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Sand Liquefaction by Hypoplastic Model
Sand Liquefaction by Hypoplastic Model
F. Molenkamp
Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
R.B.J. Brinkgreve
Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
Plaxis B.V., Delft, The Netherlands
P.G. Bonnier
Plaxis B.V., Delft, The Netherlands
R. de Jager
Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
V. Galavi
Plaxis B.V., Delft, The Netherlands
ABSTRACT: In this paper the hypoplastic model by Wolffersdorff with the Intergranular Strain extension by
Niemunis and Herle has been used for modeling the undrained behavior of sand during static and cyclic loads.
The paper presents the hypoplastic equations and the Intergranular Strain concept in brief. Numerical simulations
of undrained triaxial compression and cyclic simple shear tests are performed.
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL FORMULATION OF
WOLFFERSDORFFS HYPOPLASTIC
MODEL
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Table 1.
.
= 0
= 90
= 180
mR L
Mo
L+Nh
mR L
M90
mT L
mR L
M180
mR L
Table 2.
f()
(0 , 90 )
90
(0 , 90 )
180
f ()
M
d
M0
h:d
h
M
0
M90
h:d
h
M
d
M180
at the intergranular strain and during change of loading direction, is calculated from the basic hypoplastic
stiffness tensors L and N.
The various assumptions are depicted in Figure 1a.
The recent deformation history is stored in Intergranular Strain tensor with a generalized objective evolution
rule (Niemunis and Herle, 1997) given as:
A second interpolation follows based on the direction of the current strain rate, d = /||||, relative to
This interpolation is
the recent strain rate direction, h.
h:d,
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Figure 3. The first set of curves show the small strain stiffness degradation for various values of the parameter mR
(varying mR from 2 up to 10 and holding = 6 and r = 0.5)
while the second set show the effect of the parameter and
r on the normalized limit strain, lim /R (the normalized limit
strain should be read for various values of and the values
r at the right axis).
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Where lim is the limit shear strain level the Intergranular Strain remains active and is the normalized limit
shear strain. A and n may be estimated according to:
Considering equation (25) and instability condition at
dq / dp = 0,
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Table 3.
Basic parameters
Symbol
unit
values
symbol
unit
values
ed0
ec0
ei0
c
hs
n
[0 ]
[MPa]
0.5
0.8
0.97
30.5
1107
0.26
0.2
2
R
mR
mT
r
1E-4
5
2
0.5
6
Figure 4. Slope of the Instability line for a triaxial compression test in hypoplastic constitutive model, M = 6sin c /
(3-sin c ). Parameters and functions with the subscript-IL are
at the point of instability.
compression test. The hypoplastic parameters determined for this sand are shown in Table 3 (Tsegaye,
2009). Due to absence of cyclic shear data, the Intergranular Strain parameters used are which we found
common in literatures.
Figure 4 shows the evolution of the critical state
and the bounding void ratios.The evolution parameters
(hs and n) have been determined based on the gradation curve following the empirical relations given by
Gudehus & Herle (Herle, I. & Gudehus, G. 1999).
CONCLUSION
In modeling the mechanical behavior of granular materials, soil mechanics offers two strong theoretical
concepts: the theory of presence of a critical state and
the stress dilatancy theory. The attempt of modeling of
deformation behavior of granular soil under the critical
state theory involves at a minimum the initial state and
an experimentally well defined critical state. Intermediate states can be considered as interpolation between
these known boundaries, similar to boundary value
problem (Tsegaye, 2009). The stress dilatancy theory
offers a mathematical tool that captures the experimentally proved shear volume coupling. In modeling
the liquefaction behavior both frameworks are essential. The reference hypoplastic model has a strong
grip on both frameworks which makes it an interesting tool for modeling the deformation behavior in
general and liquefaction behavior in particular of granular soils. While the model appears appealing due its
firm theoretical and experimental base, the question
of uncertainty and fuzziness of the initial state and the
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also lays on the test apparatuses. Reaching the critical state requires apparently a very large deformation
which can be beyond the apparatuses allow.
The stress dilatancy formulation quantifies the volume change due to shearing (contractive or dilative).
This coupling is captured by the hypoplastic model
used in this study. However, it gives stronger contractive sense than shown by experiments. This leads
to unrealistic accumulation of pore pressure during
undrained monotonic and cyclic loading. As shown in
various undrained simulations, application of the Intergranular Strain reduces the strong contractive sense of
the hypoplastic model during monotonic loading and
the excessive ratcheting behavior during cyclic loading leading to better prediction of the pore pressure
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