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BIOLOGY Form 4 Chapter 4
BIOLOGY Form 4 Chapter 4
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Chapter 4 : Chemical composition in the cell 2013
4.1 The chemical composition in the cell
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There are two important groups of compound in the cells, the organic
compound and the inorganic compounds. the organic compound are
protein , nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipid s. describe the presence
and importance of organic compound , such as carbohydrate and
protein in a cells.
Carbohydrate
P1-It is a compound synthesized by plants through photosynthesis
P2-It is involved in the building of plant cell wall
P3-It is present in various forms including monosacharide, disaccharide
and polysacharide
P4-Polycharide is storage carbohydrate
P5-Example: glycogen is storage carbohydrate
Protien
P1-It is the main component of cytoplasm an dplasma membrane
P2-protien is present as keratin in hair and nail
P3-Carier protein in the plasma membrane function in the transport of
substances across the plasma membrane
P4-Enzyme , antibody and many hormones are proteins
P5-Hormones function to regulate chemical process and cell metabolism
, such as digestion
P6-Enzyme act to catalyze metabolism reaction of the cell
P7-Antibody defends the body from pathogenic attack
P8-Protein also act as source of energy during starvation ANY 10
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Chapter 4 : Chemical composition in the cell 2013
Nucleic acid
Trial perlis 2010 Trail kedah 2012 JUJ 2009
Figure below shows the structure of nucleic acid
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Chapter 4 : Chemical composition in the cell 2013
Drawing 1m
Nitrogenous bases matched correctly : 1m
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4.2 Carbohydrate
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Chapter 4 : Chemical composition in the cell 2013
P2-The monosaccharide are joined together by condensation to form a
long chains of polymer
4.3 Proteins
Molecule P
Molecule
X
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Molecule R
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Name Molecule X
Protein
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Chapter 4 : Chemical composition in the cell 2013
Explain how the complex molecule R are formed from their basic units
P1-Molecule R is polypeptide in which consist of amino acids
P2-The amino acids are joined together by condensation and arrange in a
sequence to form a long chain
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2. Protein are large organic molecule which play diverse roles in living organism .
Diagram 2.1 shows four level of organization in protein structure
JUJ 2009
Trail Kelantan 2008
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Chapter 4 : Chemical composition in the cell 2013
Molecule P
Molecule Q
P : Primary structure
Q : Secondary structure
R : Tertiary structure
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S : Quartnetry structure
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Name X
Peptide bond
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Chapter 4 : Chemical composition in the cell 2013
Amino acid is monomer of protein . There are two type o f amino acids
which are essential amino acid and non essential amino acid
Explain about essential amino acid
P1-canot synthesis by the body
P2-obtain from diet
ESSAY ENCHANCEMENT CONER
Name the protein P ,Q and R.Describe the structure of each protein
structure
P1- P is primary structure
E1-It refers ti the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
P2-Q is secondary structure
E2-It refers to the polypeptide chain that is coiled to form alpha helix
chain o into beta pleated sheet
P3-R is tertiary structure
E3-It refers to the way the helix chains or beta pleated sheets are coiled
or folded into three dimensional shape of a polypeptide chain
P+E
4.4 Lipids
JUJ 2009
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Trial
Melaka 2009
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Molecule P
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Chapter 4 : Chemical composition in the cell 2013
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Name molecule P
Lipid
Name X ,Y and Z
X: Glycerol
Y: Fatty acid
Z: Triglyceride
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Process Y: hydrolysis
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Chapter 4 : Chemical composition in the cell 2013
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Structure X
Molecule P is important to build the structure of membrane in the cell ,
including structure X
Name structure X
Plasma membrane
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Chapter 4 : Chemical composition in the cell 2013
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4.5 Enzyme
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Chapter 4 : Chemical composition in the cell 2013
Extracellular enzyme are enzyme which are produced in the cell but
secreted from the cell to function externally
Give one example of the cell
Pancreas//ileum //stomach epithelial cell //salivary cell
Synthesis of enzymes
R: secretory vesicles
P: Golgi apparatus
U : transport vesicles
T : Ribosomes
Q: nucleus
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S: mitochondria
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Chapter 4 : Chemical composition in the cell 2013
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Explain what will happen if the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi
apparatus are absent in the cell
P1 Protein cannot be sent to the Golgi apparatus
P2 Protein cannot be modified / processes
P3 No enzyme extracellular can be synthesis
Enzyme is made up of chains of polypeptides molecule. The Golgi apparatus
in living cell are malfunction .explain the effect of the malfunction to the
production of extracellular enzyme
P1-Processing /modifying/packing/sorting/transporting of the synthesized
protein could not be carry out
P2-Resulting the synthesized protein /carbohydrates/glycoprotein are not
able to be carry through the plasma membrane
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Substrate X
Q:substrate
Substrat
eY
P: enzyme
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R: Enzyme
substrate complex
S: Product
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Explain why substrate Y, but not Substrate X, can combine with the
enzyme
P1-substrate x does not have a specific active sites to fit into tha
enzyme
P2-only Substrate Y , has shape which exactly fits into the enzyme
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Organ Y : liver
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Chapter 4 : Chemical composition in the cell 2013
P4-enzyme concentration
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Each enzyme has an optimum temperature at which its reaction rate is the fastest.
beyond the optimum temperature an enzyme is said to be denatured
Explain the above statement.
E1: High temperature alter/changes the( three dimensional) shape of the
active site of the enzyme molecules
E2-Substrates thus can no longer fit into the active sites of the enzyme
E3-the reaction cannot be carried out // substrate cannot be hydroylsed
Explain the reaction of sucrose if the temperature of medium is 60 oC
P1-60oC is high temperature
P2-At very high temperature the chemical bond that hold enzyme molecule
together begi to break
P3-Thus altering three dimensional shape of enzyme
P4-Destroying active site of enzyme site of enzyme /enzyme denature MAX
3
Suggest what would happen if brand P washing powder is used with hot
water (60oC-80oC)
P1-Enzyme are protein
P2-enzyme are denatured by the high temperature
P3-Cleaning is less effective
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Enzyme is used to wash away the blood stain on a shirt .explain how the
enzyme acts on
the blood stain at a maximum rate.
F1-Use (warm) water with temperature of 37oC
P1-optimum temperature for enzyme (activity)//enzymes work best this
temperature
Draw a graph to show the effect of temperature on the activity of enzyme
Draw 1m(/)
Label 1m(/)
(ii) what is the optimum temperature for this reaction
37oC
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Chapter 4 : Chemical composition in the cell 2013
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Chapter 4 : Chemical composition in the cell 2013
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Diagram show how the amount of an enzyme substrate and product
change during seed germination
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Chapter 4 : Chemical composition in the cell 2013
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P-1
R-1
Based on the graph in diagram 3.1, complete Diagram 3.2 by drawing the
substrate molecule at region P and R
Based on your drawing in diagram 3.2, explain the relationship of the
substrate and enzyme molecule at region P and R
P- P1-when the concentration of substrate increase, more substrate
molecule bind to active sites of the enzyme
P2-more product will be produced// the rate of reaction is directly
propotional to the substrate concentration
R: P3-after the maximum rate , all active sites of the enzyme molecule are
filled/engaged
P4-the rate of reaction become constant
P5-the concentration of enzyme become the limiting factor
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Biological enzyme are added to the washing power to boost its effectiveness
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Module Biology Trail Paper Collection
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P2-Rennin
E2-Solidify milk potien
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Chapter 4 : Chemical composition in the cell 2013
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