Professional Documents
Culture Documents
In 2
In 2
GATE
Instrumentation Engineering
Engineering Mathematics
Vol 2 of 5
RK Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
To Our Parents
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our sincere thanks to all the co-authors, editors, and reviewers for their efforts in
making this project successful. We would also like to thank Team NODIA for providing professional support for
this project through all phases of its development. At last, we express our gratitude to God and our Family for
providing moral support and motivation.
We wish you good luck !
R. K. Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
Contents
Chapter 1
Matrix Algebra
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2
Multiplication of Matrices
1.4
Determinant of a Matrix
1.5
Rank of Matrix
1.6
Adjoint of a Matrix
1.7
Inverse of a Matrix
1.7.1
Elementary Transformations
1.7.2
1.8
ECHELON FORM
1.9
NORMAL FORM
Exercise
Solutions
20
4
4
2.2.1
Equality of Vectors
39
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
39
42
Solutions
51
chapter 3
40
40
40
40
3.1 Introduction 65
3.2
3.3
3.4
Cayley-Hamilton Theorem
3.4.1
65
66
67
3.5
69
Solutions
80
67
68
4.3
99
4.2.1
99
4.2.2
99
4.2.3
4.2.4
Continuity of a Function
4.3.1
100
4.4 Differentiability
Exercise
102
Solutions
115
chapter 5
100
101
Exercise
140
Solutions
147
chapter 6
139
Rolles Theorem
163
Exercise
164
Solutions
168
chapter 7
163
Partial Derivatives
Partial Derivatives
7.2.1
175
176
175
7.5
7.6
Eulers Theorem
Exercise
177
Solutions
182
chapter 8
176
176
Definite Integral
Definite Integral
8.3
8.4
Double Integral
Exercise
193
Solutions
202
chapter 9
191
192
192
Directional Derivatives
9.3
Differential Calculus
223
223
Divergence of a Vector
9.6
Curl of a Vector
9.7
225
225
9.9
226
Integral Theorems
9.9.1
Divergence theorem
9.9.2
9.9.3
9.9.4
Helmholtzs Theorem
Exercise
227
Solutions
234
224
225
226
226
Differential Equation
247
248
248
249
250
250
252
254
254
254
257
Solutions
266
283
283
284
285
287
289
Solutions
300
317
317
Exercise
319
Solutions
325
337
337
338
255
Eulers theorem
339
339
340
342
Solutions
347
341
358
358
357
359
359
362
363
364
366
367
Solutions
380
362
363
366
405
405
406
408
410
Solutions
420
409
361
439
440
16.4
441
laurents series
443
444
Solutions
453
443
Chapter 17 Probability
17.1 Introduction 469
17.2 Sample space
17.3 Event
469
469
470
470
471
471
472
472
472
473
473
473
476
Solutions
491
515
516
516
517
517
518
518
519
518
518
519
520
521
521
521
522
522
526
Solutions
533
523
Chapter 19 Statistics
19.1 Introduction 543
19.2 Mean
543
19.3 Median
544
19.4 Mode
545
545
547
Solutions
550
546
555
555
555
556
557
558
559
559
562
Solutions
565
560
569
569
570
Exercise 21
571
Solutions 21
579
597
597
598
599
600
601
602
604
Solutions
608
600
601
599
617
618
618
619
619
619
619
620
623
Solutions
628
621
***********
620
CHAPTER 1
Matrix Algebra
1.1
Introduction
This chapter, concerned with the matrix algebra, includes the following
topics:
Multiplication of matrix
Transpose of matrix
Determinant of matrix
Rank of matrix
Adjoint of matrix
Inverse of matrix: elementary transformation, determination of inverse
using elementary transformation
Echelon form and normal form of matrix; procedure for reduction of
normal form.
1.2
Multiplication of Matrices
cik =
/ aij bjk
j=1
If A, B and C are three matrices such that their product is defined, then
1. Generally not commutative; AB ! BA
2. Associative law; (AB) C = A (BC)
3. Distributive law; A (B + C) = AB + AC
4. Cancellation law is not applicable, i.e. if AB = AC , it does not mean
that B = C .
5. If AB = 0 , it does not mean that A = 0 or B = 0 .
6. (AB)T = (BA)T
Page 2
Chap 1
1.3
Transpose of a Matrix
The matrix obtained form a given matrix A by changing its rows into
columns or columns int rows is called Transpose of matrix A and is denoted
by AT . From the definition it is obvious that if order of A is m # n , then
order of AT is n # m .
Matrix Algebra
1.4
i. n
Determinant of a Matrix
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3. AT = A
Singular Matrix
A square matrix A is said to be singular if A = 0 and non-singular if
A ! 0.
1.5
Rank of Matrix
The number, r with the following two properties is called the rank of the
matrix
1. There is at least one non-zero minor of order r .
2. Every minor of order (r + 1) is zero.
This definition of the rank does uniquely fix the same for, as a consequence
of the condition (2), every minor of order (r + 2), being the sum of multiples
of minors of order (r + 1), will be zero. In fact, every minor of order greater
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Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
Nullity of a Matrix
If A is a square matrix of a order n, then n - r (A) is called the nullity of
the matrix A and is denoted by N (A). Thus a non-singular square matrix of
order n has rank equal to n and the nullity of such a matrix is equal to zero.
1.6
Adjoint of a Matrix
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1.7
Inverse of a Matrix
If A and B are two matrices such that AB = I = BA, then B is called the
inverse of A and it is denoted by A-1 . Thus,
A-1 = B + AB = I = BA
To find inverse matrix of a given matrix A we use following formula
adj A
A-1 =
A
Thus A-1 exists if A ! 0 and matrix A is called invertible.
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Chap 1
Let A and B are two invertible matrices of the same order, then
1. (AT ) 1 = (A1)T
2. (AB) 1 = B1 A1
3. (Ak ) 1 = (A1) k , k ! N
4. adj (A1) = (adj A) 1
5. A1 = 1 = A 1
A
Matrix Algebra
6. If A = diag (a1, a2,..., an), then A1 = diag (a 1-1, a 2-1, ..., a n-1)
7. AB = AC & B = C , if A ! 0
1.7.1
Elementary Transformations
Any one of the following operations on a matrix is called an elementary
transformation (or E -operation).
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1.7.2
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ECHELON FORM
Page 5
Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
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NORMAL FORM
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EXERCISE 1
Page 6
Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
QUE 1.1
Column I
Column II
P.
Singular matrix
1.
Q.
Non-square matrix
2.
R.
Real symmetric
3.
Determinant is zero
S.
Orthogonal matrix
4.
5.
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ARIHANT/286/26
QUE 1.3
ARIHANT/285/3
QUE 1.4
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QUE 1.5
QUE 1.6
Matrix Algebra
QUE 1.7
Page 7
Chap 1
i=1
n
i=1
n
i=1
i=1
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If A ! Rn # n, det A ! 0 , then A is
(A) non singular and the rows and columns of A are linearly independent.
(B) non singular and the rows A are linearly dependent.
(C) non singular and the A has one zero rows.
(D) singular
QUE 1.8
ARIHANT/286/28
QUE 1.9
QUE 1.10
ARIHANT/305/7
Square matrix A of order n over R has rank n . Which one of the following
statement is not correct?
(A) AT has rank n
(B) A has n linearly independent columns
(C) A is non-singular
(D) A is singular
R
V
S5 3 2 W
Determinant of the matrix S1 2 6 W is_____
SS3 5 10 WW
T
X
The value of the determinant
a h g
h b f
g f c
(A) abc + 2fgh af 2 bg2 ch2
(B) ab + a + c + d
(C) abc + ab bc cg
(D) a + b + c
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Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
67 19 21
The value of the determinant 39 13 14 is______
81 24 26
QUE 1.11
ARIHANT/306/9
QUE 1.12
1
If 0
2
3 2
5 6 = 26 , then the determinant of the matrix
7 8
QUE 1.13
R 0 1
S
S- 1 1
The determinant of the matrix S
0 0
S
S 1 -2
T
R
S2
S0
SS1
T
V
7 8W
5 - 6 W is____
3 2 WW
X
2 VW
3W
is______
1W
W
1W
X
0
1
0
0
i. n
QUE 1.14
a
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3 1 2i
H, then
Let A = >
1 2i
2
QUE 1.15
ARIHANT/306/14
3 1 2i
2 1 + 2i
H (2)
H
(1) A = >
A *= >
1 + 2i
2
2
1 2i
(3) A * = A (4)
A is hermitian matrix
QUE 1.16
ARIHANT/292/110
QUE 1.17
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For which value of will the matrix given below become singular?
V
R
S 8 0W
S 4 0 2W
SS12 6 0WW
X
T
V
R
S 0 1 - 2W
If S- 1 0 3 W is a singular, then l is______
SS 2 - 2 l WW
X
T
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QUE 1.19
1 2 3 4
Rank of matrix =
is
- 2 0 5 7G
QUE 1.20
R
V
S1 1 1 W
The rank of the matrix S1 - 1 0 W is______
SS1 1 1 WW
T
X
QUE 1.21
ARIHANT/306/8
are
Page 9
Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
0VW
0W
1WW
X
0VW
0W
1WW
X
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Given,
R
V
S1 2 3W
A = S1 4 2W
SS2 6 5WW
T
X
(1) A = 0 (2)
A =
Y 0
(3) rank ^Ah = 2
(4) rank ^Ah = 3
Which of above statement is/are correct ?
(A) 1, 3 and 4
(B) 1 and 3
(C) 1, 2 and 4
(D) 2 and 4
QUE 1.22
ARIHANT/306/11
R
V
S2 1 1W
Given, A = S0 3 2W is
SS2 4 3WW
T
X
(1) A = 0 (3)
A =
Y 0
(3) rank ^Ah = 2
(4) rank ^Ah = 5
Which of above statement is/are correct ?
(A) 1, 3 and 4
(B) 1 and 3
(C) 1, 2 and 4
(D) 2 and 4
R
V
S4 2 1 3W
QUE 1.23
Given matrix 6A@ = S6 3 4 7W, the rank of the matrix is_____
SS2 1 0 1WW
ARIHANT/292/111
T
X
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Chap 1
QUE 1.24
R2 1 3V
S
W
The rank of the matrix A = S4 7 W is 2. The value of l must be
SS1 4 5WW
T
X
QUE 1.25
R1
S
S2
The rank of matrix S
3
S
S6
T
QUE 1.26
Given,
Matrix Algebra
ARIHANT/306/10
2
4
2
8
3
3
1
7
1
0
A =
1
0
a
c
a
c
0 VW
2W
is______
3W
W
5W
X
b
d
b
d
0
1
0
1
(1) A = 0
(3) rank ^Ah = 2
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QUE 1.28
ARIHANT/286/27
QUE 1.29
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QUE 1.30
QUE 1.31
Rx y 1V
S 1 1 W
If A = Sx2 y2 1W and the point (x1, y1),( y2, y2),( x3, y2) are collinear, then the
SSx y 1WW
3
3
T
X
rank of matrix A is
(A) less than 3
(B) 3
(C) 1
(D) 0
Page 11
Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
QUE 1.32
QUE 1.33
QUE 1.34
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QUE 1.35
(D) 5, and x
7
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Chap 1
QUE 1.36
Matrix Algebra
1 -4
The adjoint matrix of =
is
0 2G
4 2
1 0
(A) = G (B) =
0 1
4 2G
2 4
2 4
(C) = G (D) =
1 0
0 1G
QUE 1.37
x y
If A = > H, then adj(adj A) is equal to
z b
b -z
b z
(A) =
(B) =
G
-y x
y xG
(C)
QUE 1.38
QUE 1.39
1 = b y G
xb - yz - y x
If A is a
R
S4 0
(A) S0 4
SS0 0
RT
S1 0
(C) S0 1
SS0 0
T
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Common
Data For Q 40 to 42
QUE 1.40
QUE 1.41
QUE 1.42
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(B) 9A
(D) 81A
(B) 9
(D) 81
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QUE 1.44
QUE 1.45
QUE 1.46
QUE 1.47
Page 13
Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
R 1 2 2V
S
W
The adjoint of matrix A = S 2 1 2W is equal to
SS 2 2 1WW
T
X (B) 3A
(A) A
(C) 3AT (D) A t
2
1G
2
1G
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1 2
The inverse of the matrix A = >
is
3 5H
5 2
5 -3
(A) = G (B) =
3 1
3 1G
-5 -2
5 3
(C) =
(D) = G
G
-3 -1
2 1
1 2
The inverse of the 2 # 2 matrix = G is
5 7
-7 2
7 2
(A) 1 =
(B) 1 = G
G
3 5 -1
3 5 1
7 -2
-7 -2
(C) 1 =
(D) 1 =
G
G
3 -5 1
3 -5 -1
QUE 1.48
3 4
If B is an invertible matrix whose inverse in the matrix = G, then B is
5 6
1
6 -4
3 4
(A) =
(B) > 1 H
5 6
- 5 6G
1
-3 2
3
(C) = 5 - 3 G (D) > 1
2
2
5
QUE 1.49
1
4
1
6
A B
Matrix M = >
is an orthogonal matrix. The value of B is
C 0H
(A) 1 (B) 1
2
2
(C) 1
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Page 14
Chap 1
QUE 1.50
Matrix Algebra
QUE 1.51
R1 2V
S W
If A = S2 1W then A-1 is
SS1 1WW
R TV X
S2 3 W
(A) S3 1 W (B)
SS2 7 WW
RT VX
S1 4 W
(C) S3 2 W
(D)
SS2 5 WW
T X
The inverse of
R1 0 0V
S
W
matrix A = S5 2 0W is equal
SS3 1 2WW
T
XR
V
0W
S 2 0
1
(B) S- 5 1
0 W
2S
W
S- 1 - 1
2W
X
TR
V
0W
0
S 4
1
(D) S- 10 2
0 W
4S
W
S-1 -1
2W
X
T
R
S 2 0
1
(A) S- 5 2
4S
S- 1 - 1
R T
0
S 1
(C) S- 10 2
SS - 1 - 1
T
QUE 1.52
R
V
S 1 - 2W
S- 2 1 W
SS 1 2 WW
T
X
Undefined
to
V
0W
0W
2 WW
XV
0W
0W
2 WW
X
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Ra b c V
S
W
If det A = 7, where A = Sd e f W then det(2A) -1 is_____
SSg b c WW
T
X
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R1 0 1V
S
W
If R = S2 1 1W, the top of R-1 is
SS2 3 2WW
T
X
(A) [5, 6, 4] (B) [5, - 3, 1]
(C) [2, 0, - 1] (D) [2, - 1, 12 ]
QUE 1.53
QUE 1.54
-1 2
Let B be an invertible matrix and inverse of 7B is =
, the matrix B
4 - 7G
is
1 2
7 2
(A) > 4 71 H (B) = G
4 1
7 7
1
(C) > 2
7
QUE 1.55
*Shipping Free*
4
7
1
7
R
S0
S0
If A = S
S0
S1
T
H (D) =2 1 G
7 4
1
2
3
4
0
0
2
1
V
0W
1W
, then det (A-1) is equal to_____
0WW
0W
X
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QUE 1.56
QUE 1.57
QUE 1.58
R
V
S1 1 1 1W
S1 1 1 1W
T -1
Given an orthogonal matrix A = S
W, 6AA @ is
1
1
0
0
S
W
S0 0 1 1W
T
R1
V
R1 X
V
0
0
0
W
S4
S2 0 0 0 W
S0 1 0 0 W
S0 1 0 0 W
(A) S 4 1 W (B) S 2 1 W
S0 0 2 0 W
S0 0 2 0 W
1
S0 0 0 2 W
S0 0 0 12 W
TR 1
XV
RT1 0 0 0 V X
0
0
0
W
S
4
W
S
S0 14 0 0 W
S0 1 0 0 W
W
(C) S
(D) S
0 0 14 0 W
0 0 1 0W
S
W
S
S0 0 0 1 W
S0 0 0 14 W
T
X
T
X
Given an orthogonal matrix
R
V
S1 1 1 1 W
S1 1 1 1W
A = S
1 1 0 0W
W
S
S0 0 1 1 W
T
X
-1
6AAT @ is
R1
V
S4 0 0 0 W
S0 14 0 0 W
W (B)
(A) S
1
S0 0 2 0 W
S0 0 0 12 W
RT1 0 0 0 V X
W
S
S0 1 0 0 W
(C) S
(D)
0 0 1 0W
W
S
S0 0 0 1 W
T
X
Matrix Algebra
in
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R1
S2
S0
S
S0
S0
TR 1
S4
S0
S
S0
S0
T
V
0 0 0W
1
W
2 0 0
W
1
0 2 0W
0 0 12 W
V
0 0 0XW
1
W
4 0 0
W
0 14 0 W
0 0 14 W
X
A is m # n full rank matrix with m > n and I is identity matrix. Let matrix
Al = (AT A) 1 AT , Then, which one of the following statement is FALSE ?
(A) AAlA = A (B) (AAl) 2
(C) AlA = I (D) AAlA = Al
5
For a matrix 6M @ = >
x
3
QUE 1.59
Page 15
Chap 1
4
5
3
5
T
(A) - 4 (B) - 3
5
5
(C) 3 (D) 4
5
5
QUE 1.60
1 0
2x 0
If A = >
and A-1 >
then the value of x is_____
H
- 1 2H
x x
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Page 16
Chap 1
QUE 1.61
Matrix Algebra
2 -1 2
The value of =
is
3 2 G=1 G
8
3
(A) = G (B) = G
3
8
QUE 1.62
QUE 1.63
QUE 1.64
QUE 1.65
1 2 0
If A = >
, then AAT is
3 1 4H
1 3
1 0 1
(B) =
(A) =
G
-1 4
- 1 2 3G
5 1
(C) =
(D) Undefined
1 26G
2 1
1 7
H=>
H, then the matrix A is equal to
If A >
3 5
1 20
1 2
2 1
(A) = G (B) = G
3 5
5 3
5 3
-5 3
(C) = G (D) =
2 1
2 1G
o
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1
2 0.1
a
Let, A = >
and A1 = > 2 H. Then (a + b) =_____
H
0 3
0 b
.
w
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1
2 0.1
a
Let A = >
and A1 = > 2 H, Then (a + b) is
H
0
3
0 b
(A) 7 (B) 3
20
20
(C) 19 (D) 11
20
20
w
QUE 1.66
2 6
3 x
If A = > H and B = > H, then in order that AB = 0 , the values of x and
3 9
y 2
y will be respectively
(A) - 6 and - 1
(C) 6 and - 3
QUE 1.67
(B) 6 and 1
(D) 5 and 14
R1V
S W
1 1 0
If A = >
and B = S0W, the product of A and B is
H
1 0 1
SS1WW
1
1 0
T X
(A) = G (B)
=
0
0 1G
1
1 0
(C) = G (D) = G
2
0 2
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QUE 1.68
R 1 2V
S
W
1 1 2
If A = >
and B = S 2 0W, then (AB)T
H
2 1 0
SS 1 1WW
1 4
T
X
(B)
(A) =
4 4G
is
1 4
=1 4G
Page 17
Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
1 4
1 1
(C) =
(D) =
G
4 1
4 4G
QUE 1.69
QUE 1.70
ARIHANT/287/32
QUE 1.71
QUE 1.72
R 2 1V
S
W
1 2 5
If A = S 1 0W and B = >
then AB is
3 4 0H
SS 3 4WW
X V
R T
R
V
0 - 10 W
S- 1 - 8 - 10 W
S 0
(A) S- 1 - 2
5 W (B) S- 1 - 2 - 5 W
SS 9 22 15 WW
SS 0 21 - 15 WW
RT
VX
VX
TR
S- 1 - 8 - 10 W
S0 - 8 - 10 W
(C) S 1 - 2 - 5 W (D) S1 - 2 - 5 W
SS 9 22 15 WW
SS9 21 15 WW
T
X
T
X
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R
V
S0 1 0 0W
S0 0 1 0W
W, then the rank of XT X , where XT denotes the transpose
If X = S
S0 0 0 1W
S0 0 0 0W
T
X
of X , is______
Consider the matrices X(4 # 3), Y(4 # 3) and P(2 # 3) . The order of [P (XT Y)T PT ]T
will be
(A) (2 # 2) (B) (3 # 3)
(C) (4 # 3) (D) (3 # 4)
cos sin
If A = >
, then consider the following statements :
sin cos H
1. A .A = A 2. A .A = A( + )
cos n sin n
cosn sinn
n
n
3. (A ) = >
n
n H 4. (A ) = >
sin n cos nH
sin cos
Which of the above statements are true ?
(A) 1 and 2
(B) 2 and 3
(C) 2 and 4
(D) 3 and 4
QUE 1.73
0 tan a2
cos - sin 2
If A = >
then (I - A) >
is equal to
H
a
tan 2
0
sin cos H
(A) I - 2A (B) I - A
(C) I + 2A (D) I + A
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Page 18
Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
QUE 1.74
ARIHANT/306/13
cos q sin q
H
Let A = >
sin q cos q
1 0
(1) AAT = > H (2)
AAT = 1
0 1
(3) A is orthogonal matrix
QUE 1.75
QUE 1.76
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1
1
For a given 2 # 2 matrix A, it is observed that A > H => H and
1
1
1
1
A > H = 2 > H. The matrix A is
2
2
2 1 1 0 1 1
(A) A = >
1 1H> 0 2H> 1 2H
1 1 1 0 2 1
(B) A = >
1 2H>0 2H> 1 1H
1 1 1 0 2 1
(C) A = >
1 2H> 0 2H> 1 1H
0 -2
(D) =
1 - 3G
QUE 1.77
3 4
If A = >
, then for every positive integer n, An is equal to
1 1H
1 + 2n 4 n
1 2n 4n
(A) =
(B) =
1 + 2n G
1 + 2n G
n
n
1 2n 4 n
1 + 2n 4n
(C) =
(D) =
G
1 + 2n
1 2n G
n
n
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QUE 1.78
QUE 1.79
R V
S3 W
For which values of the constants b and c is the vector Sb W a linear
R VR V
R V
SSc WW
S1 W S2 W
S- 1W
T X
Combination of S3 W, S6 W and S- 3 W
SS2 WW SS4 WW
SS- 2 WW
T XT X
T X
(A) 9, 6
(B) 6, 9
(C) 6, 6
(D) 9, 9
Page 19
Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
R
V
Sa b c W
The values of non zero numbers a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h such that the matrix Sd k e W
SSf g h WW
is invertible for all real numbers k .
T
X
(A) finite sol n
(B) infinite sol n
(C) 0
(D) none
in
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**********
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SOLUTIONS 1
Page 20
Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
SOL 1.1
SOL 1.2
SOL 1.3
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SOL 1.4
SOL 1.5
SOL 1.6
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SOL 1.8
SOL 1.9
Correct answer is - 28 .
Page 21
Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
5 3 2
1 2 6 = 5(20 - 30) - 3(10 - 18) + 2(5 - 6)
3 5 10
= 50 + 24 2 = 28
SOL 1.10
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Correct option
a
h
g
is (A).
h g
a f
h f
h b
b f = a
h
+g
f c
g c
g f
f c
= a ^bc f 2h h ^hc fg h + g ^hf gb h
= abc = af 2 h2 c + hfg + ghf g2 b
= abc + 2fgh af 2 bg2 ch2
SOL 1.11
Correct answer is - 43 .
13 14
39 14
39 13
Determinant
= 67
19
+ 21
24 26
81 26
81 24
= 134 + 2280 2457 = 43
SOL 1.12
SOL 1.13
Correct answer is - 1.
R 0 1 0 2V
W
S
S 1 1 1 3 W
We have
A = S
0 0 0 1W
W
S
S 1 2 0 1W
T
X
Expanding cofactor of a34
0 1 0
A = - 1 - 1 1 1
1 -2 0
= [0 1 (0 1) + 0] = 1
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Page 22
Chap 1
Correct answer is 5.
Consider the given matrix be
SOL 1.14
V
R
S2 1 1 1W
S1 2 1 1W
Im + AB = S
W
S1 1 2 1W
S1 1 1 2W
X
T
where m = 4 so, we obtain
V R
V
R
S2 1 1 1W S1 0 0 0W
S1 2 1 1W S0 1 0 0W
AB = S
WS
W
S1 1 2 1W S0 0 1 0W
S1 1 1 2W S0 0 0 1W
X
VX TR V
RT
S1 1 1 1W S1W
S1 1 1 1W S1W
=S
W = S W 61 1 1 1@
S1 1 1 1W S1W
S1 1 1 1W S1W
X T X
RT V
S1W
S1W
Hence, we get
A = S W, B = 61 1 1 1@
S1W
S1W
T RX V
S1W
S1W
Therefore,
BA = 81 1 1 1BS W = 64@
S1W
S1W
T X
From the given property,
Matrix Algebra
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NOTE
Determinant of identity matrix is always 1.
SOL 1.15
SOL 1.16
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Correct answer is 4.
For singularity of matrix,
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8 0
4 0 2 = 0
12 6 0
SOL 1.17
Page 23
Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
Correct answer is - 2 .
Matrix A is singular if A = 0
V
R
S 0 1 - 2W
S- 1 0 3 W = 0
SS 2 - 2 l WW
1 2
0 3X
1 T2
= 0
( 1)
+2
+0
2 l
2 l
0 3
or
or
or
(l 4) + 2 (3) = 0
l = 2
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SOL 1.18
SOL 1.19
Correct answer is 2.
1 2 3 4
A = =
2 0 5 7G
It is a 2 # 4 matrix, thus (A) # 2
The second order minor
1 2
= 4 ! 0
-2 0
We have
Hence,
(A) = 2
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Page 24
Chap 1
Correct answer is 2.
We have
SOL 1.20
R
V R
V
S1 1 1 W S1 1 1 W
A = S1 1 0 W + S1 1 0 W
SS1 1 1 WW SS0 0 0 WW
T (A) X< 3T
X
Since one full row is zero,
1 1
Now
= 2 ! 0 , thus (A) = 2
1 -1
Matrix Algebra
R3 - R1
SOL 1.21
V
R
S1 2 3W
Here,
A = S1 4 2W
SS2 6 5WW
R
V
X
T
S1 2 3W
Performing operation R 31 ^- 1h, we get A + S1 4 2W
SS1 4 2WW
X
R
VT
S1 2 3W
By operation R 32 ^- 1h, we get A + S1 4 2W
SS0 0 0WW
T
X
A = 0
o
n
SOL 1.22
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a
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d
1 2
and
=
Y 0
1 4
Rank ^Ah = 2
i. n
But
2 1
=
Y 0
0 3
SOL 1.23
Correct answer is 2.
Consider 3 # 3 minors, maximum possible rank is 3.
Now we can obtain
4 2 1
2 1 3
4 1 3
4 2 3
6 3 4 = 0 , 3 4 7 = 0 , 6 4 7 = 0 and 6 3 7 = 0
2 1 0
1 0 1
2 0 1
2 1 1
Since, all 3 # 3 minors are zero. Now, we consider 2 # 2 minors
4 2
2 1
= 83 = 5 =
= 0,
Y 0
6 3
3 4
Hence, rank = 2
SOL 1.24
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2 1 3
Thus
A = 4 7 l = 0
1 4 5
or
(235 4l) + 1 (20 l) + 3 (16 7) = 0
or
70 8l + 20 l + 27 = 0 = 0
or,
l = 13
SOL 1.25
Page 25
Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
Correct answer is 3.
It is 4 # 4 matrix, So its rank (A) # 4
1 2 3 0
2 4 3 2
We have
A =
3 2 1 3
6 8 7 5
1 2 3 0
2 4 3 2
applying R4 (R1 + R2 + R3) " R4
=
3 2 1 3
0 0 0 0
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1 2 3 0
R2 - 2R1 " R2
0 0 3 2
applying
=
0 4 8 3
R3 - 3R1 " R3
0 0 0 0
The only fourth order minor is zero.
1 2 3
Since the third order minor 0 4 8 = (1)( 4)( 3) = 12 ! 0
0 0 3
Therefore its rank is (A) = 3
SOL 1.26
1 0
=
Y 0
0 1
p
A = >
r
q
sH
and
p2 + q2 pr + qs
B = >
H
pr + qs r2 + s2
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Page 26
Chap 1
p
q
A = >0 s r q H
p
Matrix Algebra
s - r q = 0
p
If
or
ps - rq = 0
then rank of matrix A is 1, otherwise the rank is 2.
Now, we have the matrix
p2 + q2 pr + qs
B = >
H
pr + qs r2 + s1
SOL 1.28
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SOL 1.29
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A = 0 & ^k 7h^4d x h = 0
d = x , k = 7 .
4
R V
Sa1W
A = Sb1W, B = 6a2 b2 c2@
SSc WW
1
T X
C = AB
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Ra V
Ra a a b a c V
1 2
1 2W
S 1W
S1 2
= Sb1W # 8a2 b2 c2B = Sb1 a2 b1 b2 b1 c2W
SSc WW
SSc a c b c c WW
1
1 2
1 2
1 2
T Xis zero and all Tthe 2 # 2 minors
X are also
The 3 # 3 minor of this matrix
zero. So the rank of this matrix is 1, i.e.
6C @ = 1
SOL 1.30
Page 27
Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
(A) < 3
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SOL 1.31
SOL 1.32
SOL 1.33
x = 8x1 x2 g xnBT
V = xxT
R V R V
Sx1W Sx1W
Sx2W Sx2W
=S W S W
ShW ShW
SxnW SxnW
T X T X
So rank of V is n .
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Page 28
Chap 1
SOL 1.34
Matrix Algebra
Apply R2 R1 = R2 and R 3 R2 = R 3
4 5 x
= 1 1 d applying R3 - R2 " R3
0 k7 0
Thus
A = (k 7)( 4d x)
Since (A) = 2 < order of matrix, Thus A = 0 or we get
(k - 7)( 4d - x) = 0
or
d = x , k = 7
4
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SOL 1.35
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SOL 1.36
We have
1 4
A = =
0 2G
adj A = C T
2 4
==
0 1G
SOL 1.37
A =
x y
z b
b y
adj A = =
z x G
x y
adj(adj A) = =
z bG
SOL 1.38
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We have
V R
V
R
S1 0 0 W S2 0 0 W
A(adjA) = 2 S0 1 0 W = S0 2 0 W
SS0 0 1 WW SS0 0 2 WW
X T
X
T
SOL 1.39
SOL 1.40
SOL 1.41
Page 29
Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
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SOL 1.42
(3 1)
B = A2 4 = A 8 = 38
= 8 A2
2
SOL 1.43
SOL 1.44
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Chap 1
2 2
= 6;
2 1
2 2
M21 =
= 6 ;
2 1
M12 =
Matrix Algebra
M23 =
1 2
= 6;
2 2
M32 =
1 2
= 6;
2 2
2 1
= 6
2 2
-1 -2
M22 =
3;
2 1 =
M13 =
M31 =
M33 =
2 2
=6 ;
1 2
1 2
=3
2 1
o
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SOL 1.45
o
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SOL 1.46
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5 2
adj A = =
3 1G
1 = 5 2G = =5 2G
3 1
1 3 1
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1 2
= 1
A = =
3 5G
A-1 =
SOL 1.47
A-1 = 1 adjA
A
A-1 = 1 adj A
A
A =
1 2
= 3
5 7
7 2
adj A = =
5 1G
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A-1 =
1 = 7 2G = 1 = 7 2 G
3 5 1
3 5 1
Page 31
Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
SOL 1.48
3 4
B-1 = = G = A and B = A1
5 6
A-1 = 1 adj A
A
A =
3 4
= 2
5 6
6 4
5 3
6 4
A-1 = 1 =
G
2 5 3
3 2
== 5 3G
2
2
Also, adj A =
SOL 1.49
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SOL 1.50
SOL 1.51
A-1 = 1 adj A
A
1 0 0
A = 5 2 0 = 4 ! 0 ,
3 1 2
4 10 10 T RS 4 0 0VW
adj A = 0 2 1 = S 10 2 0W
SS 1 1 2WW
0 0 2
T
X
R 4
0 0VW
S
A-1 = 1 S 10 2 0W
4S
S 1 1 2WW
T
X
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Chap 1
SOL 1.52
1 = 1
2A
2n A
Since A is a 3 # 3 matrix, therefore n = 3 and we have A = 7 .
det (2A) -1 = 3 1 = 1 = 1
8 # 7 56
2 A
det (2A) -1 =
Matrix Algebra
SOL 1.53
SOL 1.54
i. n
1 2
and 7B = A1
(7B) -1 = A = >
4 7H
Let
A-1 = 1 adj A
A
We know
A =
Here
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a
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d
1 2
= 1
4 7
7 2
Also, adj A = =
4 1G
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w
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or
or
SOL 1.55
7 2
7B = A1 = > H
4 1
B = > 4
2
7
1
7
Now
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1 = 7 2G
1 4 1
We have
SOL 1.56
A-1 =
V
0W
1W
0WW
0W
X
0 0 1
A = 0 2 0 = 1 (0 2) = 2
1 1 0
det (A-1) = 1 = 1
det A 2
R
S0
S0
A = S
S0
S1
T
1
2
3
4
0
0
2
1
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and
AAT = I
[AAT ] -1 = I1 = I
Page 33
Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
SOL 1.57
SOL 1.58
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AAlA = A
AA-1 A = A
A = A
(AAl) 2 = I
(AA-1 I) 2 = I
^I h2 = I
AlA = I
-1
A IA = I
I = I
AAlA = Al
option (A)
option (B)
option (C)
option (D)
SOL 1.59
AA-1 IA = A =
Y Al
(true)
(true)
(true)
(false)
3
5
4
5
3
5
M = >
x
Given :
[M]T = [M] 1
And
1
We know that when 6A@ = 6A@ then it is called orthogonal matrix.
6M @T = I
6M @
6M @T 6M @ = I
Substitute the values of M and M T , we get
> 45
5
3 H.>
x
R 3
S b # 3 l + x2
5
S 5
S 4 # 3 + 3x
Sb 5
5l 5
T
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4
5
3
5
1 0
H = >0 1H
3
4 + 3 x VW
#
b5
1 0
5l 5 W
=
>
4
4
3
3 W
0 1H
b 5 # 5 l + b 5 # 5 lW
X
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Page 34
Chap 1
+ x2
>12 + 3 x
9
25
25
Matrix Algebra
12
25
1 0
+ 53 x
= >
H
0 1H
1
SOL 1.60
0
1G
0
1G
So, 2x = 1 & x = 1
2
SOL 1.61
SOL 1.62
i. n
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R1 3V
S
W
1
2
0
AAT = >
S2 1W
H
3 1 4 S
S0 4WW
T
X
(1) (1) + (2) (2) + (0) (0) (1) (3) + (2) ( 1) + (0) (4)
=>
(3) (1) + ( 1) (2) + 4 (0) (3) (3) + ( 1) ( 1) + (4)(4)H
o
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5 1
=>
1 26H
SOL 1.63
1 7
1 > 5 1H
=>
H
b
1 20 13 l 3 2
1 7
5 1
= 1>
H
>
13 1 20 3 2H
26 13
= 1>
13 65 39H
2 1
== G
5 3
SOL 1.64
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1
2 0.1
2 a
1
and
=
A = =
A
G
>
0 3
0 bH
AA-1 = I
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Discount*
or
2 - 0.1 12 a
1 0
>0 3 H> H = >0 1H
0 b
or
1 2a - 0.1b
1 0
= > H
>0
H
3b
0 1
Page 35
Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
2a - 0.1 = 0 and 3b = 1
Thus solving above we have b = 1 and a = 1
3
60
Therefore
a + b = 1 + 1 = 7
3 60 20
or
SOL 1.65
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and
Thus
SOL 1.66
2a - 0.1b = 0 or a = b
20
a + b = 1 + 1 1 = 7
3 3 20 20
We get
and
2
A = =
3
2 6 3 x
0
=3 9G=y 2 G = =0
6 + 6y 2x + 12
0
=9 + 9y 3x + 18G = =0
3 x
6
and B = > H, AB = 0
G
9
y 2
0
0G
0
0G
6 + 6y = 0 or y = 1
2x + 12 = 0 or x = 6
SOL 1.67
SOL 1.68
R V
1
1 1 0S W
S0 W
AB = =
1 0 1GS W
S1 W
T X(1)( 0) + (0)( 1)
(1)( 1) +
1
==
G
=
=
(1)( 1) + (0)( 0) + (1)( 1)
2G
We have
R
V
1 2W
1 1 2S
1 4
S 2 0W = =
AB = =
G
4 4G
2 1 0S
W
S 1 1 W
X
1 4 T
T
(AB) = =
4 4G
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SALIENT FEATURES
Page 36
Chap 1
SOL 1.69
SOL 1.70
Correct answer is 3.
Matrix Algebra
V
R
S0 1 0 0W
S0 0 1 0W
W
We have
X = S
S0 0 0 1W
S0 0 0 0W
XV
TR
0
0
0
0
S
W
S1 0 0 0W
W
and transpose of X , XT = S
S0 1 0 0W
S0 0 1 0W
Here, we can see that rank ofT matrix Xx = 3 , hence, we can determine the
rank of XT X .
Let Y = X $ XT , the rank of Y # rank of X . Also, X1 Y = XT and so we
have
Rank X = Rank XT # Rank of Y
Hence, from Eqs. (1) and (2), we get
Rank of X = Rank of Y
Hence, rank of X $ XT is 3
.
w
w
SOL 1.71
o
.c
a
i
d
o
n
i. n
SOL 1.72
cos ( + ) sin ( + )
=>
= A +
sin ( + ) cos ( + )H
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Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
cos a =
2
1 tan2 a2
= 1 t2
2 a
t+t
1 + tan 2
and
sin a =
2 tan a2
= 2t 2
2 a
1 + tan 2
1+t
cos a sin a
cos a - sin a
1
tan a2
= >
(I - A) >
H
#
=
H
a
sin a cos a G
sin a cos a
1
tan 2
R
V
2
2t W
S 1 t2
1 t S 1 + t (1 + t2) W
==
t 1G # S 2t
1 t2 W
W
S
2
S(1 + t ) 1 + t2 W
T
X
1 t
1 tan a2
=>
=
= (I + A)
t 1 H >tan a2
1 H
SOL 1.74
in
.
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
cos2 q + sin2 q
cos q sin q + sin q cos q
H
=>
sin2 q + cos2 q
sin q cos q + cos q sin q
1 0
=> H
0 1
= 1, Hence A is orthogonal matrix.
SOL 1.75
SOL 1.76
a - b = 1 ...(1)
c - d = 1 ...(2)
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Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
a b
1
a 2b
1
=c d G=- 2G = =c 2d G = 2 = 2G
we have
a - 2b = 2 ...(2)
c - 2d = 4 ...(4)
Solving equation (1) and (3) a = 0 and b = 1
Solving equation (2) and (4) c = 2 and d = 3
0 1
Thus
A = =
2 3G
If we check all option then result of option C after multiplication gives result.
SOL 1.77
3 4 3 4
5 8
=
A2 = =
1 1G=1 1G =2 3G
i. n
&
SOL 1.79
R V
R V
R V
R V
S3 W
S1 W
S2 W
S 1W
Sb W = k1 S3 W + k2 S6 W + k3 S 3 W
SSc WW
SS2 WW
SS4 WW
SS 2 WW
R V
RT VX R TV X
R V
T X
T X
S1 W
S1 W
S1 W S3 W
k1 S3 W + 2k2 S3 W k3 S3 W = Sb W
SS2 WW
SS2 WW
SS2 WW SSc WW
RT VX RT XV
T X
T X
S1 W S3 W
(k1 + 2k2 k3) S3 W = Sb W
SS2 WW SSc WW
k1 + 2k2 Tk3X = T3 X
3k1 + 6k2 3k3 = b
2k1 + 6k2 2k3 = c
b = 9 ,
c = 6
o
n
.
w
w
o
.c
a
i
d
SOL 1.78
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