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Tableofcontents

Nonlinearmodellingofframe
shearwallbuildings
YogendraSingh,Ph.D.
Professor,Deptt.ofEarthquakeEngg.
IndianInstituteofTechnologyRoorkee,India
IndoNorwegianTrainingProgrammeon

NonlinearModellingandSeismicResponse
EvaluationofStructures

Introduction:Sourcesofnonlinearity
Materialnonlinearity,SectionnonlinearityandMember
nonlinearity
Conceptofchordrotation
Behaviour ofsteelandRCframes
Behaviour ofbracedandinfilledframes
Behaviour ofshearwalls
Behaviour ofbeamcolumnjointsinsteelandRCframes
ModellingparametersasperASCE41
Momentandshearcapacity
Plasticdeformationcapacity
Backbonecurves

December1416,2014 ContinuingEducationCenter,IITRoorkee

NonlinearModelling

MaterialNonlinearity

Duringearthquakes,thestructuresundergo:

1.Largedisplacements triggeringgeometricnonlinearity
2.Stressesbeyondyield materialnonlinearity
Linearmodellingislimitedtosimulationofstiffnessofdifferentcomponents;

Informationrequired Sectionaldimensions
Elasticmaterialproperties
CrackingofRCmembers(reinforcementdetails?)
Nonlinearmodellinginvolvessimulationofstiffness,strengthandductility

Alltheinformationrequiredinlinearanalysis
Strengthindifferentfailuremodes(reinforcementincaseofRCmembers)
Reinforcementdetailing,confinement,anchorageandsplicing,axialforce
ratio,shearforceratio
Understandingofbehaviour andfailuremodesandmechanismsisthekeyto

successfulmodelling

Unconfinedandconfinedconcrete

MaterialNonlinearity

ReinforcingSteel

MaterialNonlinearity

ReinforcingSteel

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SectionNonlinearity

SectionNonlinearity

fy

dp
d

d'
dp
y

RCSections

SectionNonlinearity

SteelSections

MemberNonlinearity

RCSections

MemberNonlinearity

RCSections

MemberNonlinearity
L p kL c L sp

2 L sp

Lsp 0.022 f ye d bl

f
k 0.2 u 1 0.08

Lc

RCSections

= length from the critical section to the

point of contra-flexure

RCSections

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MemberNonlinearity

MemberNonlinearity

cy
c

cc
c

d c

c s
d

sy

or

d c

or

d c

su

y H Lsp 2
3

u y u y L p H

RCSections

ChordRotation

RCSections

ChordRotation

Usablestrainlimits

Effectofcyclicloading
ASCE412013

ASCE412013

10.3.3.1 Usable Strain Limits Without confining

transverse reinforcement, the maximum usable strain at
the extreme concrete compression fiber shall not exceed
0.002 for components in nearly pure compression
and 0.005 for other components, Maximum
compressive strains in longitudinal reinforcement shall not
exceed 0.02, and maximum tensile strains in longitudinal
reinforcement shall not exceed 0.05. Monotonic coupon
test results shall not be used to determine reinforcement
strain limits. If experimental evidence is used to determine
strain limits, the effects of low-cycle fatigue and transverse
reinforcement spacing and size shall be included in testing
procedures.

RCSections

Backbonecurve

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Behaviour offrames

Backbonecurve
ASCE412013

Behaviour offrames

Behaviour offrames

Behaviour offrames

Behaviour offrames
Columnscanyieldunder
AxialFlexure(PMM)
interactionorShear

Beamscanyieldin
FlexureorShear

Joints(panel
zones)canyield
inShear

BMD

SFD

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Behaviour offrames

Behaviour offrames

Behaviour ofjoints

Behaviour ofjoints

Behaviour ofjoints

Behaviour ofjoints

V jh C T Vc

V jh C T Vc R cos

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Lumpedplasticitymodelofaframe

Concentricallybracedsteelframes

Moment
Hinges

Single Diagonal

Inverted V- Bracing

V- Bracing

Shear
Hinges

P-M-M
Hinges

X- Bracing

Concentricallybracedsteelframes

Two Story XBracing

Concentricallybracedsteelframes

Tension Brace: Yields

Compression Brace:
Buckles

Columns and beams: remain essentially elastic

Concentricallybracedsteelframes

Eccentricallybracedsteelframes
e

e
e

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Eccentricallybracedsteelframes

Eccentricallybracedsteelframes

p = link plastic rotation angle (rad)

Eccentricallybracedsteelframes

Behaviour ofRCshearwalls
e

Shear yielding occurs when:

V = Vp = 0.6 Fy (d - 2tf ) tw

Flexural yielding occurs when:

M = Mp = Z Fy

p = link plastic rotation angle (rad)

Behaviour ofRCshearwalls

Behaviour ofinfilledframes

M
V

PREDOMINANTLY SHEAR YIELDING LINK:

PREDOMINANTLY FLEXURAL YIELDING LINK:
COMBINED SHEAR AND FLEXURAL YIELDING:

1.6 M

2M
V

Vp
2.6 M p
Vp

1.6 M p
Vp

2.6 M p
Vp

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EffectiveStiffnessofURMInfills

Failuremodesininfilledframes

Infills have been modelled as Equivalent Diagonal

Compressive Strut having width
where,

a 0 . 175 1 h col
Emetinf sin 2

4E fe I col hinf

hcol

hinf
E fe

Eme

I col
Linf

rinf
tinf

0 .4 rinf

Reference

1
4

Smith and Carter

(1969)

Failuremodesininfills

Evaluationofefficacyof1,2,and3strut
modelsofinfills
Column
shear
strength
(kN)

RC frame with unreinforced solid

concrete block masonry infill
(Mehrabi et al. 1996)
RC frame with burnt clay brick
infill (Al-Chaar 1998)
RC frame with concrete masonry
infill (Al-Chaar 1998)
Non ductile RC frame with burnt
clay brick infill (Kaushik and
Manchanda 2010)
Ductile RC frame with URM
infill (Kaushik and Manchanda
2010)

Shear force applied to column

(kN)

Shortcolumn
effect

shear failure
of
beam/column

Flexural
failure of
columns

Failure of
beamcolumn
joints

considered; Failure mode

Realisticmodelofinfills

Identified failure modes of infill panels

Sliding
Diagonal
Diagonal
Corner
Sl. no.
Reference
shear
tension
compression crushing
failure
1
Smith (1967)

2
Smith and Carter (1969)

3
Mainstone (1971)

4
Wood (1978)

5
Liauw and Kwan (1985b)

6
Smith and Coull (1991)
7
Priestley and Calvi (1991)

8
Paulay and Priestley (1992)

9
Saneinejad and Hobbs (1995)
10
Flanagan and Bennett (1999)

11
Al-Chaar (2002)
12
ACI 530 (2005 )

13
ASCE-41 (2007)
Failure mode not considered; Failure mode considered

Reference of experimental study

Compression
failure of
columns

Paulay and Priestley

(1992)
Mehrabi et al. (1996)

Fiorato et al. (1970)

El-Dakhakhni et al.

(2003)
Failure mode
not considered
Smith (1967)

=column height between centerlines of beams

=height of infill panel
=expected modulus of elasticity of frame material (concrete)
=expected modulus of elasticity of infill material
=moment of inertia of column
=length of infill panel
=diagonal length of infill panel
=thickness of infill panel and equivalent strut

Tension
failure of
columns

Infills are constructed after completion of frame

Construction sequence does not allow a full contact between infill
and soffit of the beam above

ShearFailureofRCcolumnscauseddueto
strutactionofURMinfill

Experimental
observation

1-strut
model

2-strut
model

3-strut
model

92.95

130.98

65.49

32.74

Shear failure of
columns

29.06

124.41

62.20

31.1

Shear cracks in
column

29.06

345.55

172.77

86.39

Shear cracks in
column

51.14

57.75

28.88

14.44

Shear cracks in
columns

60.31

66.00

33.00

16.50

Columns suffer
shear damage

(Mehrabi et al. 1996)

Failure of exterior & interior column

observed in 2003 Bingl earthquake
(zcebe et al. 2003)

(Kaushik and Manchanda

2010)

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ModellingofURMinfills

Effectivestiffness

Plastichingeproperties

Plastichingeproperties

ASCE412013

ASCE412013

Plastichingeproperties

ASCE412013

Plastichingeproperties
ASCE412013

ASCE412013

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Plastichingeproperties

Plastichingeproperties
ASCE412013

Plastichingeproperties

ASCE412013

Nominalstrengthvs.expectedstrength
ASCE412013

Nominal or
characteristic
strength, fck

Mean or
Expected
strength,
fe=fmean

f e f ck 1.64

Nominalstrengthvs.expectedstrength

Nominalstrengthvs.expectedstrength

ConcreteandReinforcement
Structural
Steel

10

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ShearstrengthmodelsofRCcolumns

ShearstrengthmodelsofRC
beamcolumnjoints

ModelingofBeamColumnJoints

Behaviour ofshearwalls

Boundaryconfinement

Plastichingesinshearwalls

ASCE412013

Boundary
Elements

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Flatslabsystems

Flatslabsystems

Drop Panel

Column Head

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Flatslabsystems

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Flatslabsystems

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Flatslabsystems

Failureofflatslabsystems

Flexural failure of slab

Flexural failure of slab-column
connection

Ductile mode of failure

Cracks appear on bottom surface

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Punching shear failure

Brittle mode of failure

Cracks appear on top surface

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Flatslabsystems

Out of total unbalanced moment, part

is transferred through flexure and part
is transferred through torsion
Shear stress at critical section is
resultant of gravity and torsional
actions

vn

Vg
b0 d

Flatslabsystems

v 1 f
1

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unbalanced moment
transferred by flexure at
slab-column connections

vMu c

f = factor for

2 b1
3 b2

v = factor for
unbalanced moment
transferred by torsion at
slab-column connections

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Modellingofflatslabsystems
Explicit Transverse Torsional Element Model

Modellingofflatslabsystems
Equivalent width of slab
Interior Supports

Exterior Supports

Stiffness of Torsional Element

9 EC
Kt
3
l 2 1 c 2 l 2

xx y
C 1 0.63
y 3

l 2 c1

l1

l1

Modellingofflatslabsystems
Maximum Inter Storey Drift (%)

Modellingofflatslabsystems

l 2 2 c1

Hueste and Wright

ASCE/SEI 41 [NC]

ASCE/SEI 41 [C]
ACI 318-05

3
2
1
0
0

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0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Gravity Shear Ratio

13

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Modellingofflatslabsystems

THANK YOU !

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