KEEE 4253 POWER

SYSTEM ANALYSIS
Course Overview

C
Course
O
Overview
i
Lecturer
Room
Contact

: Dr. Hazlie Mokhlis

: Block E
E, Makmal Sistem Kuasa
: 03-79675238, hazli@um.edu.my

1. Learning Outcomes:
1)

2)

3)

4)

Calculate load flow problems based on iterative

methods.
Estimate the effects of asymmetrical faults on the
power system.
Select the best p
protection scheme for a p
power
system.
Assess the stability of a power system.

Week 1

2. Assessment Methods:

Continuous assessment

: 40 %

Mid-term test
Assignment (Group, individual)&Quiz
Participation in class

Final Examination

: 20%
: 15%
: 5%

: 60%

Week 1

3. Method of Delivery:

Lecture Problem based Learning

Lecture,
Learning, tutorials

Using e
e-learning
learning http://spectrum.um.edu.my/
http://spectrum um edu my/

Week 1

4. Main Reference:
1)

2)

3)
4)

John J. Grainger, William D. Stevenson, Power

System Analysis, McGRAW-HILL International Edition.
Hadi Saadat, Power System Analysis, McGRAWHILL International Edition.
Other power system books.
books
Other sources from various Websites

Week 1

KEEE 4253 POWER

SYSTEM ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION TO POWER
SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Importance of Electrical
Energy
z
z
z
z
z
z

Convenient form
Easy control
Greater flexibility
Cheapness
Cleanliness
High
g transmission efficiency
y

What Is a Power System?

z

A system dedicated to the business of electric

power:
z
z
z

Generation (Production)
Transmission (Transportation)
Distribution (Retailing)

A system that provides a vital service to the society

and should be operated with the goal of achieving:
z
z
z

Highest reliability standards

Mi i
Minimum
environmental
i
t l iimpacts
t
Lowest operation cost

El t i Power
Electric
P
Systems
S t
z
z

Generation 11 to 25 kV
Transmission 66 to 400 kV

S b
Subtransmission
i i 33 kV to 132 kV

Distribution

Primary feeders 11 kV
Secondary feeders 230 V/415 V

Power System Components

Generation

Transmission

Distribution

Consumption

Power
Po
er
Generation

P
Power
Generation
G
ti
z

Takes place in geographically dispersed power plants

Power plants normally house multiple generating units

Generating units can operate based on different:

z

Energy Sources

Energy Conversion processes

Energy
Source

Energy
Conversion 1
A Generation Unit

Energy
Conversion n

Electric
Power

S
Sources
off E
Energy
z

Hydrocarbones (oil
(oil, coal
coal, natural gas
gas, etc
etc.))

Water

N l
Nuclear

Wind

Solar

Tidal

Chemical

Comparisons of Energy
Sources
Particular

Water

Fuels

Nuclear

Initial cost

High

Low

Highest

Running cost

Less

High

Least

Reserves

Permanent Exhaustible

Inexhaustible

Cleanliness

Cleanest

Dirtiest

Clean

Simplicity

Simplest

Complex

Most
complex

Reliabilityy

Most

Less

More reliable

G
Generating
ti
Stations
St ti
z
z
z
z

Steam power stations

St
t ti
Hydro-electric power stations
Diesel power stations
Nuclear power stations

Power
Transmission

P
Power
T
Transmission
i i
z

Transmission networks are needed to :

z

Connect generating plants to consumption points

Create large
g p
power p
pools for increased reliability
y

High voltage AC transmission offers:

z

Higher transmission capacity / Km

Lower line-voltage drop / Km

Lower transmission losses / MW transfer

Reduced right-of-way requirement / MW transfer

Lower capital and operating costs / MW transfer

Power Transmission
E i
Equipments
t
z

z
z
z
z
z
z

Transformers
z Step-up transformers
z Voltage
V lt
Regulators
R
l t
z Phase Shifters
z Step-down Transformers
T
Transmission
i i Li
Lines & C
Cables
bl
Circuit Breakers & Disconnects
Shunt & Series Reactors & Capacitors
Static VAR Compensators
FACTS Devices
Etc.

Power
Di t ib ti
Distribution

P
Power
S t
System
Distributions
Di t ib ti
z
z

Receives electrical energy from the HV/MV levels at

bulk power delivery points
Supplies energy to customers:
z
z

At standard voltage levels

Single phase and/or three-phase

Is made up of the following main equipment:

z
z
z
z
z

Distribution transformers (DXF)

Feeder sections (including underground cables)
Switches, fuses, reclosures
Automatic load transfers
Etc.

P
Power
System
S t
Distributions
Di t ib ti

HV / MV
Network

Bulk
Power
Point

Large
I d
Industrial
i l
Customers

Industrial
C
Customers

33/11
DXF
33KV

Commercial
& Municipal
Customers

11/0.4
DXF

11 KV

Residential
Customers

400/230
DXF

400 V

230V

Role of Power System

E i
Engineers
z

Planning
z
z

how much electricity to generate

where,
h
when
h and
d using
i what
h t ffuell

For planning, improvement and expansion of a

power system
system, needs:
z
z
z
z
z

Load flow studies

Short circuit studies
Stability studies
Economic load dispatch
Load frequency control

Why we need to study power system ?

z
z

Power System are among the most important

components of infrastructure of a modern society.
We depend on a very high level of electrical reliability.
Power System are among the most complex man-made
engineering systems
systems.
In Power System study various field of science are
involve as well as economics.

Week 1

In engineering and science, the important fields

include:
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z

Energy conversion
Materials and insulators
Networks and system theory
Electronics
Control
Communication system
Computer
p
Mathematics and statistic.

In the filed of economics, problem dealing with:

z
z

Risk analysis/finance/investment theory

Microeconomics (Market theories)

Week 1

The main goals in Power System operation and planning

are high reliability and low cost with consideration of
particular constraints
constraints.
Constrains are conditions on the variables of the system
that must be met. The most important constrains are:
o

Power balance

Week 1

Constraints on frequency, voltages and power flows:

z

If the system frequency is donated by f(t), then generally

the following imposed:
49.5 Hz f (t ) 50.5 Hz

Similarly
y for the bus voltages,
g
0.95 pu V (t ) 1.05 pu

And the power flows, where such constraints are

generally
ll iimposed
d ffor stability
t bilit and
d th
thermall stress
t
reasons.

Pjk Pjkmax

Week 1

Introduction Power System Analysis

z

To be able to meet the power balance constraint, the total demand

must be predicted. Loads usually follow nearly periodic daily cycles.
As a result, the demand is generally approximately predictable.
Since the demand is random and therefore not perfectly predictable,
the scheduled generation must be able to track the load in time.
Tracking errors lead to deviations of the system frequency form its
nominal value:

Observation
Notice that if Pg(t)>Pd(t) for long
enough time, the frequency should
start
t t drifting
d ifti towards
t
d iinfinity.
fi it O
On th
the
other hand, if Pg(t)<Pd(t) for long
enough time, the frequency will start
drifting towards zero.
Week 1

Electricity Supply Industry

in Malaysia
An Overview

El t i Utiliti
Electric
Utilities
z
z
z
z
z

Tenaga Nasional Berhad (Tenaga) is the

dominant electric utility in Malaysia 50%
Sabah Electricity Sdn
Sdn.Bhd.
Bhd (SESB)
Sarawak Electricity Supply Corp. (SESCo)
IPP - 40%
Dedicated power producer (Northern Utility
Resources) and co-generation
co generation (captive)
plants.

G
Generation
ti
and
d Consumption
C
ti

TRANSMISSION
z

Transmission network of TNB comprise of

132 kV, 275 kV and 500 kV system known as
the National Grid
Grid.
The system spans the whole of Peninsular
Malaysia connecting power stations owned
Malaysia,
by TNB and IPPs to the customers.

N ti
National
l Grid
G id
z

The National Grid is interconnected to Thailand

Thailands
s
transmission system operated by Electricity
Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) in the
N th via
North
i
a HVDC interconnection
i t
ti
with
ith a
transmission capacity of 300 MW and a 132 kV
HVAC overhead line with maximum transmission
capacity of 80 MW.
In the South, the National Grid is connected to
Singapores
Singapore
s transmission system at Senoko via two
230 kV submarine cables with a firm transmission
capacity of 200 MW.