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Data Communications Equipment
Data Communications Equipment
Data Communications Equipment
DTE
What is DTE?
a)
b)
c)
d)
DCE
What is DCE?
a)
b)
c)
d)
A dumb terminal
DCE
Which of the following is an example of DCE?
a)
NIC
b)
Printer
c)
PC
d)
File Server
DTE
Which of the following is an example of DTE?
a)
File Server
b)
Modem
c)
Satellites
d)
Transmission Modes
Data transmission may take place in one direction only or it may be bi-directional. There
are 3 groups into which the channel can be classified:
Simplex
Half Duplex
Full Duplex
Simplex
Data is transmitted from the sender to receiver only, eg: from a central computer to a
dumb terminal. The communication can only take place in one direction and it is not
possible for the receiver to send data back. An example of simplex transmission would be
data being sent to an electronic notice board such as those found in train stations and
airports.
Half-Duplex
Data can travel in both directions but not at the same time. Each end of the
communications link acts as sender and receiver, eg: two-way communication between
computers and other computers that may be connected to a hub. Controls will exist to
ensure that the devices do not send at the same time. One human example of this type
of communication is the use of walkie-talkies, where each person communicating must
indicate when they have finished speaking.
Full-Duplex
Data can travel in both directions simultaneously, eg: two or more computers connected
to a network device such as a switch that provides full duplex activity.
Note: as well as the data that is sent between systems there is also control information,
eg: ready to send and ready to receive. Therefore, although the data may be only one
way in a passive simplex system there may be the need for control information to be
collected and used by the sender.
Baud rate is the speed at which data is transmitted over a channel. It is named after the
French scientist: Emil Baudot, who devised one of the earliest data transmission codes,
ie: Baudot Code. At low speeds one baud is equivalent to one bit per second, therefore, a
1200 baud channel will transmit data at the rate of 1200 bits per second.
When the transmission rate of a line is defined for DCE the term baud is often used. If
used correctly baud indicates the number of line signal changes per second, therefore, if
each transmitted signal is either a one or a zero then baud rate and the actual
transmission rate, ie: bits per second (bps) are the same. However, there are many
instances when the line signal can take on more than two states and as such each signal
can be used for more than one single bit.
No
Layer Name
Layer Function
Application Layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Interhost communication
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Physical Layer
The OSI reference model divides network communication into seven layers. Each layer
covers different network activities, equipment, or protocols. The table below represents
the layered architecture of the OSI reference model. The OSI reference model defines
how each layer communicates and works with the layers immediately above and below it.
Layer 7: Application
The top, or seventh, layer of the OSI model is the Application layer. The Application layer
provides interfaces to the software that enable it to use network services. Some of the
services provided by the Application layer include file transfer, electronic mail and web
services.
Layer 7 PDU:
Data
Layer 6: Presentation
The Presentation layer serves as a translator between the Application and the Session
layer. At the Presentation layer data are formatted in a representation that the network
can understand, eg: ASCII. The Presentation layer also takes care of data encryption and
decryption, such as password encryption.
Common protocols found at the presentation layer include ASCII, EBCDIC, JPG and MIDI.
Layer 6 PDU:
Data
Layer 5: Session
The Session layer allows two applications on different computers to open, use, and close
a connection, ie: a session. A session is a highly structured dialogue between two
workstations. The session layer is responsible for managing this dialogue. It performs
name recognition and other functions, such as security, that are needed to allow two
applications to communicate over the network.
The Session layer synchronises user tasks by placing checkpoints in the data stream. The
checkpoints break the data into smaller groups for error detection. This layer also
implements dialogue control between communicating processes, such as regulating which
side transmits, when, and for how long. Common protocols used by the session layer
include RPC, SQL and NetBIOS names.
Layer 5 PDU:
Data
Layer 4: Transport
The Transport layer is primarily responsible for ensuring that data is transferred from one
point to another reliably and without errors. For example, the Transport layer makes sure
data are sent and received in the correct sequence.
The Transport layer provides flow control and error handling, and participates in solving
problems concerned with the transmission and reception of packets. Common examples
of Transport layer protocols are Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram
Protocol (UDP) and Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX).
Layer 4 PDU:
Segment
Layer 3: Network
The Network layer handles addressing and routing of data based on logical addressing.
Routers belong to the Network layer because they use logical addresses to intelligently
direct data from sender to receiver. A router determines which path the data should take
based on network conditions, priority of service, and other factors. It also manages traffic
problems on the network, such as switching and routing of packets and controlling the
congestion of data.
Examples of Network layer protocols are Internet Protocol (IP) and Internetwork Packet
Exchange (IPX).
Layer 3 PDU:
Packet
Frame
Layer 1: Physical
The bottom layer of the OSI model is the physical layer. This layer transmits the
unstructured raw data, ie: bits, over the physical medium. The physical layer is totally
hardware based and deals with all aspects of establishing and maintaining a physical link
between communicating computers.
The physical layer defines how the cable is attached to the NIC. For example, it defines
how many pins a connector has and the function of each. It also defines which
transmission technique will be used to send data over the network cable.
This layer provides data encoding and bit synchronisation. The physical layer is
responsible for transmitting bits (zeros and ones) from one computer to another and
because different types of media physically transmit bits differently, the physical layer
also defines the duration of each impulse and how each bit is translated into the
appropriate electrical or optical impulse for the network cable.
Layer 1 PDU:
Bit
Click on this link to have a look at how James Bond works with the OSI model.
Have a look at the following web site which looks at the OSI model from the view of the
Mafia