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Detailed Table of Contents
Detailed Table of Contents
Preface
Visual Walkthrough
xii
xv
1.
Trigonometric Levelling
Introduction 1
1.1 Correction for Curvature and Refraction 2
1.2 Axis Signal Correction 3
1.3 Difference of Elevation of Two Stations by
Single Observation 6
1.4 Difference of Elevation of Two Stations by
Reciprocal Observations 11
1.5 Determination of Coefficient of Refraction 12
Exercises 16
Objective-type Questions 18
2.
Triangulation
Introduction 20
2.1 Triangulation Figures or Systems 21
2.2 System of Framework 29
2.3 Classification 30
2.4 Station Marks, Signals and Towers 32
2.5 Reconnaissance 37
2.6 Base Line Measurement 43
2.7 Base Measurement by Rigid Bars 44
2.8 Base Measurement by Flexible Apparatus 45
2.9 Tape Corrections 47
2.10 Radar Ranging 55
2.11 Electromagnetic Distance Measurement 58
20
viii Contents
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
3.
4.
71
88
139
Contents
ix
5.
Aerial Survey
Introduction 167
5.1 Terrestrial Stereophotography 169
5.2 Aerial Photograph 172
5.3 Definitions 173
5.4 Scale of Vertical Photograph 174
5.5 Scale of Tilted Photograph 177
5.6 Displacements and Errors in Aerial Photogrammetry 180
5.7 Procedure of Aerial Survey 188
5.8 Ground Control 188
5.9 Flight Planning 189
5.10 Photo-Interpretation 197
5.11 Basic Photo-Interpretation Equipment 199
5.12 Parallax 203
5.13 Measurement of Parallax 208
5.14 Working up Data From the Photographs 210
5.15 Plotting the Details 211
5.16 Rectification 213
5.17 Fiducial Marks 214
5.18 Photogrametric Products 214
5.19 Comparison of Products of Aerial Photography 217
5.20 Errors 217
5.21 Mistakes 218
Exercises 218
Objective-type Questions 220
167
6.
Remote Sensing
Introduction 228
6.1 Electromagnetic Energy 229
6.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum 230
6.3 Interaction of Electromagnetic Energy with Matter 233
6.4 Effect of Atmosphere on Electromagnetic Radiation 234
6.5 Energy Interaction with Earth Surface Features 236
6.6 Remote-Sensing Sensor Systems 238
6.7 Platforms 240
6.8 Ideal and Real Remote-Sensing Systems 241
6.9 Data Acquisition and Interpretation 243
6.10 Resolution Concept in Remote Sensing 246
6.11 Applications of Remote Sensing 249
6.12 Land Use/Land Cover Analysis 251
6.13 Methodology for Land Use/Land Cover Mapping 256
6.14 Remote Sensing in India 257
Exercises 262
Objective-type Questions 263
228
x Contents
7.
265
8.
306
9.
Field Astronomy
Introduction 336
9.1 The Earth 337
9.2 Celestial Sphere 338
9.3 Solar System 339
9.4 Definitions 342
336
Contents
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.10
9.11
9.12
9.13
9.14
9.15
9.16
9.17
9.18
9.19
xi
Appendix I
Conversion Tables
427
Appendix II
428
Appendix III
Topology
430
Appendix IV
Pseudo-random Codes
431
Appendix V
433
Appendix VI
Orbits of Planets
435
Appendix VII
436
437
Astronomical Constants
439
Appendix VIII
Appendix IX
Index
441