Linear Time-Invariant Systems

The convolution Intregral (Theorem)

--System Impulse Response:
The system impulse response can be defined as the
response h(t) as the response y(t) when
x(t ) = (t )

h(t)

y (t ) = h (t )

11

The convolution Intregral (Theorem) Cont.

y (t ) =

x( )h(t )dt = x(t ) * h(t )

Three different time scales are involved

Excitation time
Response time t
System-memory time t-
This relationship is based on time domain analysis of linear time
invariant systems. It states that the present value of the response of a
linear time invariant system is weighted intregral over the past history of
the input signal, weighted according to the impulse response of the
system. Thus, the impulse response acts as a memory function for the
system.
13

Important Properties of Convolution

Continuous time convolution satisfies the following important properties

--Commutativity:
x(t)*h(t)=h(t)*x(t)
x(t)

h(t)

h(t)

y(t)

x(t)

y(t)

--Associativity:
x(t)*h1(t)*h2(t)=[x(t)*h1(t)]*h2(t)=x(t)*[h1(t)*h2(t)]
x(t)

h1(t)

h2(t)

y(t)

x(t)

h1(t)*h2(t)

y(t)

15

Important Properties of Convolution Cont.

-- Distributivity:
x(t)*[h1(t)+h2(t)]=[x(t)*h1(t)]+[x(t)*h2(t)]

x(t)

h1(t)
+

y(t)

x(t)

h1(t)+h2(t)

y(t)

h2(t)

16

Important Properties of Convolution Cont.

x( ) (t )d = x(t )

x(t ) * (t ) =

x(t ) * u (t ) =
x(t ) * (t ) =

x( )u (t )d =

x( )d

x( ) (t )d = x(t )

x(t ) (t a) = x(a) (t a )

x(t ) (t a)dt = x(a)

x(t ) * (t a ) = x(t a )

17

Total Impulse Response

x(t)

h1(t)

h2(t)
+

y(t)

h4(t)

h3(t)

h ( t ) = h1 ( t ) * h2 ( t ) + h3 ( t ) * h4 ( t )
X(t)

h(t)

y(t)

18

Graphical Interpretation of Convolution

Theorem
y(t)=rect(t/2a)*rect(t/2a)
= x(t)*h(t)
-a

x(t)
1
a

h(t)

-a

1
a

y(t ) =

x( )h(t )d

= Calculation of area of the product of the two signals

21

x(t)

h(t)

1
-a

h(t )

-a+t

t<-2a
-2a<t<-a

-a

x( )

1
a+t -a

Area=0

t -a
t=-2a

Area=0

t -a

Area={(a+t)-(-a)}*(1*1)=base*height
=t+2a
22

x( )
h(t )

-a+t -a t

-a<t<0

a
a+t

Area={(a+t)-(-a)}*(1*1)=base*height
=t+2a

x( )
h(t 1 )

-a
-a+t

a
a+t

t=0

Area={(a)-(-a)}*(1*1)=base*height
=2a
23

x( )
h(1
t )

-a
-a+t

t a a+t

0<t<a

Area={(a)-(-a+t)}*(1*1)=base*height
=2a-t
x( )

1 h(t )

-a -a+t a t

a+t

a<t<2a

Area={(a)-(-a+t)}*(1*1)=base*height
=2a-t
24

x( )

1
-a

-a+ta

h(t )

a+t

Area=0
y(t)=0

y(t)
Increasing area
-2a

=t+2a -2a<t<0

Decreasing area

2a

t -2a

=2a-t 0<t<2a
t

=0

t 2a

25

Properties of linear time-invariant systems

The impulse response of an LTI system represents a complete description of

the characteristics of the system

Memoryless LTI systems
Input-output relationship
y(t)=kx(t)
Impulse response by definition

h (t ) = k (t )

26

Causal LTI systems

Causal LTI systems
For a continuous-time system to be causal, y(t) must not depend on x( )
for >t

y (t ) =
From equation
h(t)=0 for t<0

x ( )h ( t ) d

27

Invertible LTI systems

Invertible LTI systems

Y(t)=h1(t)*h(t)*x(t)=x(t) so h1(t) must satisfy
h1(t)*h(t)=(t)
Stable LTI systems
Total h(t) must be finite i.e.

h (t )d t <

28