EE4440CommTheoryAMLab

Purpose:

ThepurposeofthislabistoinvestigateAmplitudeModulation(AM)andthereconstructionof
AMsignalsusinganenvelopedetector.
Note:Forthislab,noformallabreportisdue.Besuretoanswerallquestionsinthelab
(questionsareinBOLDtypeface).Pleaseturnintheanswerstothequestionswithyour
sketches.Typedreportsarerequiredforthislab.Besuretolabelallsketchesandkeepthe
sketchesrelativelyneatandclean.

Equipment:

Onlytwopiecesofequipmentarenecessarytocompletethislab.ThefirstistheAgilent
54622Dmixed-signal oscilloscope. A more detailed description of the oscilloscopes general
featurescanbefoundinlab1.Thesecondpieceofequipmentusedwillbethecomputerwith
theLabVIEWsoftware.UsingtheDataAcquisitionBoards(DAQBoards)oftheLabVIEW
environmentallowsthestudentobservesignalsgeneratedinsidetheLabVIEWsoftwareand
performfurtheranalysisondataacquiredfromrealworldsignals.

ProcedureandQuestions:

Notes:
- Thesamplingratesbeingusedinthislabcausetheoscilloscopetobehaverather
erratically.Onemethodtotriggertheoscilloscopesuccessfullyistousethetrigger
holdofffeature.Toactivatethis,firstputtheoscilloscopeindefaultmode(seeLab1if
you dont remember how). Then press the Mode/Coupling button. Use the Entry Knob
toadjusttheholdoffvalueuntilitread955 s.Thiswillhelpkeepthedisplaystable
throughoutthelab.
- Adjustthetriggerlevelasnecessarytofurtherstabilizethedisplay
- Fortheentirelab,theFFTsize/spanare100kHz/50kHzor50kHz/25kHz.Feelfreeto
useothersettings,butbesureyou are seeing the interesting details and your sketches
reflectthem.Learntousegoodjudgmentonoscilloscopesettings.
- Readthedirectionsthoroughly.Smallnotesarescatteredthroughoutthelabtohelpyou.
- AllLabVIEWmodulesshouldbestoppedusingtheSTOPbuttonortheESCkey.

Part1:AMToneModulation
i)
OpentheLabVIEWmodulelabeledamtransmissionwavefileundertheLab2
folderonthedesktop.
ii)
ConnecttheoscilloscopetotheDAC0channelontheDAQboard(Yellowwire).
SetuptheoscilloscopetodisplayboththetimedomainsignalofChannel1and
alsotheFFTofthissignal.
iii)
RuntheLabVIEWmoduleandadjusttheparametersifnecessarytogeneratea5
kHzsinewavewith100%modulationona3-voltamplitude20kHzsinecarrier
wave.
iv)
Graduallyincreasethecarrierfrequencyandobservethechangesinboththe
frequencyandtimedomainsontheoscilloscope.
v)
Graduallyincreasethemessagefrequencyandobservethechangesinthetime
andfrequencydomains.
vi)
Graduallyvarythepercentmodulationbetween0and120%(0to1.20)and
observethechangesinthetimeandfrequencydomains.Youmaywantto
increasethecarrierfrequencytohighervalues(likearound60kHz)formore
visibleresults.
vii) Returnthecarrierto3-voltsandafrequencyto20kHz,andadjustthemessage
frequencyto2kHz,andsetthewaveformto50%modulation.
Sketchthesignalinboththetimeandfrequencydomains.Besuretolabel
yourplots,especiallyinthefrequencydomain.
viii) Computethepercentmodulationfromthesketchofthetimedomainsignal.
Note:Thismeansdothisaccuratelyfromyoursketch.Showyourcalculations!
ix)
Fromthesketchofthefrequencydomainsignal,computethepercentofthe
powerinthesidebands.

Part2:AMmodulationwithatriangularmessagesignal
SettheLabVIEWmoduletogeneratea2kHztrianglemessagesignalcarriedona3-volt
20kHzsinewavecarrier.
Sketchthetimedomainandfrequencydomainplots.

Part3:AMmodulationwithasquarecarrier

OnewaytogenerateanAMsignalistopassthesignal[A+m(t)]throughan
electronicanalogswitchthatisswitchingatthecarrierfrequency,between
[A+m(t)]andground.Thisisequivalenttomultiplying[A+m(t)]byasquarewave
carrier.Rememberthatasquarewavecanbedecomposedintoitsfundamentalsinusoid
anditsharmonics.Thus,modulatinginthiswayisequivalenttosimultaneously
modulatingwithsinusoidsatfrequenciesof20kHz(fundamental),60kHz(3rd
harmonic),100kHz(5thharmonic),andetc.Inpracticetheunwantedfrequencyterms
wouldbefilteredoutbeforetransmission.

Changethemessagesignalbacktoasinusoidandto5kHz.
Changethecarriertoasquarewaveof20kHz.Thedisplayedspectrummaycontain
significantnoisebetweenthecarrierfundamentalandtheoddharmonics.Thismay
includeevenharmonics(ifthesquarewaveisnotperfect)oraliasedharmonics.

Sketchthespectrum(leaveoutthenoise).

Part4:DemodulationbyEnvelopeDetection

Designabasicenvelopedetectorusingadiode,resistor,andcapacitor.Letthe
capacitorvaluebe0.01 F.Choosearesistorvaluegivenacarrierfrequencyof
20kHzandatonemessagefrequencyof1kHz.(Hint:Lookatyourprelab).Sketch
yourenvelopedetectorcircuit.

Thesecondenvelopedetectorusedforthelabisasoftwareenvelopedetectorin
LabVIEW.Theenvelopedetectorisconstructedviaanabsolutevalueandlow
passfilter.ThereconstructedsignalshowsupontheDAC1channel(Orangewire)ofthe
DAQcard.

i)
ApplyanAMsignal(fc=20kHz,fm=1kHz, =0.5)totheenvelopedetector.
Besureboththecarrierandmessagesignalsaresinusoidal.Observetheinput
onchannel1oftheoscilloscopeandtheoutputonchannel2.Tosaveroomon
thedisplay,turnofftheFFTfunctionoftheoscilloscopefornow.Ifnecessary,
changeyourresistortoreducetheamountofrippleifitisexcessive(possibly
duetonon-idealcomponentvaluesorerrorsinthedesign).
ii)
Sketchtheoutputandlabelitcarefully
iii)
WhatisthepeakamplitudeoftheAMsignalandthedemodulatedsignal?
Usethecursorstofindthesevalues.Explainthedifferenceinthesevalues.
Note:TheremaystillbesomeDCoffsetinyouramplitudes.Ignorethisoffset,
calculatetheamplitudebasedonthepeaktopeakvalueoftheenvelope
detectoroutput.
iv)
Increasethecarrierfrequencyinincrementsof10kHz.Doesthisincreaseor
decreasetheamplitudeoftherippleintheoutput?Why?
v)
Resetthecarrierto20kHzandchangethemessagesignaltoatriangle.
Describeanydistortionyouseeinthedemodulatedtrianglewave?Isit
significant?
vi)
StoptheLabVIEWmodule(besuretohittheStopbuttoninthemodule,not
thestopsignnexttotherunbutton).
vii)
InLabVIEWthereshouldbeamenubaralongthetopofthewindow.Goto
theWindowmenuaboveandclickShowDiagram.
Inthelowermiddlesectionofthediagram,thereshouldbealargelabel
stating Put your MATLAB code in thebox below. Below it is ablock
labeled MATLAB Script. Replace the code in this block (waveout=wavein;)
withthelowpassfilteryoudesignedaspartoftheprelab.Besuretoinclude
yourMATLABcodeinthewriteup.
viii)
Clickbackontothepanelwindow(originalwindow).EnsuretheSampling
Frequencyissetto500000.
ChangetheSamplingSizetobe100000.
RuntheLabVIEWmoduleagain.
ix)
Connecttheoscilloscopesotheoutputofthehardwareenvelopedetectoris
shownonchannel1andthesoftwareenvelopedetectorisshownonchannel2.
Resetthesignaltothe20kHzsinusoidwith1kHzsinusoidalmessage

x)
xi)

xii)

xiii)

xiv)

signalanda -valueof0.50.
Note:DAC0shouldstillbeconnectedtotheinputofthehardwareenvelope
detector.DAC1shouldONLYbeconnectedtotheoscilloscope,notthe
output.
Varyboththecarrierfrequencyandmessagefrequencywhileobservingthe
resultsofboththehardwareandsoftwareenvelopedetectors.
Returntoacarrierof20kHzandamessagefrequencyof1kHz.Changethe
messagesignaltoatrianglewaveoncemore.
Whichenvelopedetectordoesabetterjobataccuratelyreproducingthe
trianglewavebetter?Explain.
Change the message signal to Wave File and observe the modulated .wav
file.Ifyoulike,changethewavefiletoadifferentoneandobservethe
changes.ONLYUSE.WAVFILESINTHEC:\WINDOWS\MEDIAfolder.
Other.wavfilesmayhavedifferentsamplingrateswhichwillcauseproblems
inthesoftwareenvelopedetector.Note:Sincewavefilesarerelativelylong
lasting,youmayneedtoadjusttheoscilloscopehorizontaltimebaseto10
ms/divinordertoseeusefulresults.
Whenyouhavefinishedexperimentingwiththedifferentwaveformsandtheir
settings,stoptheLabVIEWmoduleoncemore(remember,presstheSTOP
buttonorpressESC,DONOTPUTSHTHESTOPSIGN).Whenthe
modulehasstopped(itmaytakeafewseconds),clickontotheMATLAB
CommandWindowopen.
Type in soundsc(waveform,22050) and press return. The reconstructed signal
ofthesoftwareenvelopedetectorwillthenbeplayed.Next,type
soundsc(original,22050) and press enter to play the original sound. Compare
thetwosoundfiles.Whatdoyounoticeaboutthereconstructedwaveform
and how may it be restrictive in AMs use?

Part5:Amplitudemodulationofapulsetrain
ChangetheSampleLengthbackto50000.
Returntotheprevioussetupwithchannel1oftheoscilloscopeonthehardware
envelopedetectorinputandchannel2ontheoutput.Thesoftwareenvelopedetector
outputisnolongerneeded,sodonotworryaboutit.
RestarttheLabVIEWmodule.Changethemoduletogeneratea20kHzsinusoidal
carrierwavemodulatinga1kHzsquarewavewithadutycycleof25%.
i)
Sketchoneofthedemodulatedpulses(fromthehardwareenvelopedetector
output)andexplainthelongdelayattheendofthepulse.
ii)
SketchthefrequencyspectrumoftheAMsignal(fromthehardware
envelopedetectorinput).
iii)
Explaintheobservedspectrum.Forexample,ifharmonicsaremissing,
pointthisoutandexplain.Whatisexpectedcomparedtowhatyousee?

Part6:SingleSideBandmodulationofasignal
SingleSideBand-WithTransmittedCarrier(SSB-TCorSSB+C)isamethodof
transmittingsignalswithoutusingasmuchbandwidth.TwomethodstogenerateanSSB
signalarethephasingmethodorthefilteringmethod.TheLabVIEWmodulewewilluse
nextgeneratesSSBusingthephasingmethodandtheHilbertTransform(seepage198203ofthebookformoreinformation).

i)
StopandclosedowntheopenLabVIEWmodule(clickNotoanysavechanges
dialogs).OpenthesecondmoduleintheLab2folder,ssbhilbert.
ii)
RuntheLabVIEWmodule.BesuretheoscilloscopeisconnectedtoDAC0on
theDAQcard.
iii)
ObservethefrequencyspectraoftheSSBsignal.TrytogglingtheSideband
switch.Observethechangesinthefrequencydomain.
SketchthefrequencyspectrumoftheSSBUSB(upperside-band)signal.
iv)
NowdetermineifanenvelopedetectorwillsuccessfullyreconstructaSSB-WC
signal.
ConnecttheDAC0channeltotheenvelopedetectorifitisstillnotconnected.
Connectthechannel2probetotheoutputoftheenvelopedetector.
Brieflydescribetheresultandexplainwhethertheenvelopedetector
workedornot.

EE4440CommTheoryPrelabforLabAM

Thefollowingtwoquestionsshouldbeansweredbeforecomingtolab.Bothwillberequiredfor
completingthelab.

1) Designthesimpleenvelopedetectoryouwilluseinthelabusingadiode,
resistor,andcapacitor.Thecapacitorvalueisspecifiedat0.01 F.Readpart
4ofthelabforfurtherdesignspecifications

2) WriteMATLABcodeforasimplelowpassfilter(asimpleaveragingfilter
willwork.Seehintbelow.)usingtheinputvariableofwaveinandtheoutput
variableofwaveout.Theaveragingfiltershouldaverageabout25terms
whileifatruebandpassisdesigned,besuretokeepthecut-offfrequencyhigh
enoughtokeepanysignalcontentofinterest,butfilteroutthecarrier
frequency.Write the MATLAB code to use the filter commandin
MATLAB.Ifyouareunsureonthesyntax,seetheMATLABhelpfilesor
consultwiththeTAsorinstructor.Asmallsidenoteonthefilters,avoid
complicatedfilterdesignstoreducereal-timerequirementssinceboth
MATLABandLabVIEWarerunning.
Hint:RecallfromEE3220thatasimple3-th order moving-average filter is
givenbyy[n]={x[n]+x[n-1]+x[n-2]+x[n-3]}/4.Thisisalow-passfilter
withasinc-likefrequencyresponse.Thiscouldbeimplementedinmatlabas:
b=[1,1,1,1]/4;y=filter(b,1,x);