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Decision Trees

Decision Fork and Event Fork; Terminal


Branch Of A Decision Tree; Incorporating
Risk Aversion Into Decision Tree Analysis;
Expected Value Of Sample Information;
Expected Value Of Perfect Information
Further reading :
https://www.mindtools.com/dectree.html

Why Decision Trees?


Memiliki struktur yang efektif dan fleksibel.
Menunjukkan gambaran yang seimbang antara
resiko dan reward untuk tiap kemungkinan
keputusan.
Memungkinkan
pengambil
keputusan
mendekomposisikan masalah keputusan yang
kompleks kedalam beberapa masalah yang lebih
sederhana.
Mampu menentukan keputusan yang optimal
yang melibatkan serangkaian keputusan pada
titik-titik waktu yang berbeda.

How to draw it?


Dimulai dari masa sekarang dan berakhir di masa
mendatang (KIRI KE KANAN)
Nodes :
Decision nodes : keputusan harus dibuat (kotak)
Event nodes : potensi event baru (lingkaran)

Branch :
Decision branch
Event branch

Terminal : akhir
Penghitungan outcome

Nodes + Branch = FORK


Kecuali : Terminal (ends) 
tidak memiliki fork

The Forks
mutually exclusive (pemilihan hanya satu cabang)
collectively exhaustive (jumlah probability = 1, semua alternative
yang mungkin diikutsertakan)

DECISION FORK

EVENT FORK

Titik waktu pengambilan


keputusan
Tiap cabang menunjukkan
decision yang mungkin

Eksternal random event


mungkin terjadi
Tiap cabang menunjukkan
outcome yang mungkin dan
probabilitas kejadian

Test market Chocola

.60 Local success

Dont test market Chocola

.40 Local failure

Case (6) ColacO


Colaco currently has assets of $150,000
and wants to decide whether to market a
new chocolate-flavored soda, Chocola.
Colaco has three alternatives:
Alternative 1:
Test market Chocola
locally, then utilize the results of the
market study to determine whether or not
to market Chocola nationally.
Alternative 2:
Immediately (without
test marketing) market Chocola nationally.
Alternative 3:
Immediately (without
test marketing) decide not to market
Chocola nationally.
In the absence of a market study, Colaco
believes that Chocola has a 55% chance of
being a national success and a 45%
chance of being a national failure. If
Chocola is a national success, Colacos
asset position will increase by $300,000,
and if Chocola is a national failure,
Colacos asset position will decrease by
$100,000.

If Colaco performs a market study (at a


cost of $30,000), there is a 60% chance
that the study will yield favorable
results (referred to as a local success)
and a 40% chance that the study will
yield unfavorable results (referred to
as a local failure).
If a local success is observed, there an
85% chance that Chocola will be a
national success. If a local failure is
observed, there is only a 10% chance
that Chocola will be a national
success. If Colaco is risk-neutral (wants
to maximize its expeceted final asset
position), what strategy should the
company follow?

1. Gambar Decision Tree (Colaco)


Untuk setiap kondisi harus dikembalikan ke kemungkinan akhir keputusan

2. Evaluate the Decision Tree (Colaco)


menunjukkan alternatif dengan outcome maksimum
KANAN ke KIRI

3. Pengambilan Keputusan
Untuk
menentukan keputusan
yang akan
memaksimasi expected final asset position
evaluasi decision tree secara backward (dari kanan
ke kiri).
Pada tiap event fork, hitung expected final asset position
dan tulis pada .
Pada tiap decision fork, pilih keputusan (dengan simbol ll)
yang memaskimasi hasil dan tulis hasil yang berasal dari
keputusan tersebut pada .
Lanjutkan kembali langkah-langkah di atas sampai
mencapai titik awal decision tree.
Urutan keputusan yang optimal diperoleh dengan
mengikuti jalur yang memiliki ll.

Analisis Resiko Colaco


RISK NEUTRAL
Strategi optimal Colaco pada
contoh di atas mempunyai
peluang .45 memperoleh hasil
akhir yang relatif kecil $50,000.
Sementara strategi yang lain
mempunyai peluang (.6)(.15) =
.09 memperoleh hasil akhir di
bawah $100,000.

RISK ADVERSE
Jika Colaco merupakan tipe
risk-averse, strategi di atas
mungkin tidak merefleksikan
preferensi perusahaan.
Lihat grafik disamping :

Risk Aversion dalam Decision Tree


Untuk memaksimumkan expected utility yang
menjadi keputusan optimal
Langkah :
1. Ganti tiap final asset position x0 dengan
utility u(x0).
2. Pada tiap event fork, hitung expected utility
final asset position.
3. Pada tiap decision fork, pilih cabang yang
mempunyai expected utility yang terbesar.

1. Hitung utility u(xo)


Dari grafik utility
function diperoleh :
u($450) = 1  most fav.
u($420) = .99
u($150) = .48
u($120) = .40
u($50) = .19
u($20) = 0  least fav.

2. Substitusikan ke Decision Tree

3. Evaluasi Decision Tree

Untuk Latihan di Rumah!


Example 4 : ART DEALER
An art dealers client is willing to buy the painting Sunplant at
$50,000. The dealer can buy the painting today for $40,000 or
can wait a day and buy the painting tomorrow (if it has not
been sold) for $30,000. The dealer may also wait another day
and buy the painting (if it is still available) for $26,000. At the
end of the third day, the painting will no longer be available
for sale. Each day, there is a .60 probability that the painting
will be sold.
What strategy maximizes the dealers expected profit?
Problem Group A no 7 : ERICA

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