AP Calculus BC

Stuff You Must Know

Algebra Stuff

Trig Stuff Identities

sin(2 x) 2sin x cos x

y2 y1
x2 x1
Point-slope form: y y0 m( x x0 )
Standard Form: Ax By C
Slope: m

Distance Formula:

cos(2 x) cos 2 x sin 2 x

cos(2 x) 2 cos 2 x 1

x2 x1 y2 y1
2

cos(2 x) 1 2sin 2 x
2

__________________________________________________

1 tan 2 x sec 2 x

Trig Values

sin
0
1
2

cos
1
3
2

4
3
2

tan
0
3
3
1

2
0

1 cos 2 x
2
1 cos 2 x
cos 2 x
2
2
2
sin x cos x 1
sin 2 x

1 cot 2 x csc 2 x
1
cos x
1
csc x
sin x
sin( x) sin( x)
cos( x) cos( x)

sec x

tan( x) tan( x)
cot( x) cot( x)
sec( x) sec( x)
csc( x) csc( x)

Differential Calculus Formulas and Rules

d
n
x nx n1
dx
d
sin x cos x
dx
d
cos x sin x
dx
d
tan x sec2 x
dx
d
cot x csc2 x
dx
d
sec x sec x tan x
dx
d
csc x csc x cot x
dx

d
uv uv vu
dx
d u vu uv

dx v
v2
d
f ( g ( x)) f g ( x) g ( x)
dx
d x
e ex

dx
d x
a a x ln a
dx
d
1
ln x
dx
x
d
1
logb x
dx
x ln b

d
1
arcsin x
dx
1 x2
d
1
arccos x
dx
1 x2
d
1
arctan x
dx
1 x2
d
1
arc cot x
dx
1 x2
d
1
arc sec x
dx
x x2 1
d
1
arccs c x
dx
x x2 1

Applications of the first and second derivative

Curve Sketching

To find a critical value, set f ( x) 0 or undefined

Use a sign chart to determine if the function has a relative extrema. Make sure
you write sentences summarizing the results.
Use can also use the Second Derivative Test to verify extrema. Suppose that x0
is a critical value. If f x0 0, then x0 is the x-coordinate of the relative

maximum. If f x0 0, then x0 is the x-coordinate of the relative minimum.

To find points of inflection, set f ( x) 0 or undefined. Then, show that the sign
of f ( x) changes as x passes through that point.

Three Important Theorems

Intermediate Value Theorem
If a function, f ( x) is continuous on a closed interval [a, b] and y is some
value between f (a) and f (b), then there exists at least one value x c
in the open interval (a, b) where f (c) y.
In other words, a continuous function must pass through every y-value
between f (a) and f (b), .

Mean Value Theorem

If a function, f ( x) is continuous on a closed interval [a, b] AND is
differentiable on an open interval (a, b), then there exists at least one
f (b) f (a)
value x c in the open interval (a, b) where f (c)
.
ba
In other words, there is at least one point on a smooth curve where the
tangent line can be drawn so that it is parallel to the secant line drawn
through the endpoints of the interval.

Rolles Theorem
If a function, f ( x) is continuous on a closed interval [a, b] AND is
differentiable on an open interval (a, b) AND f (a) f (b), , then there
exists at least one value x c in the open interval (a, b) where f (c) 0.
In other words, if the endpoints of a differentiable function have the same
y-coordinates, there is at least one point inside the interval where the
slope of the tangent line is equal to zero. This is a special case of the
Mean Value Theorem.

Integral Formulas
x n 1
x dx n 1 c; n 1
1
x dx ln x c
n

dx e x c

x
a dx

ax
c
ln a

tan x dx ln cos x c
cot dx ln sin x c
sec x dx ln sec x tan x c
csc x dx ln csc x cot x c
sec x dx tan x c
csc x dx cot x c
sec x tan x dx sec x c
2

sin x dx cos x c
cos dx sin x c

csc x cot x dx csc x c

1

dx arcsin x c
1 x2
1
1 x 2 dx arctan x c
1
x x 2 1 dx arc sec x c

ln x dx x ln x x c
u dv uv v du c
(Integration by parts)

Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus Part 1

f ( x) dx f (b) f (a)

Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus Part 2

d
dx

f (t ) dt f ( x)

Average Value Theorem

If a function f ( x) is continuous
on the closed interval [a, b], then
there exists some number x0 c
such that

f (c)
Volume of a Solid of Revolution
(disk method)

OR IR dx or dy
2

1 b
f ( x) dx
b a a

Volume of a Solid with a

Known Cross-Section
b

V Area( x) dx
a

Particle Motion Formulas

velocity

d
( position)
dt
t2

total dis tan ce v(t ) dt

t1

speed velocity
2

dx dy

dt dt

acceleration
Avg velocity

d
(velocity)
dt

position2 position1
time2 time1

velocity vector
2

dt dy
,
dt dt

t2

displacement v(t ) dt
t1

Arc Length

1 f ( x) dx

acceleration vector
d 2x d 2 y

,
dt 2 dt 2

LHopitals
Rule
LHopitals Rule
IfIf lim
x a

f ( x)
f ( x) 0
f ( x)

then lim
lim
or , then
.
x

a
x

a
g ( x)
g ( x) 0
g ( x)

Eulers Method
Given that

xnew xold

dy
f ( x, y ) and that the solution passes through the point x0 , y0 , then
dx
x and ynew yold f ( x, y) x.

Parametric Functions

dy
dy
Given a function in parametric form x(t ), y (t ) , then slope
dt .
dx dx
dt

d dy
d y d dx
Second derivative in parametric form

.
dx
dx 2
dt
2

Arc length =

t2

t1

dx dy
dt
dt dt

Polar Functions

x r cos and y r sin .

dy
dy
Slope =
d
dx dx
d
Area inside a polar curve =

1 2
2
r ( ) d where 1 and 2 are the first two times that r 0.

2 1

Series Stuff
Taylor Series generated by f(x) at x = 0. (Maclaurin Series)
Let f be a function that has derivatives of all order on some open interval containing x =
0. Then the Taylor series generated by f at x = 0 is given by

f (n) 0 n
f (0) 2 f (0) 3
f ( k ) (0) k
f ( x) f (0) f (0) x
x
x ...
x ...
x
2!
3!
n!
k!
k 0
n

The partial sum Pn ( x)

k 0

f ( k ) (0) k
x
k!

is the Taylor polynomial of order n for f at x = 0.

Taylor Series generated by f(x) at x = a.

Let f be a function that has derivatives of all order on some open interval containing x =
0. Then the Taylor series generated by f at x = 0 is given by
f ( x) f (0) f (a) x

k 0

f (a)
f (a)
f ( n ) (a)
2
3
n
x a
x a ...
x a ...
2!
3!
n!

f ( k ) (a)
k
x a
k!
n

The partial sum Pn ( x)

k 0

f ( k ) (a)
k
x a
k!

is the Taylor polynomial of order n for f at x = a.

Common Maclaurin Series

1
1 x x 2 x3 x 4 ... x n ... x n (1 x 1)
1 x
n 0

1
1 x x 2 x3 ... ( x)n1 ... (1) n x n ( 1 x 1)
1 x
n 0

n
n

x 2 x3
n 1 x
n 1 x
ln(1 x) x ... (1)
... (1)
2 3
n
n
n 0

arctan x x

ex 1 x

sin x x

(1 x 1)

2 n 1
2 n 1

x3 x5
n ( x)
n ( x)
... 1
... 1
3 5
2n 1
2n 1
n 0

(1 x 1)

x 2 x3
xn
xn
... ...
(all real x)
2! 3!
n!
n 0 n !

x3 x5
x 2 n1
x 2 n1
... (1)n
... (1) n
(all real x)
3! 5!
(2n 1)!
(2n 1)!
n 0

2n
2n

x2 x4
n x
n x
cos x 1 ... (1)
... (1)
(all real x)
2! 4!
(2n)!
(2n)!
n 0

Error Bound
Alternating Series Error Bound
When a series is alternating, the error is maximized in the next unused term
evaluated at the difference between the center of the interval of convergence and the xcoordinate being evaluated.
Lagrange Error Bound
When the Taylor series doesnt alternate, we still find the error by using the
Lagrange error bound. The error is still tied to the next unused term according to
f ( n 1) ( z )
Error
( x a)n 1 where f ( n1) ( z ) is the maximum value that the corresponding
(n 1)!
derivative takes on the given interval and x is the value of the polynomial function
centered at a.