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GSM Characteristics
GSM Characteristics
Multiplexing techniques:
The two multiplexing techniques used in cellular and cordless terminology are:
Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD)
In FDD two symmetric frequency bands are used, one containing the uplink channels and
the other the downlink channels.
Time Division Duplexing (TDD)
TDD means that the uplink of the voice call is time multiplexed on the same frequency
channel as the downlink of the voice call.
Techniques used in GSM:
In the GSM system, TDMA in combination with FDMA is used; the usage of each radio
channel is partitioned into multiple (eight) timeslots, and each user is assigned a specific
frequency/ timeslot combination. Thus, only a single mobile is using a given
frequency/timeslot combination at any particular time.
Also the FDD technique is in use, that is two symmetric frequency band, one band
containing the uplink channels and the other the downlink channels.
Analog cellular systems - AMPS:
In the AMPS system, FDD in combination with FDMA is used. A total of 50 MHz in the
bands 824-849 MHz and 869-894 MHz is allocated to cellular mobile radio. This spectrum
is divided into 832 frequency channels, each 30 kHz wide. Frequency modulation (FM) is
used for speech channels, and Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) for signaling channels. This
way of sharing spectrum is called Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA).
the full received signal using the code assigned to that call's signal. All other noises or
signals with calls that do not match the assigned code are ignored.
The CDMA frequency access method allows the service provider to reuse the same
frequencies in adjacent cells. This is because an assigned code is used to decipher the
signals, therefore signals in the same frequency but with a different code appear as noise
to the receiving end. Reuse of the same frequency in adjacent cells, along with other
reasons, allows CDMA to provide a capacity improvement over the FDMA and TDMA
access methods. Though FDMA and TDMA do allow radio frequencies to be reused, the
separation between cells containing the same frequency must be far enough so that co
frequency interference can be kept below acceptable levels most of the time. Frequencies
are organized into cell clusters for TDMA and FDMA and their sizes are determined by the
number of cells per cluster and the radius per cell. With CDMA the service provider can
reuse all frequencies (in the spread spectrum mode) in all cells. Another major benefit of
a CDMA system is the ability of a CDMA Mobile Station to communicate to more than one
Cell at one time during a call. This functionality, known as a Soft-Handoff, provides a
seamless uninterrupted call while the Mobile Station moves between Cells.