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A general mathematical model of two-dimensional

horizontal flow of seawater instrusion
Tran Van Minh, Nguyen The Hung
Danang University

Abstract - In this paper the authors present a general mathematical model of two
dimensional horizontal flow of seawater intrusion into coastal confined and unconfined
aquifers.
Algorithms and programing of this model are formulated by weak Galrkin finite
element method for prediction of the transient effect of pumping wells on seawater
intrusion into coastal confined and unconfined aquifers.
The validity of the model is tested by using the analytical solutions. An example
was calculated to determine the location of the interface at Hoa Khanh coastal aquifers
when one extracts, by pumping wells, a certain discharge of freshwater, during a long
time, near the interface.
I. Introduction
At coastal aquifers, a zone of transition from fresh aquifer water to seawater, the
water with different concentrations of salt as a result of hydrodynamic dispersion of the
dissolved matter. Under certain conditions, it may be narrow, relative the aquifer
thickness, and may be approximated as a sharp interface. The intensive extraction of
groundwater has upset the long established balance between freshwater and seawater
potentials, causing encroachment of seawater into freshwater aquifers, this phenomenon
is said to be seawater intrusion.
General, the interface is described by three-dimensional mathematical model; but
under certain conditions for simplifying reason, one can described this interface by
regional flow model; with integrating the three-dimensional model over the vertical,
between the upper and the lower boundaries of a considered domain.
In this paper, the authors derive a general mathematical model of two-dimensional
horizontal flow just validitied for coastal confined aquifer and phreatic aquifer.
The algorithms and programing of this model are formulated by standard Garlerkin
finite element technique.
II. Governing equations
The governing system of coupled differential equation of
phreatic aquifer [4]
-.(T f) + .(Tah) = If + Is+ q'f+ q's
Sh/t -.(Ta )h + .(Ta f) = -Is- q's
where:
f = hf/ ; T = K(H1+hf) ; Ta = T(H1 - h)/(H1+ hf)

(1)
(2)

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confined aquifer [4]

-.(T f) + .(Tah) = If + Is+ q'f+ q's

(3)

Sh/t -.(Ta )h + .(Ta f) = -Is- q's

f = f/ ; T = K(H1 - H2);

where:

(4)

Ta = T(H1 - h)/(H1- H2)

T: transmissivity of the aquifer.

With different equation system governing for phreatic aquifer (1), (2) and confined
aquifer (3), (4) we rewrite them a general form as follows

f
f
h
h
(Tx ) + (Ty ) + (Tax ) + (Tay ) = If + Is + q'f +q's
x y
y x
x y
y
x
f
f
h
h
h
S0 (Tax ) + (Tay )+ (Tax ) + (Tay ) = Is q,s
y
x y
y x
x y
t x

(5)

(6)

where:
f =

(1 ) h f +

s f
f

; hf = z +

p
fg

Tx = K x [H 1 + (1 )h f H 2 ]; Ty = K y [H 1 + (1 )h f H 2 ] ;
Tax = Tx

(H 1 h)
(H 1 h)
; Tay = Ty
[H 1 + (1 )h f H 2 ]
[H 1 + (1 )h f H 2 ]

and:
+ for the case of phreatic aquifer = 0
+ for the case of confined aquifer = 1
Where:
f : density of freshwater; s: density of seawater; g: gravity acceleration
S0: specific storativity; t: time
hf: piezometric head for freshwater
f ,s: piezometric head (as Hubberts potential) of freshwater and saltwater
respectively
If, If:- supply functions, representing a distributed surface supply of fresh
and salt water into the aquifer
q'f, q's: sources or sinks of freshwater and salt water aquifer respectively
Kx, Ky: x, y directional component of hydraulic conductivity

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q 'f

'
s

hf
h
h Freshwater
Saltwater

x
H Saltwater

Interface

'
s

q 'f

H1
h Freshwater
Interface
H

x
H2

(a)- Phreatic coastal aquifer

(b)- Confined coastal aquifer
Fig. 1- Coastal aquifer with fresh and salt grounwater
III. Numerical procedure
The system equations (5), (6) are formulated by weak Galerkin finite element
method, for any element, with using linear triangular element

N L( P)
i

dA

( 7)

Where:
Ni(e) , i =1,2,3 are the linear shape functions
L(P)m , m =1,2 are the partial differential equations (5) or (6)
A: area of element
The interface depths are linearly interpolated in terms of the shape function as
follow:
n

h ( e ) = N (i e ) h i

(8)

i =1

Where:
h (e): the z coordinate of interface or interface depth at any point of an element
n: total nodes of an element; hi: interface depth at node i of an element
The time derivative is discretized using the finite difference scheme as
h h(t + t ) h(t )

t
t
h( ) h ( t ) + ( t )
Where:

h
h(t + t ) h(t )
= h ( t ) + ( t )
t
t

( t )
t

h( ) = (1 )h(t ) + h(t + t )

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After applying transformation of mathematical techniques, we receive the algebraic

equation systems
(e)
( I + I (s1e ) )
f1
h1 f1


.
.
.
[K a ] [K b ] =
.
. .
f n
h n ( e )
(e)
( I fn + I sn )

A1
R1
3 q f 1 + q s1

.
[(1 ) h f H 2 + h ] .

+
+
[ H 1 + (1 ) h f H 2 ] .
.
R
A n q fn + q sn
n

(9)

f1

.
f n

+ K

.
C

t .
h

]+ [

t+ t

.
=
.
I

(e)
s1

A
3

(e)
sn

A
3

s1

sn

[C ]
t

.
h

(10)
where:

[K a ] = [K (ae ) ]
m

[K b ] = [K (be ) ] ; [C ] = [C ( e ) ]
m

e =1

[q fi

+ q si ] =

[q
m

e =1

e =1

(e)
fi

[K ] = 4TA
( e)
b

[K ]
( e)
a

+ q

(e)

ax

(e)
si

e =1

] ; [q ] = [q ]
m

si

e =1

(e)
si

[R i ] = [R (i e ) ]

b 2i b i b j b i b k

T ( e ) ay
2
b
b
b
b
b
j i
j
j k+
4A

2
b k b i b k b j b k

b 2i b i b j b i b k
Ty(e)
Tx(e)
2
=
b j b i b j b j b k +
4A
4A
2
b
b
b
b
b
k i k j k

( i = 1, n )

e =1

c 2i c i c j c i c k

2
c j c i c j c j c k

2
c k c i c k c j c k

c 2i c i c j c i c k

2
c j c i c j c j c k ;

2
c k c i c k c j c k

[C ] = S
( e)

( e)
0

1 0 0
A
0 1 0

3
0 0 1

in which
So(e): specific storativity of a triangular element
ai, bi, ci: coefficients of a shape function Ni
The domain pattern for studying illustration is a rectangular, symmetric by pass CD
edge; AC is the coast line along the y axis, AB, CD perpendicular to the coast; Q1, Q2 are
the charge of fresh water of pumping well (Fig. 2)

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y
A

qn1

B
Q1

Coast
line
Q2
x
C

qn2

Fig.2- Discretization of domain using linear triangular elements

Initial and boundary conditions:
- Initial conditions:
At initial time t = 0 interface depth (h) is given by Ghyben-Herzberg formulas:
f
h=
hf
(11)
s f
- Boundary conditions:
on AB, CD: qni = fi(x,yi,t), i =1, 2 any known total flux of the
liquid normal to the boundary respectively
on AC: h = f(y,t0) any known interface depth at initial time
f
=0
on BD:
y
The system of equations (9) and (10) are solved by iterative conjugate gradient
method; First, equation (9) is solved for the head fi , and then equation (10) for the depth
hi at all the nodes of the domain.
In each cycle, the coefficients , which depend upon hi , are updated. This order of
solving the two systems of coupling equations is chosen because the head fi is influenced
by all inflow functions.
In each time step the values of the variables hi are updated
IV- Model verification
Before proceeding to the real case studies, the numerical model is tested with the
analytical solutions.
4.1. Computational domain and applied data:
The computational discretization domain is shown in Fig. 2 with three pumping wells;
only one half of the phreatic aquifer is considered in the program, because of the
symmetry axe 0x of the problem.

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Hydraulic conductivity K= 8.1 m/d; supply functions I = 0 m/d; specific

storativity S0 = 0.6; impermeable depth Ht = 25 m; injection wells by pumping:
Q1(x1,y1)=Q1(1000,0)=120m3/d, Q2(x2,y2)=Q2(1000,100)= 60m3/d,
Q3(x3,y3) =
Q3(1000,-100) = 60 m3/d; on coast line (AC = 400 m, x = 0): h = 0 m; on AB = CD =
1100 m perpendicular to the coast line: qn = 0; the domain is divided in to 44 elements
and 60 nodes.
4.2. Results and comments
The numerical results of time dependent sharp interface is shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Location and the interface depth (h) at times (t)
X (m)

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900 1000 1100

h (t=0 day)

-16.00

-22.80

-25

-25

-25

-25

-25

-25

-25 -25

-25

h(t=8000 d)

-8.91

-14.78

-20.17

-23.95

-24.95

-24.99

-25

-25

-25 -25

-25

h(t=14000 d)

-7.54

-12.36

-16.78

-20.96

-24.1

-24.95

-24.99 -25

-25 -25

-25

h(t=20000d)

-6.76

-10.96

-14.83

-18.56

-22.05

-24.34

-24.95 -24.99 -25 -25

-25

Based on the numerical results of Table 1, the location of time dependent sharp
interface is shown in Fig. 3. One can see that the distance of the interfaces toe from the
coast line, at t = 0 day, is 250 m, and from the extraction well is 750 m. After t = 20000
days, this toe will deeply move into the aquifer and these distances respectively are 701.5
m and 298.5m
Q1

-5 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

-10
t = 20000 day

-15
-20

t=0

-25
-30

Fig. 3: Location of time dependent sharp interface

A comparison of the Theis, Strack formulas and the numerical results using finite
element method for calculation distance from the coastal line to the toe of the sharp
interface, is shown in Table 2.
Table 2: Comparison of Theis, Strack formulas and numerical results
X (m)
Distance from the coastal line to the toe of the
sharp interface at time t = 20000 day.

FEM
701,50

Theis
701,46

Strack
701,60

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From the results summarized in Table 2, it follows that the results of these
methods differ very little, but the numerical solutions by finite element method can
calculation the shape, location of the sharp interface with different geologies.
V. Application for a real problems
Applying for quartier North of Danang City, with an area of 2.88 km2 , one its side along
the coastal line of Danang Bay (Fig. 4).

Fig 4: Sketch of pumping wells of two geological layers of

phreatic and confined aquifer
This region includes two aquifer layers:
Upper layers (layer 1 & 2) are phreatic aquifer,
Lower layers (layer 3 & 4) are confined aquifer
And between two aquifer layers is an impermeable thin layer (Fig. 5, 6)
Table 3:
Aquifer

Data of hydrogeology of aquifer layers

Average
satatic water
level (m)

Average
layer
thickness
(m)

Phreatic
aquifer

0,74

20

Confined
aquifer

0,85

25

Layer

Hydraulic conductivity
Kx
(m/day)

Ky
(m/day)

Kz
(m/day)

16

16

1,6

2
3

20
12

20
12

1,2
1,2

0,8

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Fig. 5: Geological section of different layers in a Easterly-Westerly

Fig. 6: Geological section of different layers in Northerly-Southerly direction

Sketch of extraction pumping wells
Extraction pumping wells are located in four row paralleling the coastal line; the
extraction wells of phreatic aquifer are noted HKi. The extraction wells of confined
aquifer are noted DKi (Fig. 4). The discharge of pumping wells and well coordinates as
shown in Table 4.
Table 4: Location of fresh water extractrion wells

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Sketch for study

Region for study is a rectangular with one side being the coastal line 1600 m long and
another perpendicular to the coastal line (1300 m long for phreatic aquifer and 1700 m
for confined aquifer). Phreatic aquifer includes 192 rectangular elements, 221 nodes and
confined aquifer include 272 rectangular elements, 306 nodes.

Fig 7: Sketch for studying

phreatic aquifer

Fig 8: Sketch for studying

confined aquifer

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Initial condition
At initial time t0, parameters hf, h are determined from steady flow. For phreatic aquifer
and confined aquifer they are showed correspondent in Table 5 and Table 6.
Table 5: Parameters hf, h at perpendicular cross section to the coastal line
and crossing the pumping well HK6 (at initial time t0 = 0).
Node
x
hf

26

43

60

77

94

111

128

145

162

179

196

213

110

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

h initial

0.45 0.55 0.64 0.72 0.78 0.85 0.91 0.96 1.01 1.06 1.11 1.15
18.1 20.5 20.5 18.4 20.1 20.9 22.3 19.1 20.1 -20 18.5 20.6

Table 6: Parameters f , h at perpendicular cross section to the coastal line

and crossing the pumping well DK3 (at initial time t0 = 0).
Node

10

27

44

61

248

265

282

299

70 100

200

300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400

1500

1600

1700

0.51

0.62 0.72 0.80 0.88 0.95 1.02 1.08 1.14

f
h initial

0.36

78

95 112 129 146 163 180

197

1.35

1.39

1.44

1.48

-22.3 -34.4 -40.6 -44.9 -44.8 -44.6 -45.8 -44.9 -45.9 -44.2 -44.6 -45.8 -45.8 -44.4 -44.9

-47.3

-46.2

-44.6

Boundary condition
For phreatic aquifer
- Boundary AB: qn1 = 0,
- Boundary AC: h = 0,
For confined aquifer
- Boundary AB: qn1 = 0,
- Boundary AC: h = -20m,

1.19

214 231

1.25 1.30

- Boundary CD: qn2 = 0,

- Boundary BD:

f
=0
y

- Boundary CD: qn2 = 0.

- Bin BD:

f
=0
y

Results:
For phreatic aquifer, we study two cases:
Case 1: no supply function I = 0.00 m / day
Case 2: with supply function I = 0.001 m / day
The movement of interface at pumping wells of phreatic aquifer without supply
functions as in Table 7.
Table 7: Distance from the toe to pumping well of phreatic aquifer
without supply functions.
No

Pumping well

Distance from the toe to pumping well after a time

period (m)

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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

HK1
HK2
HK3
HK4
HK5
HK6
HK7
DK1
DK2
DK3
DK4
DK5
DK6

1000 day
200
195
195
200
385
389
385
489
480
485
485
685
685

8000 day
98
96
96
98
200
198
200
240
230
230
240
390
390

10000 day
45
40
40
45
45
40
45
160
155
155
155
280
280

The movement of interface at cross section passing pumping wells of phreatic aquifer
with supply function as in Table 8.

No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Table 8: Distance from the toe to pumping well of phreatic aquifer

with supply function
Pumping well
Distance from the toe to pumping well after a time
period (m)
1000 day
8000 day
10000 day
HK1
290
275
180
HK2
300
285
175
HK3
290
275
175
HK4
300
285
180
HK5
425
390
320
HK6
420
395
325
HK7
435
390
320

Location of interface at perpendicular plane section to the coastal line across

pumping wells HK6, HK3 of phreatic aquifer without supply functions (Table 9, Fig. 9
and Fig.10).
Table 9: Location and depth of interface corresponding the time period (day)
at plane section across pumping well HK6, HK3.
At plane section across pumping well HK6 (Q6=300m3/day)
Node
9
26 43 60 77 94 111 128 145 162 179 196 213
X
110 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
h initial
0 -18.1 -20.5 -20.5 -18.4 -20.1 -20.9 -22.3 -19.1 -20.1 -20 -18.5 -20.6
h(t=1000 day) 0 -14 -19.9 -20.4 -17.4 -20.1 -20.9 -22.3 -19.1 -20.1 -20 -18.5 -20.6
h(t=8000 d)
0 -7.5 -12 -15.4 -17.5 -20.2 -20.9 -22.3 -19.1 -20.1 -20 -18.5 -20.6

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h(t=10000 d)

0 -4.8 -9.1 -12.5 -15.9 -18.5 -20.8 -22.3 -19.1 -20.1 -20 -18.5 -20.6
At plane section across pumping well HK3 (Q6=300m3/day)
Node
10 27 44 61 78 95 112 129 146 163 180 197 214
X
110 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
h initial
0 -18.1 -20. -20.4 -17.9 -20.1 -20.9 -22.3 -19.1 -20.1 -19.5 -19.2 -20.7
h(t=1000 day) 0 -14.3 -18.4 -20.4 -17.9 -20.1 -20.9 -22.3 -19.1 -20.1 -19.5 -19.2 -20.7
h(t=8000 d)
0
-7 -11 -15 -17 -20.1 -20.9 -22.3 -19.1 -20.1 -19.5 -19.2 -20.7
h(t=10000 d)
0
-5 -9 -12 -18.5 -20.1 -20.9 -22.3 -19.1 -20.1 -19.5 -19.2 -20.7

.
Q6=300m3/day
0
-5 0

200

-1 0
-1 5

400

t=0

600

1000 8000

800

10000 day

1000

1200

-2 0
-2 5

Impermeable layer of phreatic aquifer

Fig. 9: Location of time dependent sharp interface at HK6 when
phreatic aquifer has not supply functions

Q3=300m3/day
0
-5 0
-1 0
-1 5

200

400

t=0

600

1000 8000

800

1000

1200

10000 day

-2 0
-2 5

Impermeable layer of phreatic aquifer

Fig. 10: Location of time dependent sharp interface at HK3 when
phreatic aquifer has not supply functions
Location of interface at perpendicular plane section to the coastal line across the
pumping wells HK6, HK3 of phreatic aquifer with supply function (Table 10, Fig. 11).
Table 10: Location of time dependent sharp interface at HK6
with supply function
At the cross section HK6 with supply function Q6=300m3/day

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Node

26

43

60

77

94

111

128

145

196

213

110

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900 1000 1100 1200

20.1 -20 18.5
20.1 -20 18.5
20.1 -20 18.5
20.1 -20 18.5

1300
20.6
20.6
20.6
20.6

h initial
h(t=1000
)
h(t=8000
)
h(t=1000
0)

0
0
0
0

18.1 20.5 20.5 18.7

14.7 18.7 20.5 18.7
11.5 16.3 18.1 18.7
-12 13.6 15.3 17.2

162

179

20.1 20.9 22.3 19.1

20.1 20.9 22.3 19.1
20.1 20.9 22.3 19.1
-19 20.9 22.3 19.1

At the cross section HK3 with supply function Q6=300m3/day

Node

10

27

44

61

78

95

112

129

110

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

20.1
20.1
20.1
20.1

20.9
20.9
20.9
20.9

22.3
22.3
22.3
22.3

h initial
h(t=1000
)
h(t=8000
)
h(t=1000
0)

0
0
0
0

18.1 20.5 20.5 18.7

14.7 19.9 20.5 18.7
12.2 17.3 19.2 18.5
-10 14.3 16.3 17.5

146

163

180

197

214

900 1000 1100

19.1 20.1 19.5
19.1 20.1 19.5
19.1 20.1 19.5
19.1 20.1 19.5

1200
19.2
19.2
19.2
19.2

1300
20.7
20.7
20.7
20.7

Cross section at pumping well HK6

Q6=300m3/day
0
-5 0
-1 0

200

400

t=0

600

1000 8000

800

10000 day

1000

1200

-1 5
-2 0
-2 5

Impermeable layer of phreatic aquifer

Cross section at pumping well HK3

0
-5 0
-1 0
-1 5

Q3=300m3/day
200

400

t=0

600

1000 8000

800

Q6=300m3 /ngy

1000

1200

10000 day

-2 0
-2 5

Impermeable layer of phreatic aquifer

Fig. 11: Location of time dependent sharp interface at HK6,
HK3 when
phreatic aquifer
hassection
supply to
functions
Location of interface
at perpendicular
plane
the coastal line which cross
pumping wells DK3, DK6 of confined aquifer (Table 11, Fig. 12).

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Table 11: Location of time dependent sharp interface at DK3, DK6 of confined aquifer
Node

10
X
70
h initial
-22.3
h(t=1000 d) -22.3
h(t=8000 d) -22.3
h(t=10000d) -22.3
Node
163
X
900
h initial
-44.2
h(t=1000)
-44.2
h(t=8000)
-44.2
ht=10000)
-44.2
Node
11
X
50
h initial
-19.6
h(t=1000)
-19.6
h(t=8000)
-19.6
ht=10000)
-19.6
Node
164
X
900
h initial
-46.7
h(t=1000)
-46.7
h(t=8000)
-46.7
H(t=10000) -46.7
ht=10000) -46.7

27
100
-34.4
-28.9
-25.1
-23.6
180
1000
-44.6
-44.6
-44.6
-44.6
28
100
-34.4
-28.8
-24.7
-24.1
181
1000
-44.6
-44.6
-44.6
-44.6
-44.6

44
200
-40.6
-37.7
-32.8
-30.1
197
1100
-45.8
-45.8
-45.8
-45.8
45
200
-40.4
-36.3
-32.8
-30.0
198
1100
-43.4
-43.4
-43.4
-43.4
-43.4

61
300
-44.9
-41.5
-37.4
-34.2
214
1200
-45.8
-45.8
-45.8
-45.8
62
300
-44.9
-40.0
-37.4
-34.4
215
1200
-45.3
-45.3
-45.3
-45.3
-45.3

78
400
-44.8
-43.1
-41.2
-37.7
231
1300
-44.4
-44.4
-44.4
-44.4
79
400
-46.7
-43.4
-40.6
-37.3
232
1300
-46.7
-46.7
-46.7
-46.7
-46.7

95
500
-44.6
-44.6
-42.9
-40.0
248
1400
-44.9
-44.9
-44.9
-44.9
96
500
-47.2
-47.2
-44.3
-40.0
249
1400
-44.9
-44.9
-44.9
-44.9
-44.9

112
600
-45.8
-45.8
-44.6
-42.5
265
1500
-47.3
-47.3
-47.3
-47.3
113
600
-47.0
-44.6
-44.0
-42.5
266
1500
-43.3
-43.3
-43.3
-43.3
-43.3

129
700
-44.9
-44.9
-44.7
-44.5
282
1600
-46.2
-46.2
-46.2
-46.2
130
700
-45.0
-45.0
-45.0
-45.0
283
1600
-46.2
-46.2
-46.2
-46.2
-46.2

146
800
-45.9
-45.9
-45.9
-45.8
299
1700
-44.6
-44.6
-44.6
-44.6
147
800
-44.0
-44.0
-44.0
-44.0
300
1700
-44.6
-44.6
-44.6
-44.6
-44.6

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HIGH PERFORMANCE SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING

Modeling, Simulation and Optimization of Complex Processes
March 6-10, 2006 Hanoi, Vietnam

Fig. 12: Location of time dependent sharp interface at DK3, DK6 of

confined aquifer

On the horizontal plane, the toe of interface corresponds the time period of
phreatic aquifer when it has supply function (Fig. 13a) and has not supply function (Fig.
13b).

Fig.13a: The moving of

toe when the phreatic
aquifer
has
supply
functions

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HIGH PERFORMANCE SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING

Modeling, Simulation and Optimization of Complex Processes
March 6-10, 2006 Hanoi, Vietnam

Fig. 13b: The movement

of toe when the phreatic
aquifer havent supply
functions

On the horizontal plane, the toe of interface corresponds the time period of confined
aquifer (Fig. 14).

Fig.14: The movement

of toe of confined
aquifer

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HIGH PERFORMANCE SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING

Modeling, Simulation and Optimization of Complex Processes
March 6-10, 2006 Hanoi, Vietnam

Based on the results above, we can see that, during the pumping time period 8000
days ( 22 years), the distance of the nearest toe the pumping well systems (HK1, HK2,
HK3, HK4) of phreatic aquifer is 96m (if this aquifer has not supply functions) and is
275m (if this aquifer has supply function), and the confined aquifer (DK1, DK2, DK3,
DK4) is 130m.
These results are correct with physical phenomena, because when the phreatic
aquifer has a supply function, the goundwater level will arise and the pressure of this
aquifer will arise, too; so the toe of the interface will be pushed toward the sea.
VI- Conclusion
This mathematical model of two-dimensional horizontal flow of seawater intrusion is
generally valid for phreatic aquifer and confined aquifer. Algorithm and programing can
be applied for any coastal aquifer with many pumping wells for predicting the sharp
interface. It is important for the geologists, hydrologists, hydraulic engineers, water
resources planners, managers, and governmental policy makers, who are engaged in the
sustainable development of coastal fresh groundwater resources.
References
1.
2.
3.

4.

Phan Ngoc Cu, Ton Si Kinh, Groundwater Mechanics, ed. Dai Hoc & Trung Hoc Chuyen Nghiep, Ha
Noi 1981.
NGUYEN The Hung, Finite element method in flow problems, Monograph NXB Xay Dung, Ha Noi
2004.
NGUYEN The Hung, Mathematical model of sediment transport two dimensional horizontal flow,
Proceedings of International Conference on Engineering Mechanics Today, Vol1, p.541-548, Hanoi
1995.
Jacob Bear and Arnold Verruijt , Modeling Groundwater Flow and Pollution, D. Reidel Publishing
Company 1979.