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Caenorhabdilis elegans
Famous nematode
Have sex alone (w/ egg &
sperm)
Eggs are released in vulva

Biology 12
(1st LE Reviewer)
Augustus Mamaril
#AldrichInspiredUnosem

Tapeworms
May do it alone
Eggs and sperm in proglottis

ANIMAL REPRODUCTION
Barnacles
-Acorn Barnacles
opens for water
cirri is extended for
feeding
penis is long

A life without sex

Bdelloid Rotifers
Philodina
No sex

-Barnicle Feeding
extends penis to another
for exchange
both M&F:
Hermaphrodites

No sex for 40 days and 40

nights!? Ill go crazy!!!!
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

SIGNS of LIFE:
cells for organization
energy use and metabolism
response to stimuli
regulation and homeostasis
growth and development
biological intuition
REPRODUCTION
REPRODUCTION
Formation of new/younger
individuals
Offspring (PROGENY) tend to
have traits of parents
To perpetuate the population
Maintain species
Avoid extinction

Clonal Reproduction (asexual)

Fission dividing a parent into

two
a) Longitudinal
Sea Anemone longitudinal
b) Transverse

Budding from outgrowths

Hydra (Cnidaria)
Simultaneous
hermaphroditic
Asexual to sexual
1
parent
is
enough
(Budding)
Mitotic
Cell
Division
Obelia (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa)
Planula (free swimming
larva)
Connected polyps: COLONY
Medusae: sexual stages
Alternate sexual & asexual

Porcupines
Female lets male urinate on
her (seduction)
Sex for only 8-12 hrs per
year (2-5 mins)
Sea Slugs
Gastropods (nudibrachs)
Peristalsis in lateral side
Penises get entangled
Hypodermic Impregnation
Exchange roles
(hermaphrodite)
Mating chains (1st F, last M,
middle M&F)

Aelosoma hemprici
Presence of segments
Presence of setae (to
move)
Young old buds
Fragmentation breaking
bodies and followed by
REGENERATION

Sex Pheromones
Chemical compounds that
lead to each other

Invertebrate sponges

Sea Stars
Sexual M&F

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Disadvantage: fewer
Metridium (Pedal laceration)

Gemmulation
- Freshwater sponges
- Involving special cells
Spongilidae
produce sprem and egg
when times turn bad:
cells are protected from
dessication (freezing)
when times turn good:
hatching of gemmule
thesocytes more out from
gemmule through
microphyle

Parthenogenesis development from unfertilized

egg
Cladocera (Arthropodia:
Crustacea)
Daphnia
lay eggs in brood chamber
Favorable encironment:
o plenty water and food
eggs just develop
all babies are female
viviparity
Unfavorable environment:
o dry, warm, frozen, low h2o,
predators, low food
male daphnia
o produce EPHIPPIA (eggs)
that becomes M
o can stay freezing
o covered with CHITIN
o stay in sediments as
resting eggs (diapause)
Rotifer Branchionus
only female rotifer (amictic
female)
parthenogenic/amictic egg
becomes new rotifer
single ovary (diploid)
released in cloacal opening
one at a time
Favorable:
o asexual in monogonont
rotifers
Unfavorable:
o mictic male (2N)
o sexual reproduction

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Male rotifer:
small, starved, small penis
sperm transfer may be
hypodermic impregnation
o short lived, fast sex
o
o

When theres trouble in paradise,

who ya gonna call?
The Ghostbusters!! (MALE)
Scandalous bdelloid rotifers
parthenogenesis (40 years)
No sex
Asexual lizards that
reproduce only by a
complex/special
parthenogenesis that
involves doubling chrom
meiosis
desert - grassland whiptail lizard
(Aspidocelis uniparens)
sex: tongue inspects F, M
mounts F, M bits neck of F
pseudocopulation: cloaca to
cloaca, cloacal kiss
(doughnut position)
After pseudo copulation: part
ways, change roles
The unisexual A.uniparens
decended from a bizexual
bisexual ancestor A. inoratus
tesselata is common
checkered long whiptail
Komodo Dragon (Varanus)
parthenogenesis: all male
(eggs turn to male)
Some
animals
reproduce
sexually or asexually depending
on the condition
EUKARYOTES produce sexually
From an engineers POV: Sex is
a crazy way to reproduce!
GENETIC VARIATION
Beetles (lady bugs)
Butterflies
Bear cub may have traits
that follow mother
Lions with dense mane is M;
may have genes that
produce more testosterone
(kaya denser mane)

Sexual Reproduction results in

genetic recombination which
provides potential advantages
Variation in offspring
Increase rate of adaptation
Shuffling and elimination of
genes
*some sexual has 1 parent only
Asexual
1 parent
mitotic

Sexual
Fusion if haploige
gametes
zygote
by meiosis

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Advantage:
o No need to find mate
o Many anak little time w/c is
benefictial in fav habitats
& successful genotypes
o Little energy outlay
Disadvantage:
o Does not promote
genetic variability
o Offspring are clones
(identical)
o Ex. If pathogen can kill 1,
it kills all
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Advantage:
o promotes genetic variability
Disadvantage:
o bioenergetically expensive
SEX IS EXPENSIVE!!!!
-full separation into M&F
imposes biologically expensive
demands (high E)
1) Al kinds of structural and
behavioural adaptations to get
the sperm to the egg
2) A. Nourishment of fertilized
eggs
B. protection of embryo
(Phylum) ANTHROPODA: Insects
Odonata: dragonflies,
damselflies
M hooks head of F
F bends to get sperm from
sperm cache

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Sex in the air

Palawan Peacock peasant

M is more attractive
Males are more attractive.
Girls, dont even bother putting
on makeup.
fighting spends energy
Nourishment
a. Yolk
1) No yolk sea urchin
egg
2) Moderate frog eggs
3) Much yolk bird
eggs
GONOCHORISTIC, dioecious
-distinct M&F
Fruit Fly
Spermatherca (found in F) is
the storage of sperm
Penis is spermatophore (in
M)
Female kaydid recieves
spermatophore
Arthropoda: Crustacea
Copepodd
*Female calanus
Sex Pheromones
- metabolites
- airborne / waterborne
-lure mates
Ondatra Zibethicus
Use scent glands (M)
muskrat
*Jovan musk; cologne
Variation of patterns in sex
reproduction
Finding a partner is
challenging
so, HERMAPHRODISM!
1) Both can mate
2) Self fertilize
3) Others do it differently
Clonoris sinensis (o. l. fluke)
Reproduce and die in bile
ducts
Earthworms (Annelida,
oligochaeta)

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Exchanging sperm
External fertilization and
development

o
o
o

SIMULTANEOUS
HERMAPHRODITISM
o Clonorchis sinensis
o Tapeworm
o Barnacle
o Earthworms
o Caenorhabditis elegans
(xx)
o Sea slugs, sea hares
o Hydra (some; sometimes
asexual)
o Sponges (some;
sometimes asexual)
SEQUENTIAL HERMAPHRODITISM
M to F reversal (oysters)
F to M (coral reefs)
Crepidula fornicate
By shallow water/ @ sea
shore
Slipper shell limpet
Villigers that arrive are M
PROTANDRY M to F
(because of sex
pheromones)

Release sperm
Fertilization in water
Cleavage through
tadpole

Belostoma(giant water bug)

Dont touch aquatic (it
will bite)
Eggs in back (smores)
Bromeliads
Ephyphites caenal plants
Leave catch rain water
Ex. Pinya frog
Flectonotus pygmaeus
Pygmy marsupial frog
Tadpole in pouch (F)
Pipa pipa
Suriman toad
Froglets emerge from
skin (F)
Dentrobates bicolour
Poison arrow frog
@ back of tadpole (M)
Rhinoderma darwinii
Darwins frog
With vocal sac for
brooding young

Crassostrea Virginica
American oyster
Protandry

Wish you were her(e)

Chapter 46.3: Human
Reproductive System

Male Reproductive Anatomy

external: penis, scrotum
internal: gonads, testes,
accessory sex glands
*200 B daily sperm dose
*Epididymis is long (~5m)
*Sperm pauses @ ejaculatory
duct
Main accessory glands
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland
Seminal vesicle
*Testes inside abdominal cavity
(38C)
- allows spermatogenesis
*Scrotum (34C)
Cryptochidism
- hidden scrotum
- not fertile
*****Testes (check pathway)
Leydig Cells interstitial cells

Thalassoma bifasciatum
Coral reef fish
Bluehead wrasse (harem)
PROTOGYNY (F to M) of
biggest when M dies

Gamete production and delivery

some dont have GONADS
Nereis
Clamworm (Annelida:
Polychaeta)
Cloaca common opening to
outide for non-mammalian
vertebrates

Reproductive Cycles
- OVULATION release of
mature egg
Frogs
Male kokaks
Reunion for sex party
PDA- Public display of
amplexus (the hug)
M is smaller, with dark
spot sa leeg, swollen
innermost digit (finger)
for F arousal
Naka-hug
Sex:
o Hold breath in water
o Lay eggs in water

Anus for mammals

Monogamy rare among
animals
*Ape Sex
*Mouse(1st): Vaginal Plugs
Sperm is already inside
If M and F are separated, M
produces more sperm
Absence makes the heart grow
fonder
For another

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Principal androgen: testosterone

Accessory Sex Glands
Seminal Vesicles
o Fructose
o Prostaglandins
Prostate Gland
o Anticoagulants
o Citrate
Bulbourethral glands
o Mucus to neutralize pH of
urine
Secretion (98%) + Sperm (2%)
= semen
-seminal v contributes up to
60%
Semen
Body fluid
Rich in proteins
Less fats and sugars

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Im not suggesting that you
change your lifestyle

iii.

Gonads

Sperm: small, motile.

Steroids
Estradiol, testosterone
Cholesterol (starting point of
sex hormones)
Sex hormones can also come
from adrenal glands

Posterior pituitary
(neuropophysis)
Anterior pituitary
(adenohypophysis)

Seminiferous tubule rete

testis efferent ductules
epidymis ejaculatory duct
Sertoli cells nonspermatogenic
cells
Role of sertoli cells:
(1) Nurture the developing
sperm cells by secreting
hormones & proteins for
spermatogenesis
(2) Establish and maintain
the stem cell niche to
ensure renewal of of
sperm cell precursors
(3) SECRETE INHIBIN!!!
Sperm: nuclear warheads
1. Head: nucleus + plasma
membrane
2. Neck
3. Middle piece: remains of
cytoplasm (mitochondria)
4. Flagellum
*Acrosome hydrolytic
enzymes
- Functions during
penetration
Microtubules: tubulin in 9+2
config
Flagellum same with cilium
Ex: Trypanosome,
dinoflagellate, chlorophyte
protist, ciliate protist
Aside from sperm, ciliated
columnar epithelium have cilia.
Ex. Trachea, fallopian tube
Human Reproduction: by
hormones
i.
Hypothalamus
ii.
Anterior pituitary

Sex hormones serve many

functions in addition to gamete
production including SEXUAL
BEHAVIOR
Testosterone
Essential for normal
development and functions
of primary sex organs
Essential for maturation of
sperm
Largely responsible for sex
drive
Greatly increased secretion at
puberty
Oversecretion leads to baldness
Whats happening to sperm????
Oligospermy declining count
Quality of Sperm declining
Testicular cancer &
cryptochordism
Oligospermy: (caused/causes)
Stress, smoking, drugs
Having children later in life
Increase in STD
Boxer to briefs
Steamy places
To do: boxer, limit use of laptop,
cold shower, environmental
pollutants (DDT, Dioxins, Pcb,
etc synthetic subs)
Environmental estrogens or
(Xenoestrogens)
Binds with receptors
Effects:
o feminize male embryo
o shrinks penis

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Number of Sperm:
FERTILE:
o 48M sperm/mL
o Greater than 63% are
motile
INFERTILE:
o Less than 13.5M
sperm/mL
o Less than 32% are motile
BIOCHEMISTRY OF ERECTION
L-arginine (amino acid)
Nitric Oxide
Activates enzyme
Guanylate cyclase
Increases levels of cGMP
(cyclic guanosine
monophospate)
Relaxes (erectile tissue)
Erection (5 m/s shearing tissues)
Nitric Oxide
Enzyme 2
Breaks down
erectile
disfunction
loss of erection
Viagra (sildenafil citrate)
Keeps enzyme 2 at bay
Best: Pfizer

Female Reproductive System

Vagina
pH = 3.8 -4.2 (high acidity)

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low pH is caused by
lactobacillus acidophilis
lactic acid (bacteria
friendly; same with
those in yogurt)
should be high pH so that
it wont kill sperm
kills harmful bacteria
(pathogens)

Ectopic Pregnancy

Ovaries: have 1 oocyte, 1 I

secondary/moths
Oo genesis
The follicle cells produce
estradiol and progesterone prior
to ovulation
Mature follicle (Graafian
follicle)

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Emptied mature follicle cells

(LUTEIN CELLS) becomes a
gland (CORPUS LUTEUM)
Corpus luteum
Excreates estradiol and
progesterone
Maintains uterus and
endometrium
Progesterone
Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary
*both shuts down