Greening the Chemistry

Curriculum for Bradford

Bev Lucas, Tasnim Munshi, Amy Ridley, Ian Scowen

A Subject Launch for

Chemistry at Bradford

Why Chemistry? Why Now?

HEFCE
Chemistry = Strategically Important Vulnerable Subject
Funded demand-raising projects in physics, chemistry,
engineering, mathematics and modern foreign languages
F1 development funding for HE

Fundamental sciences at the core of national economy

and future Grand Challenges

Energy / Environmental
Pharma / Biotech
Innovation / manufacture high value home & personal products
Measurement / QC & Analytics

Chemistry for Our Future

UAC Spectroscopy Days

Bfd/Leeds Future Elements
WY Aim Higher Primary
Level 4 Progression for G&T

Re-Launch of Chemistry
2007 increase in UCAS chemistry
applications of 11.7%
STEM at the heart of UoB future
Large virtual chemistry presence
CFS / PPC / AGES / IPI / ICT
40 chemistry academics

Why Chemistry? Why Now?

Bradford Chemistry
Long-standing successful provision Application Focus
Applied Chemistry / Chemical Engineering / Colour Chemistry
Chemical and Forensic Sciences

Linkage to Strategic Research Initiatives

Institute of Pharmaceutical Innovation

Institute of Cancer Therapeutics
University Analytical Centre
IRC Polymer Engineering

Exceptional Graduate Employability

Career Destination Statistics for Graduates

Chemistry at Bradford

100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%

2002/03

2003/04
In Employment

2004/05

2005/06

In Futher Study / Training

2006/07

Positioning Chemistry at Bradford

Perceived Strengths at Bradford

Employability of students
Interdisciplinarity of courses
Application-focus of training
Successful industrial partnerships

Relate chemistry to employers requirements

Extend practical and vocational training

New Taught Programmes in 2008/09

UG Programmes

Chemistry
Chemistry for
Analysis
Drug Discovery
Forensic Science
Medicines Development

Pathways
MChem by Research Placement
MChem by Industry Placement
BSc exits possible from both
MChem pathways

MSc Analytical Sciences

Archaeological Analysis
Environmental Analysis
Forensic Analysis
Pharmaceutical Analysis

Chemistry4 Course Concept

Chemistry

Year 1

Sem 1

Chemistry for
Analysis

Chemistry for Drug

Discovery

Chemistry for
Forensic Science

Chemistry for
Medicines
Development

Credits

Semester

20
20
30
10
30
10

1
1+2
1
2
2
2

10
30
10
10

1
1
1
1

10

20
30
10

2
2
2

10
30
30
20

1
1
1
1

20

PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
CORE EXTENSION

Interpretation &
Presentation of
Forensic Evidence
(Linked)

10

Application specialisation

Forensic Anthropology

10

40
20

2
2

Introduction to Chemical Bonding, Structure and Reactivity

Matter and Energy
Experimental Applications: Fundamental Techniques

Sem 2

Organic Functional Groups and Transformations

Experimental Applications: Characterisation
Option

Year 2

Sem 1

Electronic Structure
and Spectroscopy

Biochemistry

Intro to the Principles of

Forensic Science

Principles of Drug
Action

Synthesis and Design

Experimental Applications: Synthesis, Separation & Purification
States of Matter
Option

Data Collection and

Analysis (Linked)

Cell Biology

Pharmaceutics
Forensic Examination &
Analysis of Physical
Evidence (Linked)

Sem 2

Supramolecular Chemistry and Modern Materials

Experimental Applications: Materials Design and Structure Elucidation
Option

Data Collection and

Analysis (Linked)

Toxicology

Product Technology

CORE PRINCIPLES
CORE SKILLS DEVELOPMENT
Synthesis
Structure
Properties and
measurement

Forensic Examination &

Analysis of Physical
Evidence (Linked)

Year 3

Sem 1

Scientific Information Technology and Information Management

Core

Experimental Applications: Strategies in Synthetic Chemistry

Core

Workshop Applications: Chemical Computation and Prediction

Advanced Analytical
Chemistry

Principles of Drug
Discovery
Advanced
Pharmaceutical
Technolgy

Sem 2

Research Project - Application

Option

Chemical Toolbox for

Drug Discovery

Option

Instrumental Analysis

Industrial Biotechnology

10

Option

Instrumental Analysis

Enterprise in
Biotechnology

10

Interpretation &
Presentation of
Forensic Evidence
(Linked)

10

Forensic Analysis of
Polymers, Paints and
Fibres

10

10
20
60
10
10
10

1
1+2
1+2
1+2
1+2
1+2

Option

Year 4

Scientific Project Management

Professional Development (Linked)
Research Project - Application (Linked)
Short Analytical Course
Short Analytical Course
Short Analytical Course

PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE
Application specialisation
Experiential learning

Professional Practice: End-on Placements

Full year placement

Industry-hosted placements
Research Centre placements
Analysis
Drug Discovery
Pharma Development
Forensic
Short course release for taught modules
Experiential learning Professional Development (20cr)
Accreditation of host training
Student-driven learning portfolio

Skills Development
Employability Advantage
Chemistry

Year 1

Sem 1

Chemistry for
Analysis

Chemistry for Drug

Discovery

Chemistry for
Forensic Science

Chemistry for
Medicines
Development

Credits

Semester

20
20
30
10
30
10

1
1+2
1
2
2
2

10
30
10
10

1
1
1
1

10

20
30
10

2
2
2

10
30
30
20

1
1
1
1

20

Interpretation &
Presentation of
Forensic Evidence
(Linked)

10

Forensic Anthropology

10

40
20

2
2

Introduction to Chemical Bonding, Structure and Reactivity

Matter and Energy
Experimental Applications: Fundamental Techniques

Sem 2

Organic Functional Groups and Transformations

Experimental Applications: Characterisation
Option

Year 2

Electronic Structure
and Spectroscopy

Sem 1

Biochemistry

Intro to the Principles of

Forensic Science

Principles of Drug
Action

Synthesis and Design

Experimental Applications: Synthesis, Separation & Purification
States of Matter
Option

Data Collection and

Analysis (Linked)

Cell Biology

Pharmaceutics
Forensic Examination &
Analysis of Physical
Evidence (Linked)

Sem 2

Supramolecular Chemistry and Modern Materials

Experimental Applications: Materials Design and Structure Elucidation
Option

Data Collection and

Analysis (Linked)

Toxicology

Product Technology

Health & Safety

Assessment
Laboratory Practise
Science Information
Management

Forensic Examination &

Analysis of Physical
Evidence (Linked)

Year 3

Sem 1

Scientific Information Technology and Information Management

Core

Experimental Applications: Strategies in Synthetic Chemistry

Core

Workshop Applications: Chemical Computation and Prediction

Advanced Analytical
Chemistry

Principles of Drug
Discovery
Advanced
Pharmaceutical
Technolgy

Sem 2

Research Project - Application

Option

Chemical Toolbox for

Drug Discovery

Option

Instrumental Analysis

Industrial Biotechnology

10

Option

Instrumental Analysis

Enterprise in
Biotechnology

10

Interpretation &
Presentation of
Forensic Evidence
(Linked)

10

Forensic Analysis of
Polymers, Paints and
Fibres

10

10
20
60
10
10
10

1
1+2
1+2
1+2
1+2
1+2

Option

Year 4

Scientific Project Management

Professional Development (Linked)
Research Project - Application (Linked)
Short Analytical Course
Short Analytical Course
Short Analytical Course

Reporting
Communication &
Presentation
Team-working &
Group Skills
Personal skills profiling
personal development
Regulatory systems

Project management

Green Chemistry Drivers

Should we bother?

Greenhouse gas emissions by sector:

Manufacturing Industries and Construction
million tonnes CO2 equivalent

http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/eurostat/home

Toxic Chemical Production

Index of production of toxic chemicals, by toxicity class
EU (27 countries)
400

350

300

Total production of chemicals

milion tonnes

250

Total toxic chemicals

CMR - chemicals

200

Chronic toxic chemicals

Very toxic chemicals
150

Toxic chemicals
Harmful chemicals

100

50

0
2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/eurostat/home

Hazardous waste production - UK

9.0
Mt

http://unstats.un.org/unsd/ENVIRONMENT/qindicators.htm

Industry Drivers

Accenture Executive Survey on Climate Change, 2008

Push-pull

BBDO Consulting global CSR practice (2008)

Legislative landscape
Manufacturing Standards
Manufacturing standards and risks directives: Integrated Pollution Prevention & Control (IPPC) Directive
(Environmental Permitting Regs) Large Combustion Plant Directive Waste Incineration Directive Solvent Emissions
Directive & Titanium Dioxide Directives
To be consumed into the Industrial Emissions Directive in 2012 2014
Other relevant directives include: Waste Electrical & Electronic Equipment Directive Waste Framework Directive
Clean Air for Europe Directive Water Framework Directive UK - Contaminated Land Regime EU Seveso Directive
UK COMAH Control of Major Hazards Regulations 1999 Integrated Pollution Prevention & Control - Environmental
permitting regulations
Product Standards
REACH: Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation and restrictions of Chemicals Regulation started in 2007
CLP: Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Chemicals Regulation starting in December 2010
Specific regulatory controls are also in place for chemicals used as actives in biocides (1998), pesticides (2005), food
ingredients (1989) and pharmaceuticals (1968)
Regulatory limitations in specific applications: Cosmetics and personal care Detergents Toys Batteries Paints
Electronic and electric goods Aerosols Ecolabels Import and Export of Dangerous Chemicals Energy related
products Food contact
Climate Change and Energy
EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) Carbon allowances allocated to date, but phase III will move to an auctioning
basis except for certain exposed sub sectors Full trading of carbon allowances now relatively mature
Climate Change Levy (CCL) A levy on commercial energy use 80% relief from CCL, soon to change to 65% relief
CCA availability subject to PPC part A process (Pollution Prevention and Control regulation)
Carbon Reduction Commitment (CRC) To begin in April 2010 Main focus is high energy using but low energy
intensive sectors All companies using more than 6,000 MW electricity in 2008 Allowances to be bought at 12/tonne
CO2, and revenue recycled according to performance Phase 2 will move to full auctioning of allowances

Innovation and Sustainability

The availability of a skilled labour

force is essential to the long-term
viability and innovative capacity of
the European chemical industry.
The challenging target of ensuring
the highest possible standard of
skills at all levels of the chemical
industry and research necessary
to support societys economic,
ecological and social needs

Grand Challenges for Sustainability

in the Chemical Industry
This reality needs to be communicated through education and training
Today, it is still relatively segregated and marginalized in the study of
ecology and other environmental sciences.
In management education, the actions are segregated (and therefore
marginalized) in Environment Health and Safety (EH&S) offices or in
debates about ethics and social responsibility.
As central topics in the science communities and related to the health
and stability of societies today, these issues are migrating to the core
of corporate strategy, but education has not kept up.

Committee on Grand Challenges for Sustainability in the Chemical Industry (2005)

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

Barriers and Goals

A number of barriers to change are commonly perceived:

Mature products and processes that make innovation risky, difficult, or

unwarranted

Lack of reliable metrics to drive decision making and quantification of societal

impact

Economic pay-offs are too distant and not well understood

Goals for sustainability literacy and education must include:

Supporting the research agenda through education about underlying drivers

and science innovation

Stimulating demand for environmentally benign technology among industrial

scientists, business people, and consumers

Advocating a better understanding of the science challenges and opportunities

associated with sustainability within the chemical enterprise

Committee on Grand Challenges for Sustainability in the Chemical Industry (2005)

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

Interdisciplinarity

Need for new skills to assess and develop new technologies

that offer high performance and have a minimal environmental
footprint

life cycle assessment

toxicology

A strong component of interdisciplinary research that helps students learn to integrate

their work with other disciplines while contributing to the development of a knowledge
base needed to address sustainability challenges. In particular, activities that get
chemists and chemical engineers working together should be included

A strategic approach that encourages students to apply their basic chemistry

knowledge to real problems and provide them with familiarity of business thinking and
industrial practices, business opportunities, and challenges

An emphasis on skills such as communication and teamwork that are needed to work
effectively with a broad range of professionals

A basic understanding of risk assessment methods associated with the biological

impacts on natural systems resulting from new compositions of matter and routes of
exposure

Committee on Grand Challenges for Sustainability in the Chemical Industry (2005)

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

Strategies for Integration

Potential approaches for integrating green chemistry into
existing courses and curricula:
Develop new course modules around green chemistry
Depth into the subject
Often treated as an option/elective and therefore does not impact whole cohort
Integrate green chemistry into existing courses both within the classroom and the
laboratory.
Requires creativity for introducing the subject
Difficult to establish a holistic learning experience
Student-centred learning seeking alternatives to established methods
Develops experience of working across boundaries
Can integrate effectively with problem-based and group learning agenda
Encourages students to evaluate information

Impact assessment
a core skill for professional chemists?
The metrics of green chemistry provide a core challenge
Key challenges
Data quality and availability
Diversity
One-size fits all?
A good measurement systems (metric) needs to be:
Applicable
Scalable
Understandable
Reproducible
Descriptive of all dimensions of the sustainability environment
In order to change something, you have to be able to measure it, and you have to
be able to do it quantitatively

The educational challenge

Sustainable Development represents a real challenge:

A systemic change
solutions that integrate fully the needs of the economy, society and the
environment beyond minimisation of negative impacts of its products
and processes.
Creative and innovative approach
Requires demonstration (to industries and associated supply chains) that
real, positive contributions to the Sustainable Development agenda can
have real, positive effects on companies and their ultimate profitability
Therefore it is important that Sustainable Development is embedded into
innovation and education processes

Greening the Chemistry Curriculum

This project has involved the following:
Review of current practise
Needs Analysis
Students
Staff
Employers
Identification of stages for integration of environmental
awareness
The development of a set of student centred exercises

Lab Awareness
12 Principles of Green Chemistry Poster Campaign

Expected Outputs
Survey and analysis of needs for graduate engagement for
sustainable development
Student-centred training material for audit of laboratory
environments
A suite of illustrative chemistry practicals suitable for
inclusion into Chemistry4 curriculum
Integrated training package in sustainability in the existing
module Professional development for the MSc Analytical
Sciences and MChem Chemistry4

Student Perception & Feedback

First year chemistry students attended focus groups and were
asked to fill out questionnaires
The main aim of these sessions were:
to gain an understanding of students perception of green
chemistry and sustainability
to become aware of the way students currently work in
the laboratory

Student Perception & Feedback

First year Chemistry Students
I think Green Chem istry is im portant
30
Number of people

I'm aw are of Green Chem istry

34%

Yes
No

25
20
15
10
5
0
Strongly
agree

Agree

No strong
feeling

Disagree

Strongly
disagree

Response
66%

I believe that it is important, and

that I do not know enough about it

Student Perception & Feedback

First year Chemistry Students
I think future employers w ill require me to have a know ledge
of Green Chemistry

I would like to learn more about Green Chemistry

20

25

N u m b er o f p eo p le

Number of people

30

20
15
10
5

15
10
5
0

0
Strongly agree

Agree

No strong
feeling

Disagree

Strongly
disagree

Response

We need to be educated to save our

environment

Strongly
agree

Agree

No strong
feeling

Disagree

Strongly
disagree

Response

With knowledge comes responsibility, if

we are required to be responsible, green
chemistry will have a greater positive
impact on making a key difference

Student Perception & Feedback

The survey showed that the first year students:

are keen to learn about green chemistry and view it as an important
subject
believe that they have a responsibility to be green
believe that green chemistry is a subject that future employers would
require knowledge of
think that green chemistry can help to solve environmental problems
would be prepared to change their current laboratory practise in order
to incorporate green chemistry
believed that reducing chemical waste was the first step to becoming
more responsible in the laboratory

Embedding Sustainability & Environmental

Awareness
Curriculum examples
- The Preparation of Tetraiodotin (IV)
Two methods :
- Preparation from the elements
- Preparation from dichlorotin(II) dihydrate
- Application of Green Chemistry metrics to compare reactions
to suggest which would be considered to be most
environmentally friendly

Embedding Sustainability & Environmental

Awareness
Other curriculum examples to raise environmental awareness
Directed learning activity for the experiment: Solvent
extraction from a liquid
Aim: Explore green chemistry and sustainability in terms of
solvent extraction from a liquid

Embedding Sustainability & Environmental

Awareness
Directed learning activity
You have just carried out the above experiment, now consider the
following:
1. Re-read your script
2. This practical uses a number of solvents during extraction and
recrystallisation, identify the solvents used in the experiment
3. Place these solvents in the order of which you think is the least
harmful to the most harmful in terms of the environment and
exposure to people using them
4. Look at the twelve principles of green chemistry, which principle
do you think this relates to?

Green Chemistry: Metrics

The Application of Metrics

Green chemistry metrics offer a way to quantify how green a
chemical process is
Green chemistry metrics can be applied to undergraduate
practicals to allow students to assess their work in an
environmentally conscious way
A number have been identified from the literature :
E-factor
Atom Economy
Carbon Efficiency
Effective Mass Yield

The Application of Metrics

These metrics have been applied to first year laboratory
practicals to test how well they work
Example: The synthesis of aspirin

Unit Operation

Yield

Synthesis of crude aspirin

2.86 g

% Yield E-factor

88%

1.32

Atom
Economy

Mass
Intensity

75%

16.83

Effective Mass Reaction Mass

Yield
Efficiency
51%

65%

Carbon Efficiency

82%

Problems using metrics

Green Chemistry metrics cannot be used independently to
assess how green a reaction is
More information is required for certain metrics to be used
effectively
- Effective mass yield
- E- factor

Testing metrics
Tested at each stage of the practical
Easy application to multi-step organic synthesis but not applicable to all
unit operations within a process
Use of power and water usage to assess practicals
Application of green chemistry metrics to entire experiment

The Preparation of Tetraiodotin (IV)

Method A: Preparation from the elements
Stage

Unit Operation

Equipment

Power Usage (kWh)

Waste (g)

Addition of reagents

N/A

Reflux of reagents

Heating mantle

0.37

Boiling of liquid

Heating mantle

0.99

Filtration

N/A

Recrystallisation and filtration

Hotplate

0.26

Water waste from

condenser 5.3 L
Water waste from
condenser 28.5 L
31.22 g (32 cm3)
Acetic
acid/anhydride/iod
ine mix
14.59 g (11 cm3)
DCM

The Preparation of Tetraiodotin (IV)

Method A: Preparation from the elements
The preparation of Tetraiodotin (IV)
35
30
25
Power (kWh)

20

Waste (g)

15
10
5
0

Unit Operation

Water usage from reflux is excluded from the chart

The Preparation of Tetraiodotin (IV)

Method B: Preparation from dichlorotin(II) dihydrate
Stage

Unit Operation

Equipment

Power Usage (kWh)

Waste (g)

Addition of reagents

N/A

Reflux of reagents

Heating mantle

0.871

Water waste from

condenser 35 L

Filtration

N/A

15.49 g (15 cm3)

Recrystallisation and filtration

Hotplate

0.247

16.57 g (12.5 cm3)

DCM

The Preparation of Tetraiodotin (IV)

Method B: Preparation from dichlorotin(II) dihydrate
The Preparation of Tetraiodotin (IV) : Method B

18
16
14
12
10

Power (kWh)

8
Waste (g)

6
4
2
0
Addition of
reagents

Reflux

Filtration

Recrystallisation

Unit Operation

Water usage from reflux is excluded from the chart

The Preparation of Tetraiodotin (IV)

Methods A & B: Metrics
Atom
Mass
Economy Intensity

Effective Mass
Yield

Reaction Mass
Efficiency

Carbon Efficiency

25.4

3.97%

88%

N/A

100%

11.9

8.30%

N/A

N/A

5.55

85%

11.4

8.75%

44%

N/A

8.29

100%

8.3

12.12%

N/A

N/A

Unit Operation

Yield

% Yield

E-factor

Method A: Preparation from

the elements

2.20

84%

14.19

100%

Method A: Recrystallisation

1.22

55%

11.95

Method B: Preparation from

dichlorotin(II) dihydrate

2.79

34%

Method B: Recrystallisation

2.00

72%

The Synthesis of Acetylsalicylic acid

Stage
1

Unit Operation
Addition and mixing of
reactants, salicyclic acid and
acetic anhydride and addition
of sulphuric acid
Heating to 50-60 'C for 15
minutes

Equipment

Power Usage (kW)

Waste (g)

N/A

Waterbath

0.39

41.28 g (40 cm )
H2O/(CH3CO) 2O/H2S

0.28

O4 residues
26.32 g (27.30 cm3)
ethanol/water mix

Filtration of crude solid

Recrystallisation from
ethanol/water & filtration

N/A
Hotplate

The Synthesis of Acetylsalicylic acid

The synthesis of Acetylsalicylic acid
45
40
35
30
25

Power (kW)

20

Waste (g)

15
10
5
0
Addition of
reactants

Heating

Filtration

Recrystallisation

Unit Operation

Effective Mass
Yield

Reaction Mass
Efficiency

Carbon Efficiency

16.83

51%

65%

82%

12.30

N/A

N/A

N/A

Atom
Mass
Economy Intensity

Unit Operation

Yield

% Yield

E-factor

Synthesis of crude aspirin

2.86 g

88%

1.32

75%

Recrystallisation

2.14 g

75%

2.95

100%

Chemistry4 Sustainable Futures Roadmap

Awareness &
needs
assessment

Identify
deliverable key
skills
Embed skills
development
Develop
specialist
provision

Stakeholder perception
Students & Staff
Employers
Drivers
Legislation
Grand Challenges

Practical skills
Evaluation metrics
Strategies for adaptation
Transferable skills
Communication
Inter-disciplinarity

Practical programmes
Assessment methods
Critical evaluation
Professional Development
Legislative constraints
Product Lifecycle analysis

Spin-out
specialist
programmes

Thematic modules
Shared options

Envi-4