Common Complications of Typhoid Fever

Intestinal bleeding or perforation

Sepsis
Myocarditis
Meningitis
Osteomyelitis
Pneumonia
Pancreatitis
Delirium, psychosis
Schematic Diagram of Typhoid Fever

Predisposing Factors:
Age: Infants and youths/ elderly
Prevalent in temperate climates
High incidence in fall

Precipitating Factors:
Improper food handling and sanitation
Contaminated water supply
Living in overcrowded areas/ poor housing
Poor hygiene/ hand washing
Low gastric acidity (Use of antacids)

Ingestion of food or water contaminated with Salmonella typhi

The bacteria adheres and invades the gut wall of the gastrointestinal tract

It enters the distal ileum (Peyer patches)

apsular antigen that avoids neutrophil- based inflammation. It induces host macrophages to attract more macro

pt the macrophages cellular machinery for their own reproduction which is carried through the mesenteric lym

oracic duct then the lymphatic system and then through the tissues of the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymp

The bacteria continue to multiply until it reached a critical density (1,000,000 to cause an infection).

nduces apoptosis of the macrophages and leaking into the blood stream (bacteremia) and to the rest of the body

TYPHOID FEVER

The gallbladder is infected through extension of infection of bacteria or via bacteremia.

S.typhi reinvades the gastrointestinal tract as well as the Peyers patches

The bacteria
The bacteria
that remained
that does present
not re- infect
in thethe
system
host of
is the
shedhost
intopauses
the stool
and continuos to multiply which makes the