12 PRINCIPLES OF GREEN CHEMISTRY

Developed by Paul Anastas and John Warner*, the following list outlines an early conception of what would
make a greener chemical, process, or product.
1

Prevention
It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it has been created.

Atom Economy
Synthetic methods should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all materials used in the
process into the final product.

Less Hazardous Chemical Syntheses

Wherever practicable, synthetic methods should be designed to use and generate substances that
possess little or no toxicity to human health and the environment.

Designing Safer Chemicals

Chemical products should be designed to affect their desired function while minimizing their
toxicity.

Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries

The use of auxiliary substances (e.g., solvents, separation agents, etc.) should be made
unnecessary wherever possible and innocuous when used.

Design for Energy Efficiency

Energy requirements of chemical processes should be recognized for their environmental and
economic impacts and should be minimized. If possible, synthetic methods should be conducted at
ambient temperature and pressure.

Use of Renewable Feedstocks

A raw material or feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting whenever technically and
economically practicable.

Reduce Derivatives
Unnecessary derivatization (use of blocking groups, protection/ deprotection, temporary
modification of physical/chemical processes) should be minimized or avoided if possible, because
such steps require additional reagents and can generate waste.

Catalysis
Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric reagents.

Design for Degradation

Chemical products should be designed so that at the end of their function they break down into
innocuous degradation products and do not persist in the environment.

Real-time analysis for Pollution Prevention

Analytical methodologies need to be further developed to allow for real-time, in-process monitoring
and control prior to the formation of hazardous substances.

Inherently Safer Chemistry for Accident Prevention

Substances and the form of a substance used in a chemical process should be chosen to minimize
the potential for chemical accidents, including releases, explosions, and fires.

*Anastas, P. T.; Warner, J. C. Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice, Oxford University Press: New York, 1998,
p.30. By permission of Oxford University Press

WHAT IS GREEN CHEMISTRY?

The concept of greening chemistry is a relatively new idea which developed in the business and regulatory
communities as a natural evolution of pollution prevention initiatives. In our efforts to improve crop protection,
commercial products, and medicines, we also caused unintended harm to our planet and humans.
By the mid-20th century, some of the long-term negative effects of these advancements could not be ignored.
Pollution choked many of the world's waterways and acid rain deteriorated forest health. There were measurable
holes in the earth's ozone. Some chemicals in common use were suspected of causing or directly linked to
human cancer and other adverse human and environmental health outcomes. Many governments began to
regulate the generation and disposal of industrial wastes and emissions. The United States formed the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970, which was charged with protecting human and environmental
health through setting and enforcing environmental regulations.
Green chemistry takes the EPA's mandate a step further and creates a new reality for chemistry and engineering
by asking chemists and engineers to design chemicals, chemical processes and commercial products in a way
that, at the very least, avoids the creation of toxics and waste.
Green Chemistry is not politics, green Chemistry is not a public relations ploy, green chemistry is not a pipe
dream.
We are able to develop chemical processes and earth-friendly products that will prevent pollution in the first
place. Through the practice of green chemistry, we can create alternatives to hazardous substances we use as our
source materials. We can design chemical processes that reduce waste and reduce demand on diminishing
resources. We can employ processes that use smaller amounts of energy. We can do all of this and still maintain
economic growth and opportunities while providing affordable products and services to a growing world
population.
This is a field open for innovation, new ideas, and revolutionary progress, this is the future of chemistry.
This is green chemistry.
WHAT IS GREEN CHEMISTRY?
Green chemistry is a way to design chemicals and processes so they are safer, healthier, and more sustainable. It seeks to
prevent pollution at its source by creating chemicals that are not toxic. This eliminates exposure to toxic chemicals for
workers, consumers, and the environment. It also encourages using renewable feedstock, reducing energy use, and
optimizing other factors that are better for human health and the environment.
Green chemistry has been around for decades. In 1998, Paul Anastas and John Warner published twelve principles of green
chemistry, which created goals for chemists and manufacturers to consider when they create new chemicals or processes.

MOVING TOWARDS GREEN CHEMISTRY

While it would be ideal for all chemicals to be created using the green chemistry principles, it will not happen overnight.
Some existing products and processes already use many green chemistry principles but others use few or none. If green
chemistry principles are incorporated into both existing and new product designs, we will greatly reduce the impacts
chemicals have on human health and the environment.