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Language: Gerund or Infinitive: I) Verbs Followed by Gerunds
Language: Gerund or Infinitive: I) Verbs Followed by Gerunds
Teacher : M.Harraqi
Academic Year: 2013-2014 -Modified Version-
2) Infinitive Without To
Let- help- lets - should may- might- can- could- will- must- should- shall- had better
For e.g: - Can you help me move this table?
Let me do it myself.
Examples:
1- She prefers to get a job or prefers getting a job.
Modals
Functional meaning of modals:
must: certainty, obligation, ( 100% necessary to do something.)
mustnt: prohibition ( 100% necessary not to do something.)
may: possibility probability ( its about 50% possible )
might: possibility ( less than 50% possible )
neednt: ( lack of necessity )
should: advice ( its a good idea )
shouldnt: ( its a bad idea )
cant : impossibility
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The Negative
Forming such sentences in the negative can be confusing. Read these sentences
.Maria is not hungry
.I am 100% sure that she is not hungry
.I don't know why Maria is not eating with us. She may not (or might not) be hungry
.I am 50% or less certain that she is not hungry
May not/ might not
.Maria cannot be hungry. She has just had dinner
.Here, I believe that there is no possibility that Maria is hungry, but I am not 100% sure
.Maria is not eating. She must not be hungry
.Here, I am expressing a logical conclusion, a best guess
Active
Passive
Present simple
Present cont.
Past Simple
Past continuous
Rules
subject+is/are+p.p
subject..+is/are+being+p.p
subject..+was/were+p.p
subject..+was/were+being+p.p
Present perfect
Past perfect
Future simple
Be going to+verb
Future perfect
subject..+has/have+been+p.p
subject. +had+been+p.p
subject..+will+be+p.p
subject..+is/are+lettergoing to
be+p.p
should
must
can
may
might
be
returned
word-processed
called
Examples:
You must switch off the computer after use.
The computer must be switched off after use.
You must keep medicines out of the reach of children.
Medicines should be kept out of the reach of children.
You must sign the visa application.
The visa application must be signed.
You can fill it out in Arabic, too.
It can be filled in Arabic, too.
You may send it by post or e-mail it.
It may be sent by post or e-mailed.
We could inform you about your visa application either by e-mail or phone.
You could be informed about your visa either by e-mail or by phone.
We speak Arabic in Morocco.
Arabic is spoken in Morocco.
Reported speech
1- Affirmative and negative forms
Definition: Reported speech is often also called indirect speech. When We use reported speech, We are
usually talking about the past ( because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past).
a-)The tenses generally move backwards in this way (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right).
Present simple
Im a teacher
Present continuous
Im having lunch with my parents
Present perfect simple
I have been to France three times.
Present perfect continuous
I have been working very hard.
Past simple
I bought a new car.
Past continuous
It was raining earlier.
Future arrangement
Im going to clean my room.
She is going to clean my room.
They are going to clean my room
b) Modals :Will
I will come and see you soon.
Can
I can travel alone.
Must/ Have to Has to
All tickets must be bought in advance.
Past simple
He said ( that ) he was a teacher
Past continuous
He said ( that) he was having lunch with his parents
Past perfect simple
He said ( that) he had been to France three times.
Past perfect continuous
He said (that) he had been working very hard.
Past perfect
He said (that) he had bought a new car
Past perfect continuous
He said (that) it had been raining earlier
(Be) Should be in the past
He said (that) he was going to clean his room.
He said (that) she was going to clean his room.
He said (that) they were going to clean his room.
Would
He said (that) he would come and see me soon.
Could
He said (that) he could travel alone.
Had to
He said (that) all tickets had to be bought in
advance
Should
He said (that) we should talk about a new subject.
Might
He said (that) he might be asked to write an essay.
Shall
We shall talk about a new subject
May
I may be asked to write an essay
Change in Time and place references:
- Now
- Today
- Here
- This
- This (week / morning / month..)
- Yesterday
- Ago
- Last (week / morning / month)
- Tonight
- Tomorrow
- Next (week / morning / month)
- then
- That day
- There
- That
- That (week/ morning/month)
- The previous day
- Previously
- The previous ( week/ morning / month)
- That night
- The following day
- The following (week/ morning/ month)
Phrasal Verbs
1-bump up: (of prices/temperatures) to increase or raise- to go up.
2-finish up: to finish something up: to use/drink/eat what remains of something.
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