ADVANCES IN HIGH STRENGTH

STEELS
FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS
Shrikant P. Bhat
Automotive Product Applications
ArcelorMittal Global R&D East Chicago

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Presentation Outline
Introduction
- Material Choice in Automobiles
Sheet Steel and the Automobile General Introduction
Fundamentals of Sheet Steel Metallurgy
Product Characteristics and Application Trends

Hot Rolled Products

Cold Rolled Products

Coated Products
Hot Stamping
Q&A
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Steel Material of Choice for

Modern Living
Most Large Metal Structures are made of Carbon Steel the
Worlds Most Useful Structural Material
Kennedy Space Center website
Integral Material for modern buildings, medicine, homeland
security, food packaging, transportation and infrastructure.
In todays cars, Steel makes up about 62% weight
- Steel is the Backbone of the entire vehicle
(Protect occupants, Provide positive driving experience,
React to road loads, Provide comfort, and attachment points to
other components of the vehicle)

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Automobile Weight Trend - VW

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Reasons for Weight Gain

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Sheet Steel and the Automobile

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Sheet Steel and the Automobile

60

Elongation(%)

50

Mild Steel

40

Conventional HSS

30
20

UHHS

10
0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Tensile StressMPa

Materials

Design
Safety

Environment

Customer Satisfaction
Cost
Performance

Light Weight

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Manufacturing

SHEET STEEL AND THE

AUTOMOBILE
Dent resistant

High strength

Ultra-high strength

Forming
Grade

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Automotive Sheet Steels

Low Strength
Steels (<270MPa)
High Strength
Steels

Elongation (%)

70
60
50

Ultra High Strength

Steels (>700MPa)

TWIP

Conventional HSS

IF

IF-HS

40

Mild ISO
BH

30
20

AHSS
CM

TRIP
n

HSL
A

10

DP
MARTENSITE

300

900
600
Tensile Strength (MPa)

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1200

1600

Steels Alloys based on Iron

Fundamentals of Sheet
Steel Metallurgy

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Strengthening Mechanisms

Work Hardening (Dislocation Strengthening)

Solid Solution Strengthening
Grain Refinement
Precipitation Strengthening
Phase Transformations
Strength/Ductility in Steel obtained by a
combination of strengthening mechanisms

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Fe - Fe3C Phase Diagram

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Processing of HiTen Steels

Time-Temperature-Transformation (TTT) Diagram

AUSTENITE

Temperature

Ar3

FERRITE
PEARLITE
BAINITE

Ms

MARTENSITE
Time

MARTENSITE

DUAL
PHASE

TRIP

COMPLEX
PHASE

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Microstructure
Legend
Austenite
Martensite
Ferrite
Bainite

Sheet Steel Microstructures

Ferrite (F)

Martensite (M)

Dual Phase (F + M)

TRIP (F + B/M + RA)

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Strengthening Mechanisms in
Sheet Steels - Summary
Tensile
Strength,
MPa

Carbon
Level

270

Low

340

ULC - L

C, Mn, P

440

ULC - L

C, Mn, Si

Nb, Ti, V

600

Low Medium

Nb, Ti, V,
Mo

800

LowMedium

C, Mn, Si

Nb, Ti, V,
Mo

1000 DP

Low Medium

C, Mn, Si,
Mo

Nb, Ti, V,
Mo

900 1500 M

Medium High

Solid Solution
Hardening

C, Mn, Si

Grain
Refinement

Precipitation
Hardening

C, Mn, Si

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Phase
Transformation

Facilities for High Strength Steels

Slow
cooling

Slow
heating

Rapid cooling
500-1000 C/s

o
( C)

o
T>820 C

Overage 200-400C

Time (18-36
hrs)

Cooling
o
5 10 C/sec

Temperature

Soak 600-700C

Temperature

Temperature

Soak >720C

Coating

4-6 minutes

Time (3-4 min)

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Sheet Steel Applications

Formability of Sheet Steels

Stress Strain Curves as
Surrogates

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PRODUCT CHARACTERISITCS
HOT ROLLED STEELS
800

ENGINEERING STRESS -STRAIN CURVES

HR GRADES

HSLA 700
HSLA 550

ENGINEERING STRESS, MPa

700

HSLA 590TS

600

500
HSLA 350

400

300
HSLA 250

200

100
0

10

15

20

25

ENGINEERING STRAIN, %

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30

35

40

PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
COLD ROLLED STEELS
1400

ENGINEERING STRESS -STRAIN CURVES

CR STEEL GRADES

ENGINEERING STRESS, MPa

1200

M190
(1300 MPa )

1000

980DU
DIFORM140T
(965 MPa TS)

800

600

590DU

590

400

200

440

270

0
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

ENGINEERING STRAIN, %

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40

45

50

PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
GALVANNEALED STEELS
1100

ENGINEERING STRESS - STRAIN CURVES

GA STEEL GRADES

ENGINEERING STRESS, MP

1000

980DU

900
800
700
600

590

590DU

500
440

400
300

340HR
340BH

200

270E

100
0

10

20

30

40

ENGINNERING STRAIN, %

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50

60

TYPICAL STRESS STRAIN CURVES

FOR 590 MPa FAMILY OF STEELS
700

Engineering Stress, MPa

600
500
400

GA590

300

GA 590DU
GA 590TRIP

GA 590TRIP

200

GA 590 DU
GA 590

100
0
0

10

15

20

Engineering Strain, %

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25

30

Automotive Sheet Steels

Low Strength
Steels (<270MPa)
High Strength
Steels

Elongation (%)

70
60
50

TWIP

Conventional HSS

IF

IF-HS

40

Mild ISO
BH

30
20

USIBOR

CM

AHSS
TRIP

HSL
A

10
0

Ultra High Strength

Steels (>700MPa)

DP

USIBOR

MART

300

900
600
Tensile Strength (MPa)

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1200

1600

Typical Hot Stamping

Process Steps

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Example Parts made with

Usibor 1500P

Fuel Tank Guard

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Main Properties After

Hot Stamping

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SHEET STEEL APPLICATION

TRENDS

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SHEET STEEL
APPLICATION TRENDS
2007 North American Light Vehicle Steel Content for Body,
Bumper and Closures
(Extracted from the Ducker 2007 Report)

GM, Ford and DCX

Foreign Domestics

- Segmented by Type of Steel -

- Segmented by Type of Steel -

Bake Hard
576
AHSS
6.2%
(590-980) 6.9%
644
CHSS 12.0%
(440)
1,122

16.7%
MHSS (340)
1,562

UHSS (Over 980)

203
2.2%

Bake Hard
8.9%
385

UHSS (Over 980)

63
1.5%

MHSS (340) 11.0%

472

56.0%
Low Strength (270)
5,234

9,341 Million Pounds of Content for

9.9 Million Vehicles

15.0%
CHSS (440)
18.3%
646
AHSS (590-980) 787
(Includes wheels)

45.3%
Low Strength
(270)
1,952

4,305 Million Pounds of Content for

5.394 Million Vehicles

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SHEET STEEL
APPLICATION TRENDS
There is a significant difference between the percent of AHSS in vehicles using a
body on frame type architecture versus vehicles using a unibody type architecture.

Total Body on Frame

Total Unibody

Total

2007 Body and Closure Steel Content by Type

Advanced HSS
HSS

Advanced HSS*

Advanced HSS

5.8%

12.4%

34.7%

51.5%

Mild Steel

HSS

36.1%
59.5%

9.4%

Mild Steel

35.6%

HSS

Mild Steel

976 Pounds

763 Pounds

842 Pounds

*AHSS is 73.6 pounds of Dual Phase , 5.8 pounds of martensitic, boron, complex phase,
recovery annealed steels and TRIP steel not including door intrusion or bumper beams

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55.0%

SHEET STEEL
APPLICATION TRENDS
2007 North American Light Vehicle Flat Rolled AHSS and UHSS Steel Content

Other Steel Grades

Dual Phase Steels

Recovery Annealed
TRIP and CP Steels
52,000 Tons

DP 780

8%

28.2%

17%

Boron Steels
75,000 tons

40.7%

DP 980

75%
DP 500/600
Including 590R

665,000 Tons

31.1%

Martensitic Steels
57,200 Tons

184,200 Tons

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Predicted Growth of AHSS

Usage - VW

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AHSS usage to grow significantly

40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

Nafta

BIW AHSS Usage (% )

Japan
EU
EM

Source AM Global Auto Marketing Studies

2000

2006

2012

AHSS gathers
all MultiPhase
Steels above
450MPa Ts

2020

Advance of Japanese OEMs in AHSS implementation

AHSS Growth currently limited by transformation constraints
Future Emerging markets needs calculated as if required AHSS were available.

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Automotive Sheet Steels

Low Strength
Steels (<270MPa)
High Strength
Steels

Elongation (%)

70
60
50

TWIP

Conventional HSS

IF

IF-HS

40

Mild ISO
BH

30
20

USIBOR

CM

AHSS
TRIP

HSL
A

10
0

Ultra High Strength

Steels (>700MPa)

DP

USIBOR

MART

300

900
600
Tensile Strength (MPa)

www.autosteel.org

1200

1600

ADVANCES IN HIGH STRENGTH

STEELS
FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS
QUESTIONS?
THANK YOU

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