1

-QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ES180 ENERGY

UNIT 1
1. Which of the following are closed systems?
a) A block of wood
b) The gas within a cylinder
c) The volume enclosed by a car exhaust
d) The gases within a car exhaust at some instant in time
e) The Universe
f) Steam coming from the spout of a kettle
[ a, b, d, e.]
2. Which of the following are simple systems?
a) Compressed hydrogen in a cylinder
b) Air and water vapour above liquid water in a corked
bottle
c) An iron bar
d) A sample of exhaust fumes (carbon monoxide, nitrogen,
carbon dioxide etc taken from a car exhaust
e) Air in the cylinder of a compressor
[ a, e. c can be argued over. If the bar is only subjected to
force along its length, and varying temperature then it can
be regarded as a simple system with say force a function
of temperature and length.]
3. Which of the following are independent variables?
a) The pressure and. volume of a mass of gas
b) The pressure and specific volume of a mass of gas
c) The volume and specific volume of a mass of gas
[ a, b.]

UNIT2

1. What is the work done by the system (W) in the cases below:
(a)
Force F moves x

(b)
Force F

System

Moves x
horizontally

System

(d)

(c)

System falls
from ledge to
ground

System
m

Initial spring force =0

Final spring force = mg
distance moved = z

Spring

a) -Fx
b) - FxCos
c) 0
d) mgz/2
2. An ideal mechanism has 20J of work done on it by a spring, 50J
of work done on it by a hydraulic ram, and 30J done on it by the
impact of a hammer.
What is its work output?
[

100J]

Unit3
1. An ideal electric motor consumes 30 amps at 240 volts for 10
seconds. What is the electrical work and mechanical work?
[Electrical work (on system) = -72kJ
Mechanical work (by system) = 72kJ]

2. A sinusoidally varying a.c. supply has an r.m.s. voltage of 240 V.

What is the peak voltage?
339 V = 1.414 x 240 V rms
3. An ideal generator is driven by a shaft rotating at 1400 r.p.m. The
torque on the shaft is 20 Nm. If the output voltage is 240 V rms,
what is the delivered current?

T = Vrms I rms

1400
20
2 = 240 I
60
I = 12.2 amps
4. A manufacturer of electric fires claims that the power of one of
their products is 3kWh. Why is this meaningless?
5. An ideal electric motor has a voltage supply of 415 V rms and
consumes 5 amps rms, its power factor being 0.8. If it runs for one
minute, what is the quantity of mechanical work that it will have
delivered?
415 x 5 x 0.8 x 60
=99600 J
=99.6 kJ

6. An ideal electric motor has an output of 2 kW. If it drives a load

for 3 hours, what is the total energy delivered to its load, a) in kWh,
b) in MJ?
6 kWh, 21.6 MJ
7. An ideal transformer steps down a supply voltage by a factor of
12. If the supply voltage is 1200 V rms and it consumes 20 A, what
are the output voltage, current and power?
100 V, 240 A, 24 kW
Unit 4
1. What is the net heat transfer of the following systems:
100 J

300 J

a)

SYSTEM
500 J
200 J

100 J

300 J
b)

SYSTEM
200 J

500 J of work

1 kJ

100 J

c)

SYSTEM
600 J

500 J

[a)
b)
c)

-500 J
+200J (the work transfer is irrelevant.
0]

2. Why is it meaningless to say that 50C is twice as hot as 25C?

The statement could only have a meaning if the temperature scale
were an absolute one.

3. What is 170C in Kelvin?

K = 273 + C = 273 170 = 103 Kelvin
4. What is 373 K in C?
C = K 273 = 373 273 = 100C
5. What is 100C in F?
F = 32 + 9/5 C = 32 + 180 = 212F
6. At what temperature are the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales
numerically equal?
F = 32 + 9/5 C
X = 32 + 9/5 X
X = - 32 x 5/4 = - 40 (C or F)
UNIT 5
1) A cyclic device (an engine) takes in 100J of heat and
produces 20J of work. What is the heat output and
efficiency?
[80J, 20%]
2)

A petrol and air mixture in a closed rigid and insulating

cylinder spontaneously ignites. Does the internal energy of
the mixture decrease, increase or remain steady?
[steady]

3)

A mass of gas in a closed insulated cylinder has an

internal energy of 10 kJ (State 1). It is compressed to State
2, the work input being 1 kJ, and then cooled to State 3, 5
kJ of heat being removed. What is the final internal
energy? Would it be different if the two processes were
performed in the opposite order?
[6kJ, No]

Insert +, - , or 0 for Q, W, E in the following below. The

system is defined by underlining. Make reasonable
assumptions.
Process
Q
W
E
Air in a cylinder is compressed by
moving a piston. The piston and
cylinder are nonconducting
A body is released in vacuo and
falls
The body then strikes a rigid
nonconducting horizontal plane
and comes to rest
Air in a balloon expands in the
sunshine
A battery - driven vehicle climbs up
a rock on the moon
A bowl of water at 0 C and 1
atmosphere in a refrigerator
freezes
A non - conducting rough block
slides at steady speed down a rigid
inclined plane
4)

1
2
3
4
5

Q
0
0
0
+
0

W
0
0
+
0

+?
or

-?

E
+
0
0
+
0
Chemical energy
transformed into potential
energy. Both contribute to
E.
Freezing water expands,
doing work.
+
Energy to plane could be
work or heat.

5) A wire is kept at ambient temperature while it is stretched by lm

by a force which rises from zero to 1000N according to Hookes
Law (force proportional to extension). Its length if then fixed
while it receives 30,000 J of heat and its tension falls to zero. It
is released and returns at zero tension to its original state while
losing 31,000 J of heat. Tabulate W, Q, E for all three
processes.

P1
P2
P3
TOTAL

W (out)
[1] 500 ( x 1000 x 1)
[2] 0
[3] 0
[4]-500

Q (in)
[11] 500
[5] 30,000
[6] 31,000
[12] -500

E
[10] 1,000
[7] 30,000
[8] 31,000
[9] 0 (cycle E = 0)

6)

A heat pump takes in 2000 J of heat and 1000 J of work. What

is its COP? What would the COP be if it were a refrigerator?
[3,2]

7)

A sample of gas exerts a steady gauge pressure of 130 kPa on

a piston of diameter 0.25m which advances 0.l6m. How much
work is done by the gas if the barometer reads 760mm Hg?
[Note that the density of mercury is 13,600 kg/m3.]
Atmospheric pressure = 13,600 x 9.81 x 0.76 = 1.0140e+005
Pa = 1.0140 bar a.
Gas pressure = 1.0140e+005 + 1.3 e+005
= 2.3140e+005 Pa
Work done = p V
= 2.3140e+005 x (0.25/2)2 x x 0.16
= 1.8174e+003 J
= 1.8174 kJ

8)

0.5m3 of gas at an initial pressure of 6 bar is slowly expanded

and heated so that pV is constant. If its final volume is l.0m3
what is the work done?

W = pdV

(Reversible) and pV = 6 10 5 0.5 = 3 10 5

1.0

= 3 10 5

dV
V
0.5

= 3 10 5 ln(2) Joules
= 300 ln(2 ) kJ
9) A kilogram of gas, obeying the relation u = 2pv is confined
behind a piston in a cylinder. Evaluate Q and W for the gas in
the following reversible processes, and sketch and label them
on a p - V diagram.
Process:
Constant volume = v0.
Pressure rises from p0 to 2p0
a)
b) Constant pressure = 2po . Volume falls from v0 to v0 / 2.
c) u = 2p0 v0 (constant). Pressure rises from p0 to 2p0
(You will need to consider what the p V relationship is)
d) Same overall change of state as in (c) but achieved by a
constant volume process followed by a constant pressure
process.

2p0
2

p0
1
Vo
v0/2

v0

State 1: p = p0
v = v0
u = 2 p0 v0
State 2: p = 2p0 v = v0
u = 4 p0 v0
State 3: p = 2p0 v = v0/2 u = 2 p0 v0
Process a: 1 to 2
U = 2 p0 v0 and W = 0 (v constant)
Q = W + U
= 2 p0 v0
Process b: 2 to 3
3

W = pdV
2

= 2 p 0 dV
2

v0
= 2 p0 ( v0 )
2
= p0 v0
Q = W + U
= p0 v0 2 p0 v0
= 3 p 0 v 0

10

U = -2 p0 v0
Process c: 3 to 1
U = 0 Q=W

W = pdv
3

dv
= p0v0
v
3

v
= p0v0 ln (v0 ) ln 0
2

= p0v0 ln 2
Q = p0v0 ln 2
d ) Sum a and b

10) An engine cycle has a p - V diagram as below. What is the

work done per cycle? If the gross heat input/cycle is l44kJ,
what is the engine efficiency? How much heat is rejected
(ie output) per cycle?

11

N.B.

1 bar = 10 Pa

10 bar

1 bar
V
0.01 m

0.09 m

IF reversible
W=1/2 x (9 x 105 ) x 0.08 J/cycle
= 36 kJ
= 36 / 144 =0.25
Q= W for cycle:
QIN QOUT = WNET
144- QOUT = 36
QOUT = 108 kJ
11) If the p -V diagram of Qu10 were an indicator diagram of a
2-cylinder engine rotating at 1000 rpm and one cycle js
executed by one cylinder for every revolution, what is the
indicated power?
Indicated power = work/cycle x cycles / sec. = 36 x 2 x
(1000/60) = 1200 kW
11) Oil flows in a pipeline at a rate of 3 m3s-1 and the pressure
drop is 40 Pa per metre of length. What is the minimum
electrical power required to pump the oil 20 km? Why is
this a minimum?

12

Power = 3 x 40 x 20,000 = 2,400,000 W ( W& = V&p )

= 2.4 MW
This is a minimum because it assumes the pump is 100%
efficient.
12) Air flows through a heat exchanger at a rate of 50 litres per
second. The pressure drop is 50 Pa. What is the minimum
power required to maintain the air flow? If the fan and
motor assembly driving the air has an efficiency of 60%
and the motor has a 240 Vac supply, how much current is
drawn by the motor?

W& = V&p
= (50 / 1000) 50
= 2.5 Watts
2.5
= Vrms I rms = 240I rms
0.6
I rms = 0.01736
= 17.4 mA
13) What is the power loss of a wire of resistance 200 when
carrying 12 A?

I 2 R = 144 200 = 28,800

= 28.8 kW
14) A normal domestic 240Vac power point has a 13 A fuse.
What is the maximum power that can be drawn from it?
What would be the corresponding resistance of the load?

13

13A x 240V = 3120 W

= 3.12 kW
3120 = (13)2 R
R = 18.5
15) A closed cycle gas turbine has a heat input of 1 MW and a
heat output of 850 kW. What is its power output and
efficiency?
QIN=1000 kW Turbine

W& =

QOUT = 850 kW
W = 150 kW (Q = W)

Q& First Law for cycle

Wnet = 1000 850

= 150 kW

150
= 0.15
1000

16) A refrigerator consumes 100W of electricity and 250W of

heat is rejected from the machine to the environment. What
is its COP?

WIN=100 W
QIN = 150 W (Q = W)
COPREF = QIN/W =1.5

Refrigerator

QOUT = 250 W

14

UNIT 6
1.

An electric kettle contains 3.5 litres of water at 15C.

Neglecting any heat loss, how long will it take for the contents
to reach 95C if the heating element within it is rated at 3 kW?
3 x time = 3.5 kg x 4.2 kJ/kg K x (95-15)
Time =392 s

2.

A solar heating system has an energy store consisting of 5 m3

of hot water. When needed, energy is drawn from it at a rate of
5 kW, the initial temperature being 80C and the final usable
temperature being 35C. How much energy can be removed,
and how long does it take, should no energy be available to
replenish the store?
Energy removed = m cp T
= 5000 kg x 4.2 kJ/kg K x (80-35) [kJ]
= 945 MJ
945,000 kJ / 5 KW
= 189000 s
= 52.5 hours

3.

An elastic spring is compressed from its unloaded state to one

where the force on it is 10 kN, during which time the spring
reduces in length by 0.1 m. How much energy is stored?
Strain Energy = x 10,000 x 0.1 [J]
= 500 J

4.

A flywheel energy store with moment of inertia about its axis of

rotation of 15 kg m2 is initially rotating at 14000 rpm. How
much energy is removed if the speed is reduced to 3000 rpm?
E = I (2final - 2initial)
= 15 [(3000 x 2 /60)2 -(14000 x 2 /60)2] J
= - 15.4 MJ

15

5.

It is proposed that a house have its own pumped storage

system (a micro-Dinorwic). Make some estimates of likely
store volumes and pumping heights to get an estimate of how
many kWh of electricity could be stored. How long could it
power a colour TV that consumes 150 W?
Volume = 5m x 4m x 1m = 20 m3
Mass = 20 000 kg
Head = 5m
P.E. = mgh = 20 000 x 10 x 5 J = 1 MJ approx.
Assume 25% losses in energy conversions and 750 kJ of
electricity can be stored.
Time = 750 000 / 150 / 3600 hours

= 1.4 hours [Not a lot!]

16

UNIT 7
Write down (but do not solve) the SFEE for the following
situations. Fluid velocities are negligible unless otherwise
stated.
a)

m kg/sec
h1 kJ/kg

Fluid Heater

m kg/sec
h2 kJ/kg

Q kW
b)

m kg/sec
h1 kJ/kg

Expander

m kg/sec
h2 kJ/kg
W kW

Q kW (+ve number)
c)

m kg/sec
h1 kJ/kg
c1 m/s

Diffuser

W=0

m kg/sec
h2 kJ/kg
c2 m/s

Q =0
d)

__________
Water Pump
__________h2 kJ/kg, m kg/s, c2 m/s, height z

______
h1 kJ/kg, m kg/s, c1 m/s, height 0 __________
Q =0 W kW

Apply SFEE : Q = W + m[ (h2 h1) + (c22 c12 ) + g (z2 z1) ]

a) Q = m(h2 h1)
b) Q = W + m(h2 h1)
c) 0 = 0 + m[ (h2 h1) + (c22 c12 )]
h must be in Joules/kg
d) 0 = -W + m[ (h2 h1) + (c22 c12 ) +gz]

17

UNIT 8
PERFECT GASES
Given: R0 = 8314 J/kg mol K
Air: MW = 29, = 1.4
Calculate:
1) The Gas Constant of air.
R = Ro /MW = 8314/29 = 287 J/kg K
2) cp for air
cp = R / ( -1) = 1.4 x 287 / 0.4
=1005 J/kg K
3) The specific enthalpy of air at 20C (Take zero enthalpy as being
at 0 K).
h = cp T = 1005 x 293
= 294465 J/kg
= 294 kJ/kg
4) cv for air
cv = R / ( -1)
= 287 / 0.4
=718 J/kg K
5) u for air at 20 C
u = cv T = 718 x 293
= 210 kJ/kg
6) 5 kg of air in a rigid vessel is heated from 20C to 80C. How
much heat is required?
Q = U = m cv T
= 5 x 0.718 x (80 - 20)
= 215.4 kJ

18

7) 5 kg of air per second passes through a heater, which raises its

temperature from 20C to 80C. What is the heat input power?
Q = H = m cp T
= 5 x 1.005 x (80 20)
= 301.5 kW
8) In Qu. 6, what is the final air pressure assuming that the initial
pressure is 2 bar a? [ 2.41 bar]

p1V1 p2V2
=
T1
T2
2V

Perfect gas law

p2V

(20 + 273) (80 + 273)

p2 = 2.41 bar a
9) In Qu. 7, what is the final air pressure assuming that the initial
pressure is 2 bar a?
2 bar a no change
CONDENSIBLE GASES
For saturation properties of water and steam use pages 2,3 of the
tables for pressures up to 1 bar, saturation temperatures up to
100C. For higher pressures and temperatures use pages 4 and 5.
Superheated properties are on pages 6,7,8.
10). What is the enthalpy of 3 kg of saturated water at 60C?
H = mh = 3 x 251.1
= 753.3 kJ
11) What is the specific internal energy of saturated steam at 0.5
bar? What is its temperature, i.e. boiling point?
2483 kJ/kg, 81.3C

12) What is the Latent heat i.e. enthalpy of vaporisation of water at

40C?
2406.2 kJ/kg

19

13) If the specific enthalpy of steam at 40 bar is 1500 kJ kg-1, what

is the dryness fraction?
x = (h h f ) / hfg
= (1500 1087) / 1714
= 0.241
14). If the dryness fraction of steam at 0.1 bar is 90%, what is its
temperature and internal energy?
45.8 C [page 3]
u = 0.1 uf + 0.9 ug or = uf + 0.9(ug uf )
= 0.1 x 192 + 0.9 x 2437
= 2212.5 kJ kg-1
15) Using tables, find the values of the following properties of
superheated steam.
a)
p = 5 bar
T = 350 C
u=?
b)
p = 1.5 bar T = 400C
h= ?
c)
p = 15 bar T = 400 C
h= ?
d)
p = l0 bar
T = 375 C
v= ?
e)
p = 7 bar
T = 312C
h= ?
f)
p = 8.3bar T = 250C
h= ?
g)
p = l0 bar
h = 3000 kJ/kg
T= ?
h)
p = 0.5 bar h = 3000 kJ/kg
T= ?
i)
p = 20 bar s = 7.1 kJ/kg K
T= ?
j)
p = 6.5 bar T = 310 C
h=?
Answer to 15
a) 2883 kJ/kg
Direct from tables.
b) 3277 kJ/kg Direct from tables
c) 3256 kJ/kg Direct from tables
d) 0.2945 m3/kg

375 350
(0.3065 0.2825)
400 350
25
(0.3065 0.2825)
= 0.2825 +
50
= 0.2945

v = 0.2825 +

20

e) 3085 kJ/kg
h = 3060 +12/50 (3164 3060)
= 3060 +24.96
= 3084.96 kJ/kg
f) 2950 kJ/kg
h = 2951 + 0.3/1 (2948 2951)
= 2951 0.9
= 2950 kJ/kg
g) 275.9C
T= 250 + 50 (3000 2944) / (3052 2944)
= 250 +50 x 0.5185
= 250 +25.9
=275.9C
h) 262C
T= 250 + 50 (3000 2976) / (3076 2976)
= 250 +50 x 0.24
=262C
i) 392C
T= 350 + 50 (7.1 6.957) / (7.126 6.957)
= 350 +50 x 0.846
= 350 +42.3
= 392C
j) 3081.8 kJ/kg
h6.5, 300 = 3061
h6.5, 350 = 3165
h6.5, 310 = 3061 + 10/50 (3165 3061)
= 3061 + 20.8
= 3081.8 kJ/kg

21

UNIT 9
1) An adiabatic nozzle takes in steam at negligible velocity, 10 bar,
and 4000C. The exit steam is at 2 bar and 2000C. What is its
velocity? [886.6 m/s]

2 bar
o
200 C
c2=?

10 bar
400oC
c1=0

1
h2 = 2871 kJ/kg
h1 = 3264 kJ/kg
2
2
(c2 c1 ) = h1 h2 hs in J/kg
c22 = 1000(3264 2871)
c22 = 768000
c2 = 886.6 m/s

2) A boiler evaporates 5 kg/sec of steam at 20 bar. What is the heat

input? The inlet enthalpy is 605 kJ/kg and outlet enthalpy is
2799 kJ/kg. [10.97 MW]

h1 = 605 kJ/kg Boiler

Q=?

Q = m (h2 h1 )
= 5 (2799 605)
= 10,970 kW
= 10.97 MW

h2 = 2799 kJ/kg

22

3) A superheater takes 5 kg/sec of saturated steam at 20 bar, and

heats it to 3500C. The inlet enthalpy is 2799 kJ/kg. What is the
heat input? [1.695 MW]
h1 = 2799 kJ/kg
Q=?

Superheater

h2 = ? kJ/kg
20 bar, 350C

h2 = 3138 kJ/kg
Q = m (h2 h1 )
= 5 (3138 - 2799)
= 1695 kW
= 1.695 MW
4) A turbine takes in 5 kg/sec of steam at 20 bar and 3500C. The
outlet conditions are 4 bar and 2l0C. How much work is
produced? [1.277 MW]

h1 = 3138 kJ/kg
(20 bar, 350C)

Turbine

h2 = ? kJ/kg
W?

h2 = 2862 +10/50 (2965 2862 )

= 2882.6
W = m (h1 h2 )
= 5 (3138 2882.6)
= 1277 kW
=1.277 MW
5)

A desuperheater and condenser take 5 kg/sec of steam at 4

bar and 210C and cool the fluid to produce liquid water with
an enthalpy of 605 kJ/kg. What is the heat output? [11.388
MW]

23

h1 = 2882.6 kJ/kg Desuperheater

+ Condenser

h2 = 605 kJ/kg
Q ? (-ve)

Q = m (h2 h1 )
= 5 (605 2882.6)
= -11,388 kW
= -11.388 MW
6) The boiler of Qu.2, superheater of Qu.3, turbine of Qu.4,
desuperheater and condenser of Qu.5, are combined in a
steam turbine plant as shown below. What is the total heat
Qin
H.P.
Boiler
Water
Feed pump to
return water to
20 bar. Small
work input.

Superheater

Superheated
steam at 20 bar

Sat. steam
20 bar
Turbine

W
Desuperheater
and condenser

Superheated
steam at 4 bar

Qout

input, work output, heat rejected and efficiency? [12.665

MW,1.277 MW, 11.388 MW, 0.1008]
Gross heat in = Heat to boiler + Heat to superheater
=10.97 + 1.695 = 12.665 MW
Net work out from turbine (feed pump neglected) = 1.277 MW
Heat rejected = Heat in Work out
= 12.555 1.277 = 11.388 MW ( or directly from Qu.21)
= Net Work / Heat in = 1.277/12.665 = 0.1008

24

7) Air at 10C and 80 kPa enters the diffuser of a jet engine with a
velocity of 200 m s-1. The inlet area is 0.4 m2. The outlet velocity
is small compared to the inlet velocity. Calculate a) the mass
flow rate, b) the exit temperature. [78.8 kg s-1, 29.9C]

m& = Ac =

p
80000
0.4 200 = 78.79 kg s -1
Ac =
287 283
RT

1 2
c = h = c p T
2
1
200 2 = 1005T Note c p in J/kg K not kJ/kgK
2
T = 19.9
Texit = 29.9 oC
8) A heat exchanger transfers heat from a steady stream of oil to a
steady stream of water without heat loss to the surrounds. The
flow rate of the oil is 0.1 kg s-1, its inlet temperature is 180C,
outlet temperature 90C and its specific heat is 800 J kg-1 K-1.
The water, specific heat 4.2 kJ kg-1 K-1 enters at 40C with a
mass flow rate of 0.03 kg s-1 . What is the heat flux and the
outlet temperature of the water? [7.2 kW, 97C]

Q& = (H& )oil = (H& )water

= (m& c p T )oil = (m& c p T )water

Q& = 0.4 800(180 90 ) = 0.03 4200(Tout 40 )

Q& = 7200 Watts = 0.03 4200(T 40 )
out

Tout = 40 + 57.1 = 97.1 o C

9) A throttle reduces the pressure of a stream of a perfect gas
from 40 bar to 1 bar. Does the temperature a) go up, b) go
down, c) remain the same?
h = cpT = constant, so T is constant

25

10)The compressor of a gas turbine power plant compresses

3 kg s-1 air (cp = 1.005 kJ kg-1 K-1) from 1 bar, 300K to 4 bar,
446 K. What is the work input? [440 kW]

W& = m& c p (Tout Tin )

Expressed as a positive number (not conventionally)

= 3 1.005 (446 - 300)

= 440 kW

11)The combustion chamber of the same gas turbine adds heat at

a rate of 2.9 MW to the air. What is the exit temperature? [1408
K]
Q& = m& c p (Tout Tin )

2900 = 3 1.005 (Tout - 446)

Tout = 1408 o C
12)The turbine of the same plant expands the air back to 1 bar, the
exit temperature being 948 K. What is the power output? [1.39
MW]
W& = m& c p (Tout Tin )

= 3 1.005 (1408 - 948)

= 1387 kW

13)What is the efficiency of the complete plant? [0.33]

W
Qin

1387 440
= 0.33
2900

14)Air (density 1.225 kg m-3 ) enters a duct of cross sectional area

0.3 m2 with a speed of 10 m s-1. Its static pressure is 1 bar a. If
the flow in the dust if frictionless and incompressible, and the
outlet has a cross-sectional area of 0.1 m2, determine the mass
flow rate, the exit speed, the exit static pressure and exit
dynamic pressure. [3.675 kg s-1, 99.51 kPa, 551.25 Pa]

26

m& = (Ac )in = 1.225 0.3 10 = 3.675 kg s 1

m& = (Ac )iout = 1.225 0.1 c out
c out =

Ain
c in = 3 10 = 30 m s -1
Aout

static pressure = dynamic pressure (Total pressure constant - Bernoulli)

1
= 1.225 30 2 10 2
2
= 490 Pa
So exit static = inlet - static
= 100000 490 = 99510 Pa
= 99.51 kPa
1
Exit dynamic = c 2
2
= 551.25 Pa

UNIT 10
1. An eight cylinder four-stroke engine rotates at 3600rpm,
producing 50kW shaft power. What is the work done per
cylinder per cycle? If the engine is 25% efficient, what is the
heat input per cycle? [208 J, 832 J]
Cycles/s = 3600 / 60 / 2 = 30 [2 revolutions per cycle]
Work/cyl/cycle = 50kJ/s / 30 cycles/s / 8 cylinders
= 208 J
Heat in = 208/0.25 = 832 J
2. A single cylinder two-stroke engine produces 3 kW of shaft
power at 4000rpm, its efficiency being 20%. How much heat is
rejected per cycle? [180 J]
Cycles/s = 4000 / 60 / = 66.7 [1 revolution per cycle]
Work/cycle = 3000 W / 66.7 = 45 J
Heat REJECTED = 45 / 0.2 45 = 180 J

27

3. An ideal simple gas turbine has a compression ratio of 5. What

is its efficiency? If the turbine produces 6 MW (gross) and the
compressor requires 2 MW to drive it, what is the work ratio
and how much heat is rejected? [0.369, 0.667, 6.84 MW]
1

0 .4

1
1 1.4
= 1 = 1 = 0.369

5
rp
Work out + work in (-ve)
rw =
Work out
62 2
=
=
6
3
4
= 10.84 MW
Heat in =
0.369
Heat rejected = 10.84 - 4 = 6.84 MW
4. What is the efficiency of an ideal diesel engine with a
compression ratio of 20 and a cut-off ratio of 3? [61%]
1.4
rc 1
1 3 1
= 1 1
= 1 0.4
rv (rc 1)
20 1.4(3 1)

= 0.606

28

UNIT 11/12
1. a)A single stream of fluid enters and leaves the devices listed in the Table.
Fill in the missing boxes.
Device

Compressor

Turbine

Heater
Nozzle

Heat flow
[ +, - , 0
(adiabatic) ]
0
0
0
0
0
+
0
+
+
0
0
-

Reversible?
[Yes, No, Either]
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y

Outlet S Inlet
S
[+, -, 0 or any]
0
+
any
0
0
+
+
0
+
+
0
+
-

b) A closed cyclic engine takes in a positive net amount of heat. It is

irreversible. Does its entropy increase, decrease or remain constant?
[Constant it is a cyclic device so after each cycle the properties (including
entropy) of all parts of it are returned to their initial values. However, the
entropy of the sources and sinks of heat in thermal communication with it will
have increased.]
2. A large body at 200C loses 6 kJ of heat. What is its change in entropy?

Q = TS
6000
Q
S = =
= 12.68 J/K
T 200 + 273

29

3. A large body is at 600K. The entropy increases by 4 kJ/K. How much heat
transfer has there been and in which direction?

Q = T S
= 600 4 kJ/K
= 2400 kJ (into body)
4. As question 3 but there is also 6 MJ of work done on the body.
[No difference the work is irrelevant.]
5. A Carnot cycle engine takes in heat at 1000C and rejects heat at 20C.
What is its efficiency?

Carnot = 1

TC
293
= 1
= 77%
1273
TH

6. An ideal reversible engine takes in heat at 200C and rejects heat at 0C.
What is its efficiency?

= Carnot = 1

TC
273
= 1
= 42%
TH
473

7. An inventor claims to have an engine that takes in a steady10 kW of heat

from steam at 100C, rejects heat to the environment at 20C and has a
steady 3 kW work output. Do you believe her/him?

Claimed = 30%
Carnot = Maximum possible = 1

293
= 22% i.e. No I do not.
373

30

8. A heat pump uses 2 kW (continuous) of electricity, extracts heat from the

environment at -3C and delivers heat to a house at 27C. What is the
maximum possible heating power delivered?

COPCarnot =
=

TH
Heat out /sec
=
TH TC Work in / sec

300
= 10
30

So 2 x 10 = 20 kW is maximum output.
9. A cyclic Carnot refrigerator takes heat from a large body at 200 K and
delivers it to the environment at 300 K. For each kJ of work consumed,
calculate the cooling, the change in entropy of the cold body, the heat
rejected and the entropy change of the environment. What is the entropy
change of the refrigerator, the cold body and the environment taken
together as a single system?

COPRe f =

TC
Cooling
=
TH TC Work input

200
=2
300 200
Work = 1 kJ, Cooling = 2 kJ, so Heat rejected = 3 kJ

S cold =
S hot =

Q
Tcold

2000
= 10 J/K
200

Q
3000
=
= +10 J/K
Thot
300

S refrigerator = 0 (cyclic)
So S All = 0

31

10. A heating installation consists of a heat engine that takes in heat

from a coal furnace at 600K, driving a heat pump, which takes in
heat at 300K from the surroundings. Both devices deliver heat at
375K to a building. By applying the First Law and the Clausius
Inequality to the whole installation find the upper limit for the ratio
of heat delivered to the building to the heat supplied by the
furnace. Under what conditions would this limit be reached?
What would be the answer if the engine rejected its heat to the
surroundings at 300K instead of the building at 375K? Which
installation would you select?
QM
QH
600 K

Engine

Heat
Pump

QC
300 K

For the whole system (in dotted box) the First Law is:

QC - QM + QH = 0
Clausius Inequality:

Q
T 0
QC QM QH

+
=0
TC TM TH

375 K

32

QM QH QM QH

+
0
TC
TM TH
1
1
1
1
+ QH
0
QM
+
T
T
T
T
M
H
C
C
1
1
1
1

QH
QM
+
TC TH
TC TM
1
1

+
QM TC TH

QH
1
1

TC TM
1
1

QM TC TH

QH 1
1

TC TM
1
1

QM 300 600

1
QH 1

300
375

QM
2.5
QH
Equality holds if everything is reversible.
The same answer holds if heat rejected to environment, because
more efficient engine makes up for lack of waste heat to building,
but this would involve larger heat exchangers and be more
expensive.

33

11. A heat pump takes in 600J of heat at 27C while rejecting heat to
a system whose temperature rises 1C for each joule supplied to
it. Initially the system is also at 27C. Show that there is a limit to
the final temperature of the system and calculate its value. Is it
an upper or lower limit? Under what conditions would it be
reached? [This requires an integration, since the system
changes in temperature during heating a more difficult
problem]
600 J
300 K

dQ = c dT and c = 1, so
dQ = dT
Clausius for Heat pump:

Q
T

dQ
600

300
T
dT
02
T
Tfinal
0 2 [ln T ]300
0

T final
2
ln

300
T final 2217 K

Heat
Pump

System
1 J/K
300 K initially

34

UNIT 13
1. How much heat is conducted along the length of a 100 mm
long 5 mm diameter copper rod if one end is at 0C and the
other end is at 100C? k for copper is 386 W m-1 K-1.

kAT
Q& =
x
386 0.00252 100
=
0.1
= 7.6 W
2. How much heat would be transmitted if the rod were stainless
steel, k = 16 W m-1 K-1?

kAT
Q& =
x
16 0.00252 100
=
0.1
= 0.31 W

3. A furnace wall is composed of an inner layer of refractory, 200

mm thick, k = 1.1 and a stainless steel outer covering, 3 mm
thick. The internal heat transfer coefficient is 100 Wm-2 K-1 and
the external heat transfer coefficient is 15 Wm-2 K-1. If the
furnace approximates to a 1 m cube, the internal temperature
is 900C and the external temperature is 50C, what is the rate
of heat loss? What is the temperature of the outer surface of
the stainless steel? [Use the heat flux and the external heat
transfer coefficient to obtain this]

Q& =

A(T f 1 T f 2 )
x
x
1
1
+ a+ b+
h f 1 k a kb h f 2

35

6(900 50)
1 0.2 0.003 1
+
+
+
15 1.1
16
100
= 19716 W

Q& =

This is also the heat through the external boundary layer, which
separates the external air temperature and the steel surface
temperature.

Q& = hA(Tsteel TOutside )

19716 = 15 6(Tsteel 50)

Tsteel = 50 + 219
= 269 o C