨ë Ù»Ï ÷áñÓ Ï³Ý»Ç` Ýñ³Ý Ñ³Ùá½»Éáõ
Ñ³Ù³ñ: â¿ áñ Ý³ ã¿ñ ó³ÝÏ³Ý³ ÝÙ³Ý éÇëÏÇ ¹ÇÙ»É:
16. ºÃ» Ó»ñ Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ÁÝÏ»ñ³Ï³Ý ÉÇÝ»ÇÝ, Ý³ Ó»½
³Ù»Ý ÇÝã Ïå³ïÙ»ñ ¨ ³Û¹å»ë ã¿ñ ï³é³åÇ:
17. ÂíáõÙ ¿ñ` »ë »ñµ»ù ã¿Ç Ñ»é³ó»É ³Û¹ ù³Õ³ùÇó. í»ñçÇÝ
ÑÇÝ· ï³ñí³ ÇÙ Ñ»é³Ý³Éáõó Ç í»ñ ³ÛÝï»Õ áãÇÝã ã¿ñ
÷áËí»É:
18. Ü³ Çñ»Ý ³ÛÝå»ë ¿ñ å³ÑáõÙ, Ï³ñÍ»ë »ë ·áÛáõÃÛáõÝ ãáõÝ»Ç,
¨ Ý³ Ù»Ý-Ù»Ý³Ï ¿ñ Çñ Ùïù»ñÇ ¨ ËÝ¹ÇñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï:
19. Îó³ÝÏ³Ý³ÛÇ, áñ ¹áõù Ýñ³Ý Ñ³Ý·Çëï ÃáÕÝ»Çù ¨ ³Û¹
Ã»Ù³Ý ãßáß³÷»Çù ¨ ¿É ³í»ÉÇ ãß÷áÃ»óÝ»Çù Ýñ³Ý:
1. Скажи мне еще раз свой адрес, чтобы я не волновался.

2. А что, если он вдруг будет возражать? Ничего
удивительного. Было бы странно, если бы он не
возражал.
3. Если бы мне было все равно, я бы не пришел и не
говорил бы с вами сейчас.
4. Она сделала вид будто ищет что-то в бумагах, чтобы
никто не заметил, что она плакала.
5. Вам бы следовало нас предупредить, что не придете. Мы
бы не ждали вас.
6. Вы не сделаете этого. Запомните это. – Нет, сделаю, что
бы не случилось. Пора бы вам знать это.
7. Думаю, если бы вам довелось встретить его, вы тоже
никогда не забыли бы его.
8. Если бы вы знали его лучше, вы бы не говорили о нем
подобным образом.
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9. Куда-бы ты пошел, если бы не шел дождь? – Я мог бы
пойти на прогулку.
10. Ведь ты же не ребенок. Тебе давно пора не задавать
таких глупых вопросов.
11. Я уверен вы бы могли уговорить ее, если бы
попытались.
12. Уже 5:30. Боюсь, как бы не опоздать. Было бы
неразумно заставлять всех ждать.
13. Он бы не чувствовал себя таким подавленным, узнав о
смерти Элизы, если бы не осознавал свою вину перед
ней.
14. Если бы эта статья была опубликована в последнем
номере этого журнала, мы бы, конечно, прочитали ее. Я
регулярно просматриваю этот журнал.
15. На вашем месте я предпринял бы еще одну попытку
уговорить его. Ведь он не захотел бы подвергаться
такому риску.
16. Он все рассказал бы и не страдал так, если бы вы были в
дружеских отношениях.
17. Мне казалось будто я никогда не покидал этот город. В
нем ничего не изменилось за последние пять лет моего
отъезда.
18. Она вела себя так, словно я не существовал, и она была
совершенно одна со своими мыслями и проблемами.
19. Мне бы хотелось, чтобы вы оставили его в покое и не
затрагивали/оставили эту тему, чтобы не смущать его
еще больше.
ADVANCED REVISION
Ex. I. State the Mood-form, account for its use. Translate the
sentences into Armenian/Russian:
1. If you had not told me, I should never have known the facts.
2. I’d have gone on to the University, if I could have got a
scholarship.
91
3. If I were to choose one of these books, I should take the first
one.
4. This custom would have seemed strange to us.
5. To define these features would require a lot of time.
6. Whoever this author may have been, his work is of highest
quality.
7. He purposedly left town in the evening in order that it might
be night when he reached his dwelling.
8. But for his mother’s demand he would have acted differently
in these circumstances.
9. This conjunction is sometimes used as if it were a relative
pronoun.
10. Without your help he would have made much more
mistakes.
11. If some grammatical category is absent in a given language,
its meaning may be translated into this language by lexical
means.
12. If our alphabet were more perfect that it is, we should have
one separate symbol to express each separate sound.
13. If they had not been barbarians, they would not have
destroyed Roman civilization.
14. It would leave a false impression if nothing were to be said
in this chapter about baroque sculpture and painting in
Catholic Europe.
15. What would become of the world, did she cease to revolve
(= if she ceased to revolve).
16. It is quite natural that words of Scandinavian origin should
be plentiful in the North and the East Midland.
17. Should a case arise which cannot be settled by village
authorities, it can be sent to town authorities.
18. He would take the money in exchange for his hospitality,
and he bade me come to him should I ever be in those places
again.
19. He tried to behave as if nothing had happened, so that
nobody might notice the change.
20. Japan’s large population could not have been self-supporting
for so long had soil and climate not been favourable.
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21. The scientists who know better than anyone else what
biological weapons will do should they be used in war must
demand their prohibition.
22. Under whatever economic system people may live they wish
they were free and had a happy and honest life.
23. It would be a mistake to think that they are unaware of the
fact. They know it for sure, otherwise they wouldn’t have
behaved like that.
24. But if that were all that could be said about those painters the
affair would be simple.
25. I wonder why he got offended. It was not as if I’d wanted to
offend him.
26. Why do we have so many dialects? Wouldn’t it be simpler if
everyone spoke alike? Oh, if things were like that!
27. He tried to behave as if nothing had happened, so that
nobody might notice the change. He would rather everybody
would leave him alone.
28. You had better not contradict him, whatever he may say. It’s
not as if you could convince him.
29. Sometimes the girl would accept her suitor only on condition
that they live with her parents or else his courting would
remain ineffective.
30. It seemes likely that but for a certain lucky linguistic
accident, man would never have discovered the alphabetic
principle of writing. Had that been the case, the history of
mankind would certainly have been very, very different.
Ex. II. Choose the correct answer:

1. They ….. themselves much more if they had a party of their
own.
a) would enjoy b) will enjoy c) enjoyed
2. They didn’t quarrel yesterday. Everyone ….. if they had
quarrelled.
a) would know b) would have known c) knew
3. Should you see Ann ….. her anything.
a) don’t tell b) won’t tell c) wouldn’t tell
4. When water boils it ….. steam.
a) produce b) produces c) will produce
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5. Shall I invite him to the party?
- If I ….. you I’d invite him with pleasure.
a) am b) will be c) were
6. What museum would you choose if you ….. organize an
excursion?
a) will have to b) were to c) are to
7. Would you have made a mistake if you ….. the rule?
a) learnt b) will learn c) had learnt
8. Had I known about the meeting ….. it.
a) would have attended b) will attend c) attended
9. Suppose you ….. lost. What would you do?
a) will get b) would get c) got
10. But for the medicine the doctor advised me to take I ….. still
be suffering from my headache.
a) am b) will c) would
11. He took the map with him otherwise he ….. lost.
a) would have got b) got c) would get
Ex. III. Choose the correct answer:

1. I didn’t enjoy the party. I wish …..
a) hadn’t gone b) didn’t go c) shouldn’t go
2. You ….. study hard. You will be taking the exam next
Monday.
a) had better b) had better to c) would rather
3. I ….. see a comedy film then a tragedy film.
a) had better to b) would rather c) would rather to
4. He looked so pale as if ….. for a long time.
a) was ill b) had been ill c) would have been ill
5. It is about time he …..
a) phoned b) has phoned c) will phone
6. – I have to get up early tomorrow.
- Then you had better …. to bed early tonight.
a) to go b) go c) be going
7. Stop asking such silly questions! It is not as if you …..
a) are a child b) were a child c) will be a child
8. They are having an argument again.
- I wish they …. to it.
a) would put an end b) put an end c) will put an end
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9. I would rather he ….. anybody about it.
a) won’t tell b) didn’t tell c) wasn’t telling
10. - Let’s have some pizza for lunch.
- I would rather ….. hamburger.
a) to have b) had c) have
11. He looked at me as if he….. me before.
a) had never seen b) never saw c) would never see
Ex. IV. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the correct form of

the Oblique Mood:
1. To say that John Forsyte accompanied his mother to Spain
unwillingly (to be) scarcely adequate.
2. But for his last remark, she (not to be offended) like that.
3. I didn’t know about the fact, otherwise I (to give) you an
extra day so that you (can finish) the work.
4. I think it (to be) more economical to live at the villa and we
(not to have to spend) so much money on getting there.
5. Whenever I saw her, she looked as if she (not to have) a
meal for a week, I hadn’t the heart to refuse her.
6. It was Sunday and there was a feeling of quietness, a silence
as though nature (to be) at rest and I wished I (not to be
disturbed) for at least a day.
7. Oh, I wish I (not to send) him that letter telling him about my
decision. His reply sounded as if he (to be displeased) with
it. Otherwise he (not to be) so rude.
8. If you (to do) this a year ago, there (to be) some use in it. But
to go back now only (to make) it more difficult.
9. I felt as if I (to catch) a cold and I wished I (to put on) a
warmer coat.
10. He was so helpless that she used to wonder what on earth he
(to do) if she (to be) to go away or (to be) ill.
11. But for his stupid jokes, I (to stay) there longer and I wished
he (not to be invited).
12. It’s high time you (to understand) such things. It is not as if
you (to be) a child.
13. “I’m afraid I can’t stay,” he said. “If I (to stay), I (to have) to
tell things that they (not to like) and that (to spoil) their fun.
So it (to be) better I (to leave) right now.”
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Ex. V. Supply a suitable form of the Oblique Mood of the verbs
in brackets:
1. He said he (to wish) he never (to see) me.
2. I’d rather you (to buy) a new car instead of having it repaired
as you did.
3. Don’t you wish (to come) earlier?
4. It’s about time you (to get) the tea ready.
5. I feel as if my head (to be) on fire.
6. If she (not to be) so severe and cruel, she (not to punish) the
child like that.
7. She’ll be disappointed if you don’t invite her. I’d rather you
(to invite) her too.
8. What you (to do) if he (to be to) ask you about it.
9. It’s high time he (to come). To wait more (to be) a waste of
time.
10. He is too young, otherwise he (to understand) how to
behave.
11. But for her red eyes, nobody (to guess) she had been crying.
12. Where you (to go) for your holiday if you (to be) to choose?
13. If she (to be) a bit careful, nothing (to happen).
14. If only you (to know) he was aware of it, you (not to try) to
deceive him.
15. No doubt she is in love with him, otherwise she (not to
marry) him.
16. He looked as though he (to be ill) for a long time.
17. If the driver (to slow down) at the right moment, he (not to
have) an accident.
18. The telephone was disconnected or else I (to get) in touch
with him.
19. He’ll ruin his health. I wish he (not to smoke) so much.
20. She was cheerful as ever, as though nothing (to happen).
21. It’s high time you (to make up) your mind about your visit to
your uncle this week.
22. She wished they (to treat) her words with attention.
23. Don’t you think it’s high time you (to get) down to business.
24. I wish you (to let) him alone. It’s not as if he (to be) a child.
25. The idea occurred to him too late. Oh, if he (to think) of it
earlier.
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26. But for his parents, he (not to settle) down.
27. It had been raining for 3 hours and it seemed as if it never (to
stop).
28. She walked proudly as though the whole world (to belong) to
her.
29. If only you (not to waste) time when there is such a rush of
work.
30. I (to give) all I have in the world if someone (to give) me
that advice when I was your age.
31. I’m grateful to you for having taken so much trouble. But for
you, I never (to get) out of it.
Ex. VI. Complete the following sentences using Oblique Moods:

1. He leaned against the desk and I could see that he was
shaking as if …
2. When he finally broke the silence, his voice was sa hoarse as
though he …
3. No doubt he was in love with her, or else …
4. At the time we talked I was unaware that it had happened.
Even if I …
5. The flowers have been kept without water for a week. But
for it …
6. The operation was performed two days later, otherwise …
7. Hold your tongue and speak when you are spoken to. It’s
high time you …
8. We lost sight of the car when it turned round the corner and
we wished …
9. They took no notice of the boy and he looked as if …
10. You are always finding fault with me! I wish you …
11. Everybody laughed at her when she said it. If only she …
12. He got lost in the corridors and passages of the inn,
otherwise …
13. The police paper gave the exact description of the criminal.
But for it …
14. I took the note and examined it closely, so that …
15. The man, who was unlocking the door, looked as though …
16. I have promised to get everything ready for the trip,
otherwise …
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17. Wonderful things really happen in life. I’d rather you …
18. You are responsible for the work and it’s high time you …
19. He is not a man to rely on. I’d rather you …
20. I don’t think these black gloves go with your hat. You …
Ex. VII. Complete the following sentences:

1. It takes me a lot of time to get to the University. I wish …
2. If you had followed your friend’s advice …
3. They would have met us at the airport if …
4. We have been waiting for John to come for half an hour
already. It’s high time …
5. She dropped her eyes as if she …
6. He would have never taken that dangerous job if …
7. If you promise not to tell Mother, I …
8. She could have done the work better if …
9. If only she …. I’d marry her.
10. I am sure she would have married you if …
11. Don’t you think it’s time…. They have been writing it for
two hours.
12. I’d rather you …. He got offended.
13. You … that job. It’s much more profitable.
14. I’m displeased with you. I wish you …
15. If it were not raining cats and dogs, they …
16. Had he been informed about the danger, he …
17. I would have come long ago if …
18. I do wish you …
Ex. VIII. Translate the following sentences:

1. ÎÝ³ËÁÝïñ»Ç` Ù³ñ¹Ï³Ýó Ù³ëÇÝ ³ñï³ùÇÝáí ã¹³ï»Çñ.
Ï³ñáÕ »ë ëË³Éí»É:
2. ºÃ» Ýñ³Ýó Å³Ù³Ý³ÏÇÝ ½·áõß³óÝ»Ç, ¹Åµ³ËïáõÃÛáõÝ ã¿ñ
å³ï³ÑÇ:
3. ºë ÏÁÝïñ»Ç ÙáËñ³·áõÛÝ ·ÉË³ñÏÁ, ³ÛÝ Ïë³½»ñ ùá
í»ñ³ñÏáõÇÝ:
4. Üñ³ ³ÝÑ³Ûï³Ý³Éáõó ÙÇ ù³ÝÇ í³ÛñÏÛ³Ý Ñ»ïá ²ÝÝ³Ý
½³ñÙ³ó³Í Ý³Û»ó ÇÝÓ. Ï³ñÍ»ë ã¿ñ Ñ³ëÏ³ÝáõÙ, Ã» ÇÝã ¿
Ï³ï³ñíáõÙ:
5. Ò»ñ ÏáÕÙÇó ëÇñ³ÉÇñ ÏÉÇÝ»ñ, »Ã» ÇÝÓ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óÝ»Çù Ó»ñ
ÁÝÏ»ñÝ»ñÇÝ: ì³Õáõó Å³Ù³Ý³ÏÝ ¿, áñ Ù»Ýù Í³ÝáÃ³Ý³Ýù:
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6. ´³í³Ï³Ý ¿ ÑÇÙ³ñ Ñ³ñó»ñ ï³ë. ã¿ áñ ¹áõ »ñ»Ë³ ã»ë:
ì³Õáõó Å³Ù³Ý³ÏÝ ¿` ÇÙ³Ý³ÛÇñ ù»½ ÇÝãå»ë å³Ñ»É:
7. àñù³Ý Ïó³ÝÏ³Ý³ÛÇ, áñ ÇÝÓ íñ³ ãÍÇÍ³Õ»ÇÝ ¨ Éáõñç
í»ñ³µ»ñí»ÇÝ ÇÙ Ëáëù»ñÇÝ:
8. ºë ã¿Ç ëÏëÇ Ï³ñ¹³É ·ÇñùÁ Ã³ñ·Ù³Ýí³Í, »Ã»
Ï³ñáÕ³Ý³ÛÇ Ï³ñ¹³É µÝ³·ÇñÁ:
9. ÆÝãáõ± ³ÝÙÇç³å»ë ã·ñ»óÇù ÇÝÓ ³Û¹ Ù³ëÇÝ. »ë Ó»½
Ïû·Ý»Ç, ¨ áãÇÝã ã¿ñ å³ï³ÑÇ, ¨ ¹áõù Ó»½ Ù»Õ³íáñ ã¿Çù
½·³:
10. ÐÇÙ³ ³÷ëáëáõÙ »Ù, áñ ãÑ»ï¨»óÇ Ýñ³ ËáñÑñ¹ÇÝ: ºÃ» ¹³
ãÉÇÝ»ñ, »ë ÏÁÝ¹áõÝ»Ç Ýñ³Ýó Ññ³í»ñÁ ¨ ÑÇÙ³ µáÉáñÇ Ñ»ï
Ï½í³ñ×³Ý³ÛÇ:
11. ºÃ» ³Û¹ ï³ñµ»ñ³ÏÁ Ùïùáíë ßáõï ³ÝóÝ»ñ, »ë í³Õáõó
³ÛÝ ÏÇñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»Ç: ²÷ëáë, ³í»ÉÇ í³Õ ãÙï³Í»óÇ ³Û¹
Ù³ëÇÝ:
12. Ü³ ³ÛÝåÇëÇ ½·³óáõÙ áõÝ»ñ, Ï³ñÍ»ë ÇÝã-áñ í³ï µ³Ý ¿ñ
³ñ»É, ù³ÝÇ áñ ÃíáõÙ ¿ñ, Ã» µáÉáñÁ Ëáõë³÷áõÙ »Ý Çñ
³ãù»ñÇÝ Ý³Û»É:
13. Ü³ Ñ³Ùá½í³Í ¿ñ, áñ »Ã» ëïÇåí³Í ÉÇÝ»ñ Ñ³ÝáõÝ
»ñ»Ë³Ý»ñÇ ½áÑ³µ»ñ»É Çñ Ñ»ï³ùñùñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, Ý³ ¹³
ëÇñáí Ï³Ý»ñ:
14. ºë ³Û¹ Ù³ëÇÝ Ï³ñáÕ ¿Ç Ó»½ ³ÝÙÇç³å»ë ³ë»É, µ³Ûó ã¿Ç
ó³ÝÏ³ÝáõÙ íßï³óÝ»É Ó»½: ´³óÇ ¹ñ³ÝÇó, ÇÝÓ ÃíáõÙ ¿`
É³í ÏÉÇÝ»ñ, »Ã» ³Û¹ Ù³ëÇÝ ãÇÙ³Ý³ÛÇù:
15. Ü³ ³ßË³ïáõÙ ¿ñ ³é³íáïÇó ÙÇÝã áõß ·Çß»ñ, áñå»ë½Ç
÷áÕ Ïáõï³ÏÇ ¨ ÁÝ¹ÙÇßï Ù»ÏÝÇ ³ÛÝï»ÕÇó: Ü³ ½·áõÙ ¿ñ,
áñ ÏÝ³ËÁÝïñ»ñ Ù³Ñ³Ý³É, ù³Ý Ññ³Å³ñí»É ³Û¹ ÙïùÇó:
16. ÆÝãáõ± »ù ÇÝÓ Ù»Õ³¹ñáõÙ ³Ù»Ý ÇÝãáõÙ, ã¿ áñ »ë Ýñ³Ý áãÇÝã
ã»Ù ³ë»É:
17. ºñµ Ý»ñë Ùï³í, Ý³ óÝóí»ó: ê»ÝÛ³ÏÝ ³ÛÝåÇëÇ ï»ëù
áõÝ»ñ, áñ ÃíáõÙ ¿ñ ³ÛÝ »ñµ»ù ã¿ñ û·ï³·áñÍí»É:
18. ìÇñ³Ñ³ïáõÃÛáõÝÇó Ñ»ïá µÅÇßÏÁ Ñ³Ý·ëï³óñ»ó »ñ»Ë³ÛÇ
ÍÝáÕÝ»ñÇÝ, ³ë»Éáí, áñ ÙÇ »ñÏáõ-»ñ»ù ß³µ³ÃÇó Ý³
ÏÃéãÏáïÇ ¨ Ïí³½í½Ç. Ï³ñÍ»ë ã¿ñ ¿É íÇñ³Ñ³ïí»É:
19. Ü³ Éáõé Ýëï³Í ¿ñ ÇÙ ¹ÇÙ³ó, ¨ »ë Ùï³Í»óÇ, áñ
Å³Ù³Ý³ÏÝ ¿` Ý³ ÇÝÓ Ñ³ÛïÝ»ñ Çñ ³ÛóÇ Ýå³ï³ÏÁ:
20. §²Ë, »Ã» »ë Ýñ³Ý ³í»ÉÇ É³í ×³Ý³ã»Ç, ÃáõÛÉ ã¿Ç ï³
³ÙáõëÝ³Ý³É ÇÙ ¹ëï»ñ Ñ»ï¦, - ¹³éÝáñ»Ý Ùï³Í»ó Ý³:
21. ºë ÏÝ³ËÁÝïñ»Ç, áñ Ý³ ãË³éÝí»ñ ÇÙ ·áñÍ»ñÇÝ. ã¿ áñ »ë
Ýñ³Ý ã¿Ç ËÝ¹ñ»É:
99
22. ºÃ» Ñ³ÝÏ³ñÍ áñ¨¿ ¹Åí³ñáõÃÛáõÝ ÉÇÝÇ, ï»ÕÛ³Ï å³ÑÇñ
ÇÝÓ: àõñ³Ë ÏÉÇÝ»Ç û·Ý»É Ó»½, ÇÝã ¿É áñ å³ï³Ñ»ñ: Ã
23. ¸áõ Ï½Õç³ë, áñ ù³ñï»½Á ã»ë í»ñóÝáõÙ: ºÃ» Ñ³ÝÏ³ñÍ
ÙáÉáñí»Çñ, Ï³ñáÕ ¿Çñ û·ïí»É ¹ñ³ÝÇó,:
24. ²í»ÉÇ É³í ÏÉÇÝ»ñ í»ñ³¹³éÝ³ÛÇÝù. »Õ³Ý³ÏÁ Ï³ñÍ»ë Ã»
÷áËíáõÙ ¿ ¹»åÇ í³ïÁ, ¨ ³ÛÝï»Õ ëå³ë»ÉÁ íï³Ý·³íáñ
ÏÉÇÝ»ñ:
25. ºÝÃ³¹ñáõÙ »Ù` ÏÝ³ËÁÝïñ»Çñ, áñ »ë ÁÝ¹ÙÇßï ÙÝ³ÛÇ
³ÛÝï»Õ, ¨ ¹áõ Ï³ñáÕ³Ý³ÛÇñ ³Ý»É ³ÛÝ, ÇÝã ó³ÝÏ³ÝáõÙ »ë:
26. ºíë Ù»Ï ³Ý·³Ù µ³ó³ïñÇñ Ýñ³Ý ³Û¹, áñå»ë½Ç ³Ù»Ý ÇÝã
×Çßï ³ÝÇ. Ñ³Ï³é³Ï ¹»åùáõÙ Ý³ ³Ù»Ý ÇÝã ÏË³éÝÇ:
27. ºÃ» ÇÝùë ³Ù»Ý ÇÝã ï»ë³Í ãÉÇÝ»Ç, »ë ÑÇÙ³ ã¿Ç íÇ×Ç ù»½
Ñ»ï: â¿± áñ »ë ã»Ù ó³ÝÏ³ÝáõÙ, áñ ¹áõ ÝáñÇó ëË³Éí»ë,
Å³Ù³Ý³ÏÝ ¿, áñ ¹³ Ñ³ëÏ³Ý³ë:
1. Я бы предпочел, чтобы ты не судил по внешности. Ты

можешь ошибиться.
2. Предупреди я их вовремя, несчастья не случилось бы.
3. Я бы выбрал серую шляпу, она подошла бы к твоему
пальто.
4. Через несколько секунд после того, как он скрылся, она
удивленно посмотрела на меня, словно не понимала, что
произошло.
5. Было бы мило с вашей стороны, если бы вы представили
меня своим друзьям. Нам давно пора познакомиться.
6. Перестань задавать такие глупые вопросы. Ведь ты же
не ребенок. Давно пора знать как себя вести.
7. Как бы мне хотелось, чтобы надо мной не смеялись и
серьезно относились к моим словам.
8. Я бы не стал читать эту книгу в переводе, если бы мог
прочитаь ее в оригинале.
9. Почему вы не написали мне об этом сразу. Я бы вам
помогла, и ничего бы не случилось, и вы бы не
чувствовали себя виноватой.
10. Я теперь жалею, что последовала его совету. Если бы не
это, я бы приняля их приглашение и сейчас развлекалась
бы со всеми.
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11. Если бы мне эта мысль пришла в голову раньше, я бы
давно осуществил ее. Жаль, что я не подумал об этом
раньше.
12. У него было такое чувство, точно он сделал что-то
плохое, так-как ему показалось, что все избегают
смотреть ему в глаза.
13. Она была уверена, что если бы ей пришлось
пожертвовать своими интересами ради детей, она бы
охотно сделала это.
14. Я могла бы вам это сразу сказать, но мне не хотелось
расстраивать вас, кроме того мне кажется вам бы лучше
не знать об этом.
15. Он работал с утра до ночи, чтобы накопить денег и
уехать отсюда навсегда. Он чувствовал, что скорее бы
умер, чем отказался от этой мысли.
16. Почему вы обвиняете меня во всем? Ведь я ничего ему
не говорил.
17. Когда он вошел, он был поражен всем. Комната
выглядела так, словно ею никогда не пользовались.
18. После операции врач успокоил родителей ребенка,
сказав, что через 2-3 недели он будет прыгать и бегать,
словно его и не оперировали.
19. Он сидел напротив меня и молчал, и я подумала, что ему
пора было сообщить о цели своего визита.
20. “Ах, если бы я знала его лучше, я бы не позволила ему
жениться на моей дочери,”- с горечью подумала она.
21. Я бы предпочел, чтобы она не вмешивалась в мои дела.
Ведь я же не просил ее об этом.
22. Если вдруг возникнет какая-нибудь трудность, дай мне
знать. Я был бы рад помочь вам, что бы не случилось.
23. Ты пожалеешь, что не берешь карту с собой. Ты мог бы
воспользоваться ею, если вдруг заблудишься.
24. Нам лучше вернуться. Погода кажется меняется, и ждать
здесь было бы опасно.
25. Полагаю, ты бы предпочла, чтобы я там остался
навсегда, и ты смогла бы делать все, что хочешь.
26. Объясни ей это еще раз, чтобы она все сделала
правильно, иначе она опять все перепутает.
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27. Я бы не спорила с тобой сейчас, если бы сама этого не
видела. Ведь я же не хочу, чтобы ты снова ошиблась.
Пора бы тебе понять это.
Ex. IX. Read the following passage. Retell the story using as
many hypothetical sentences as possible:
The Betrayal
(after Cella Fremlin)
“Mark’s looks were gone; his fire was gone; the blue eyes
whose glance had once made her forget everything else on earth –
well, not quite everything, thank goodness, or she wouldn’t now be
living in that expensive house in Richmond – those eyes had faded to
a lusterless, bloodshot gray.
“I’ve brought you some flowers,” she said and dumped the
twelve red roses onto the bed. Something cheaper would have done
equally well, but roses were all that was left in the shop.
She waited for him to thank her, to tell her she looked as
beautiful as ever, to ask her how she was getting on. But he didn’t
say a word. He simply gazed at the flowers lying on the blanket in
front of him as if he didn’t see them.
Suddenly he spoke.
“Let me see your hands, Maisie. I haven’t seen your hands for
thirty years.”
“Why, Maisie!” he said. It looked as though he were shocked.
“They are still beautiful.”
Maisie was annoyed. Still beautiful. And why shouldn’t they
be, she’d like to know? Anyone else would have told her that she still
looked beautiful – not a day over forty.
“Do you remember, Maisie, the last time I watched you
arranging red roses in a vase?”
He spoke slowly, with his eyes on her hands, as if he were
asking the questions of them rather than her.
“I just want you to get me the bottle of sleeping tablets from
the bathroom. The doctor won’t let me have them within reach…”
She drew herself up.
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If she refused him there would be a scene, and she had long
ago had enough scenes with Mark. Better humour him – pretend she
couldn’t find them, or something … But she hurried off and found
the bathroom … She saw the bottle Mark meant – two of them, in
fact - one nearly full, the other empty. It was the empty one that gave
her the idea – the clever, amusing idea that would get her so neatly
out of the whole business. All she had to do was to fill it with tablets
that looked similar but were really harmless and give him …
Once she was safe outside in the street, Maisie stood and
laughed until her sides ached.
It wasn’t until the next day, when she heard that Mark had
died in the night from an overdose of sleeping tablets, that she
realized the silly mistake she must have made. She must have picked
up the wrong bottle – the one with real sleeping tablets in it – and
given it to him!
Maddening! Such a clever trick it would have been, and it
would have kept her completely safe out of trouble! How was it that
her hands, her beautiful hands, should have betrayed her!
Ex. X. Translate the following sentences into Armenian/Russian:

1. Chauce’s outlook on life was certainly narrower than
Shakespeare’s; he would have been unable to realize, much
less to describe, the awful tragedy of the life of Lear or
Othello. But what he has seen he describes perfectly and
vividly.
2. Here we find a condition that causes a considerable waste
and which could have been avoided by a better selection of
words.
3. If the Egyptians did indeed fail, after three thousand years, to
discover the principle of alphabetic writing, it is striking
evidence that man might never have had this art except for
the lucky accident which we shall now proceed to describe.
4. That many words which are separated in spelling are in
reality compounds is also proved by the fact that they are
grammatically treated as if they were single words.
5. The longer I looked at the picture the more did it appeal to
me (= attracted me). Oh! How I wished I could have it in my
collection.
103
6. Should we study the child’s language we’ll see that it is
determined far more by that of its playfellows than by that of
its parents.
7. I’m not quite sure whether he knew of my intention and
whether he would have welcomed me.
8. His (Defoe’s) purpose was to tell a story in a practical
manner, clearly, simply, so that every character and every
incident should appear perfectly natural.
9. He was to do as he was told, since otherwise the contract
would not be fulfilled by his boss. That made him feel as if
he were not a man but a robot, as if he had no dignity. Oh, if
he hadn’t signed that dreadful contract!
10. Only in this last work does the author show what he might
have done, had he used his genious rightly.
11. These novels are by no means forgotten at the present day
and might not have a return of their popularity but for his
effort.
12. The eagle sees much farther than man, but it is not as if the
eye of the eagle saw more in things than does the human eye.
13. As there was neither a stream, nor a river, he had to keep the
vegetable beds, so that the sun shouldn’t burn the crops.
14. His act of violence caused him to be bitterly hated by the
natives who surrounded him. And he wished he had been
more sensible.
15. The English language as written at this time has several
peculiarities, which deserve to be mentioned and I’d rather
you didn’t ignore them.
Ex. XI. Read the passages and retell them. State the Mood forms
and translate the sentences into Armenian/Russian:
a) It has already been pointed out that parallel to the growth in
the number and variety of the meanings which many words possess,
and that, were it not for its economical device, the vocabulary of
Modern English, enormous as it is, would be several times as great.
If we were to consider the changes of meaning that have occurred
along with the introduction of new terms, the imperfect picture
which the mere growth of vocabulary presents would be coloured
104
and shadowed, so that a complete representation of the development
of English thought would be provided.
b) If you could come back to life two hundred years from now,
you would find not only the world and its activities transformed, but
also its languages. Among them would be an English language that
you would be able to recognize and understand in part, but many of
whose words and expressions would be completely strange and
mysterious to you until they were explained just as television would
be strange to Shakespeare if he were to come back to life today.
Ex. IX. Answer the question and give your reasons:

What do you think life would be like in some twenty years
from now?
105
APPENDIX 1
The Free Use of Subjunctive II
Smb. had better do sth.

1)Advice
not do sth.
Smb. would rather (sooner) do sth.
2) Preference
Smb. had rather (sooner) not do sth.
did sth.
3) Wish Smb.
had done sth.
APPENDIX 2
Obligatory use of Subjunctive II
The use of Subjunctive II is considered to be obligatory or

dependent if the structure of some complex sentences demands its
use in the subordinate clauses.
This can be illustrated by the following table.
Type of Principle clause Conjuncti Subordinate Examples

clauses on clause
Indicative Mood Subjunctive It’s time you
1) Subject II started
clause smb. did packing.
introduced _ sth. It was time she
by the knew the
anticipatory
⎧is time whole truth.
⎪
“it”. It ⎨ about time
Note: some ⎪was high time
grammarians ⎩
consider
them
attributive
clauses.
106
2) Predica- Indicative Mood of It is as if my
tive clauses the link verbs “to be”, life were over.
“to look”, “to feel”, smb. did She felt as
“to seem” etc. sth. though she had
Note: “smb. looks” – as if smb. had never seen
we judge by person’s as though done sth. him.
appearance, “it looks” She looks as if
– we judge by the she didn’t
situation. as mind.
if/though It looks as if
the letter had
been written by
a child.
3) Object Indicative Mood smb. did sth I wish he knew

clauses _ smb. had nothing about
done sth. my illness.
smb. would She wished she
do sth. had warned
⎧wished smb. would everybody
⎪ not do sth about the
Smb. ⎨wishes
danger.
⎪' ll wish I wish you
⎩
would not
_ interfere.
Subjunctive II Subjunctive I’d rather you

II didn’t mention
her name.
smb. did They would
⎧' d ⎫ smth. rather I had
⎪ ⎪
Smb. ⎨had ⎬rather smb. had stayed there.
⎪would ⎪ done smth.
⎩ ⎭
4) Adverbial Indicative Mood as if Subjunctive She spoke
clauses of as though II about him as if
Comparison she knew him
(manner) smb. did well/had
sth. known him all
smb. had her life.
done sth.
107
5) Adverbial Indicative even if Subjunctive Even if you
clauses of even II were right he
Concession though Past/Present wouldn’t admit
smb. did his mistake.
sth.
smb. had
done sth.
Indicative though Indicative Whatever you

Past although Past/Present say/may say
Present whoever I’ll agree with
Future whatever you.
whenever
however
no matter
how
6) Adverbial Conditional if Subjunctive He would have

clauses of a) Past/Present asyndetic II taken part in
unreal should/would do ally Past/Present the discussion
condition should/would have provided if he had
done suppose smb. did known about it.
sth. or I would tell
smb. had him about it
done sth. (… if I were
Implied you).
(condition) Had he known
about it he
would have
taken part in
the discussion.
Conditional were to do What would

Present (referring to you do if he
should/would do the Future) were to invite
you?
108
7) Adverbial Indicative Suppositio- If the child
clauses of Imperative nal should be left
problematic Conditional alone = Should
condition the child be left
alone he will
if
get frightened.
asyndeti-
cally smb. should Should I be
do late, wait for
me.
Should he
come, I’d be
surprised.
APPENDIX 3
The use of the Conditional Mood
smb. would If he came now I

do sth. should be glad.
I/we should
1. if do sth.
even if smb. did sth would have
even though had done sth done sth. Even if he had
I/we should invited me I
have done shouldn’t have
sth. gone.
2. but for Smb. would But for the rain I
do sth. should go out for a
I/we should walk.
do sth
would have
done sth. But for your help I
I/we should shouldn’t have
have done finished my work.
sth.
109
3. to do sth. would do To wait would be
to have done sth. sth. senseless.
would have To have told him
done sth. about it would have
been better.
4. otherwise smb. would He is ill otherwise
or/or else do sth. he would come.
I/we should
do sth. He knew the truth
would have otherwise he
done sth. wouldn’t have
I/we should behaved like that.
have done
sth.
APPENDIX 4
The use of modal verbs and the Oblique Moods

Would
Modal Verb Auxiliary

1. Volition 1. Forming Future-in-the Past
2. Persistence, resistance (second, third person singular,
3. Repeated action in the plural)
past 2. Mood auxiliary in the
4. Set phrase Conditional Mood
Should
Modal Verb Auxiliary

1. Advice 1. Forming Future-in-the Past (first
2. Obligation, duty person singular, plural)
3. Supposition 2. Mood auxiliary in the Conditional
4. Emotional “should” Mood
3. Mood auxiliary
110
Could
Modal Verb Subjunctive II

1. Physical, mental 1. Adverbial clause of purpose (so that, in
ability order that …)
2. Possibility, 2. Implied condition (but for …)
probability 3. Adverbial clause of concession
3. Strong doubt (otherwise, though, no matter how …)
Might
Modal Verb Quasi-Subjunctive

1. Very slight 1. Adverbial clause of purpose (so that, in
possibility order that …)
2. Asking for 2. Implied condition (but for …)
permission 3. Adverbial clause of concession
(otherwise, though, no matter how…)
111
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Jenny Dooley-Verginia Evans

Grammarway (3), Newbury, “Express publishing”, Liberty House,
2000
2. L.G. Alexander
Longman Advanced Grammar (Reference and Practice), UK
London, “Longman”, 1995
3. R.A Close
A Reference Grammar for students of English, Ìîñêâà,
“Просвещение”, 1975
4. Frank Palmer
Grammar, UK London, “Penguin Books”, 1978
5. E.M. Gordon, I.P. Krylova
A Grammar of Present-Day English, Москва, “Высшая школа”,
1986
6. Michael Swan
Practical English Usage, Oxford University Press, 1995
7. E.A. Natanson
Practical English Grammar by Correspondence, Moscow, Higher
School Publishing House, 1973
8. M.Y. Blokh, A.Y. Lebedeva, V.S. Denisova
English Grammar Exercises, Москва, “Просвещение”, 1985
9. Donka Farkas
International descriptions and the romance. Subjunctive Mood, New
York, Garlad Publishing House, 1985
10. Raymond Murphy
English Grammar in Use, Cambridge University Press, 1995
11. A.M. Thomson, A.V. Martinet
Practical English Grammar, Oxford University Press, 1986
12. ².ê. Ø³ñ·³ñÛ³Ý
Ä³Ù³Ý³Ï³ÏÇó Ñ³Ûáó É»½áõ, ºñ¨³ÝÇ Ð³Ù³Éë³ñ³ÝÇ
Ðñ³ï³ñ³ÏãáõÃÛáõÝ, ºñ¨³Ý, 1993
112
The practical work is based on.
1. Margaret Mitchell
Gone with the Wind
Scarlett, New York, A Time Warner Company, 1992
2. D.H Lawrence
The Woman Who Rode Away, London, Penguin Books, 1997
3. A.J. Cronin
The Citadel, Moscow, Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1963
4. J. Galsworthy
To Let, Moscow, Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1954
5. T.V. Barishnikova, L.B. Belinkina
For Further Progress in English, Москва, “Международные
отношения”, 1974
6. N.P. Bogdanova, N.A. Prilepskaya, I.I. Rodioncheva, L.C.
Valovich
From Basic to Wider English, Москва, “Международные
отношения”, 1967
7. Гутерман Н.Г., Полонская Н.К.
Я буду ждать/I’ll be waiting, Л. “Просвещение”, 1980
8. Australian Short Stories, Москва, Прогресс, 1975
9. T.U. Drozdova, V.G. Mailova
English Grammar, SP, Himera, 1998
10. O.Henry
Selected Stories, Moscow, “Progress Publisher”, 1977
11. Arthur Hailey
Airport, New York, Bantam Books, 1968
113
CONTENTS
Introduction…………………………………………….……. 5
The Indirect/Oblique Moods…………………........................ 9
General Traits of the Oblique Moods…..……………………. 9
Modal Verbs and the Oblique Moods…………………...… 12
Free and Dependent Uses of the Oblique Moods ………....... 20
The Use of Subjunctive II …………...…………………….... 20
The Free use of Subjunctive II …………………………........ 21
Types of Conditional Clauses ………………………………. 30
The use of the Conditional Mood …………………….….….. 42
Dependent use of Subjunctive II ……………...…………..… 60
Subject Clauses ………………………………...………….... 60
Predicative Clauses ……………………………...………..… 63
Object Clauses ……………………………...…..……….…... 67
Clauses of Comparison ………………….....…………….….. 77
Clauses of Purpose ……………………...………..…………. 81
Clauses of Concession ………………...…………..........…… 85
Revision ……………………………...………………...……. 85
Advanced Revision …………………......……………...…… 91
Appendix ……………………………...………………..…… 106
Bibliography …………….…….…………………………….. 112
114
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THE USE OF SUBJUNCTIVE

THE USE OF SUBJUNCTIVE

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Ò»éÝ³ñÏÁ ºíñáå³Ï³Ý Ñ³ÝÁÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ ßñç³Ý³ÏÇ

¸ 4602020102 2007Ã. ¶Ø¸ 81.2 ²Ý·É ó7

ISBN 978- 99930-79-88-0 ©§ÈÇÝ·í³¦, 2007Ã.

êáõÛÝ Ó»éÝ³ñÏÁ Ý³Ë³ï»ëí³Í ¿ ³Ý·É»ñ»ÝÁ áñå»ë ³é³çÇÝ

Modality is the grammatical category which expresses the

Mood is the grammatical category of the verb which expresses

The forms of the Indicative Mood manifest themselves in

The Continuous group expresses the action in

The Perfect group underlines the idea of priority (the action

The Perfect Continuous group combines the idea of priority

As has already been mentioned the actions expressed by the

The vertical line denotes the moment of speaking in the Past,

Past Perfect Cont. Present Perf Cont Future Perf Cont

General Traits of the Oblique Moods.

The forms of the Oblique Moods represent actions or states as

The Oblique Moods are:

1. Subjunctive II Past had done/had been doing

2. Conditional Past should/would have done

3. Suppositional* Past should have done

4. Subjunctive I* Present do/be

As it can be seen from the chart above, unlike the Indicative

*Some grammarians consider this form as a special use of the

Past had done Present did

Past should have Present should do

As luck would have it - µ³ñ»µ³Ëï³µ³ñ

As ill luck would have it - ¹Åµ³Ëï³µ³ñ…

MODAL VERBS AND THE OBLIQUE MOODS

The use of modal verbs can not be completely separated from

If you would come and see us mother would be as glad as I

The use of this form occurs only in sentences referring to the

The modal verb would + Infinitive is used in the subordinate

The modal verb were to implies greater remoteness and

The modal verbs may/might + Infinitive; can/could +

If you would be frank with me I might perhaps be of more

The modal verbs can/could + Infinitive or may/might +

After the conjunction lest should + Infinitive is generally used.

Modal verb may/might is used in clauses of concession. The

Thus the use of modal verbs in the Oblique Moods can be

2)If he had come an hour ago he would have seen everything

1. auxiliary (Future-in-the Past)

2. auxiliary (the Conditional Mood)

*The Suppositional Mood formed by means of “should” for all

“Should” as an auxiliary is used to form:

The choice of the forms of the Oblique Moods depends on

THE USE OF SUBJUNCTIVE II

The forms of Present Subjunctive II are homonymous to the

As can be seen from the chart above the use of Subjunctive II

THE FREE USE OF SUBJUNCTIVE II

In its free use Subjunctive II is used in simple sentences to

Note: The Indicative Mood is used to express a real wish

b) Show that you are sorry an action took place or didn’t

Ex. II. Translate into English:

It should be noted that had better suggests no idea of

Drill. Make a choice between had better and should:

Ex. I. Paraphrase the following sentences using had better: