Professional Documents
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Huawei IRAT Handover
Huawei IRAT Handover
Huawei IRAT Handover
Huawei Technologies
Co. Ltd.
V100R001
Product Name: WCDMA RNP
Confidentiality
level
For Internal Use
Total pages: 54
Prepared by:
Reviewed by:
Reviewed by:
Approved by:
URNP-SANA
Date:
Date:
Date:
Date:
2003-12-15
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Revision Record
Date
Rev.
Version
2003/12/15
2005/03/16
13-5-3
1.0
Description
Author
Initial transmittal
Znag Liang
Qinyan
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Table of Contents
1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................................8
2 Handover Algorithm Analysis......................................................................................................................8
2.1 Handover Measurement ..........................................................................................................................8
2.1.1 Intra-Frequency Measurement .........................................................................................................9
2.1.2 Inter-Frequency Measurement .......................................................................................................14
2.1.3 Inter-System Measurement .............................................................................................................16
2.1.4 UE Internal Measurement ..............................................................................................................17
2.2 Handover Algorithms ...........................................................................................................................17
2.2.1 Softer Handover and Soft Handover Algorithms ...........................................................................17
2.2.2 Intra-Frequency Hard Handover Algorithm ...................................................................................19
2.2.3 Inter-Frequency Hard Handover Algorithm ...................................................................................19
2.2.4 Inter-System Handover Algorithm .................................................................................................20
2.2.5 Handover Caused by Load Balancing ............................................................................................21
2.2.6 Cell Penalty......................................................................................................................................22
2.2.7 Active Set Synchronization Maintenance.......................................................................................22
2.2.8 Direct Retry Algorithm ...................................................................................................................24
2.2.9 Principle for Generating Adjacent Cell List....................................................................................25
3 Handover Parameter Setting ......................................................................................................................26
3.1 Description.............................................................................................................................................26
3.2 Handover Common Parameters ............................................................................................................27
3.2.1 Maximum Number of Cells in Active Set.......................................................................................27
3.2.2 Penalty Time....................................................................................................................................28
3.2.3 Event 6F Trigger Threshold ...........................................................................................................28
3.2.4 Event 6G Trigger Threshold............................................................................................................29
3.2.5 Time-to-Trigger Parameters for Events 6F and 6G........................................................................30
3.2.6 BE Service Handover Rate Decision Threshold ............................................................................30
3.2.7 Soft Handover Method Select Switch ............................................................................................31
3.2.8 Handover Algorithm Switches........................................................................................................32
3.3 Intra-Frequency Handover Measurement Algorithm Parameters ........................................................33
3.3.1 Soft Handover Relative Thresholds ...............................................................................................33
3.3.2 Soft Handover Absolute Thresholds ..............................................................................................34
3.3.3 Intra-Frequency Measurement Filter Coefficient (FilterCoef).......................................................35
3.3.4 Hysteresis Related to Soft Handover .............................................................................................36
3.3.5 Time-to-Trigger Parameters Related to Soft Handover..................................................................38
3.3.6 WEIGHT.........................................................................................................................................39
3.3.7 Detected Set Statistics Switch.........................................................................................................39
3.4 Inter-Frequency Handover Algorithm Parameters ...............................................................................40
3.4.1 Inter-Frequency Measurement Filter Coefficient (FilterCoef).......................................................40
3.4.2 Cell Location Property....................................................................................................................41
3.4.3 Hysteresis Related to Inter-Frequency Handover...........................................................................42
3.4.4 Time-to-Trigger Parameters Related to Inter-Frequency Hard Handover.....................................42
3.4.5 Compressed Mode Enable/Disable Threshold Denoted by RSCP.................................................43
3.4.6 Compressed Mode Enable/Disable Threshold Denoted by Ec/No.................................................44
3.4.7 Inter-Frequency Hard Handover RSCP Threshold ........................................................................45
3.4.8 Inter-Frequency Hard Handover Ec/No Threshold ........................................................................45
3.5 inter-system handover measurement algorithm parameter ..................................................................46
3.5.1 inter-system measurement filter coefficient FilterCoef..................................................................46
3.5.2 Inter-System Hard Handover Decision Threshold .........................................................................47
3.5.3 Inter-system Hard Handover Hysteresis .......................................................................................47
3.5.4 Time-to-Trigger Parameter for Inter-System Hard Handover........................................................48
3.5.5 Inter-System Measurement Periodic Report Interval......................................................................48
3.6 Compressed Mode Algorithm Parameter .............................................................................................49
3.6.1 CFN Offset to Enable Compressed Mode.......................................................................................49
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List of Tables
table 1Recommended Soft Handover Hysteresis Settings for Different Movement Speeds.......................37
table 2Recommended Time-to-Trigger Settings for Different Movement Speeds......................................38
table 3Recommended Inter-Frequency Hard Handover Hysteresis Settings for Different Movement
Speeds..........................................................................................................................................................42
table 4Recommended Inter-Frequency Hard Handover Time-to-Trigger Settings for Different Movement
Speeds..........................................................................................................................................................43
List of Figures
Figure 1 Measurement Model.........................................................................................................................9
Figure 2 Example of Event 1A and Trigger Delay.......................................................................................11
Figure 3 Periodic Reporting Triggered by Event 1A....................................................................................11
Figure 4 Example of Event 1C......................................................................................................................12
Figure 5 Example of Event 1D......................................................................................................................13
Figure 6 Restriction of measurement reporting by means of hysteresis.......................................................13
Figure 7 Example of Event 1E......................................................................................................................14
Figure 8 Example of Event 1D1F.................................................................................................................14
Figure 9 Power Control Timing....................................................................................................................23
Figure 10 MML Client .................................................................................................................................27
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Key words: handover algorithm, soft handover, hard handover, inter-system handover, parameter
setting
Abstract: This document first describes the measurements involved in the handover algorithms,
and then analyzes the measurement control and decision rules in the implementation of
the algorithm of each type of handover. Finally, it provides a detailed guidance for the
setting of various types of handover parameters, so that correct and effective handover
parameter adjustments can be carried out based on the actual requirements during
network optimization.
List of abbreviations: (Omitted)
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1 Introduction
Handover types include softer handover, soft handover, intra-frequency hard handover,
inter-frequency hard handover and inter-system hard handover. A typical handover process is:
measurement control measurement report handover decision handover execution
new measurement control. Based on the measurement value, handover control method and
handover type selection required for the handover decision, the handover algorithm determines
how the UE carry out handover measurements and report the measurement result, and then
makes handover decision and guides the handover execution according to the reported
measurement result. Handover algorithms largely present themselves in the configuration of
measurement control parameters.
In Chapter 2, this document discusses the measurement control, reporting rules and related
handover decision algorithms involved in various types of handover. In Chapter 3, based on the
knowledge of the handover algorithms, this document provides detailed descriptions of the
specific parameter setting methods value assignment recommendations and ranges of effect of
the related algorithms of various types of handover, so as to provide a clear and practical
guidance for parameter adjustments in network optimization.
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relation and implemented weighted averaging processing of the measurement result. The latest
measurement result after L3 filtering is used for evaluation of the reporting rule, and as the
reported result. The process is as follows:
Parameter
L1
filtering
Parameter
L3
filtering
C
C'
Figure 1
Evaluation
of reporting
rule
Measurement Model
The reporting types include on-demand reporting, periodic reporting and event triggered
reporting (Event A to Event F). Generally, the last two types of measurement reporting are
involved in handover.
In the UE, measured cells are divided into the following three types:
Active set cells: Cells in an active set communicate with the UE simultaneously. Active set
cells refer to those that are demodulated and correlatively combined at the UE and
communicate with the UE in the FDD mode, namely in soft handover and softer handover.
Cells in an active set are surely intra-frequency cells.
Monitored set cells: Among the cells included in the adjacent cell list delivered by the RNC,
some adjacent cells may have already entered the active set at the time of soft handover,
and the remaining cells are in monitored sets. Monitored sets include intra-frequency
monitored sets, inter-frequency monitored sets and inter-system monitored sets.
Detected set cell: Detected set cells refer to those cells detected by the UE itself, rather than
the cells in the active sets and monitored set.
The types of measurement involved in handover include intra-frequency measurement,
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1A while the UE has entered the Cell_DCH state, then when a primary pilot channel enters the
reporting range, the UE will send a measurement report.
When the measurement values satisfy the following formulas, the UE deems that a primary
pilot channel has entered the reporting range:
1. Path loss:
10 LogM New
NA
10 LogM New
NA
Where,
MNew is the measurement result of the cell that has entered the reporting range
Mi is the measurement result of the cells in the active set
NA is the number of cells in the current active set
MBest is the measurement result of the best cell in the current active set
W is the weight factor
R is the reporting range. With the signal strength as an example, R equals to the signal strength
of the best cell in the current active set minus a value
H1a is the hysteresis value of event 1A
In order to reduce the signaling traffic flow of the measurement report, the TIME-TOTRIGGER parameter is used so that the UE will not trigger measurement reporting before the
primary pilot enters the reporting range and is maintained for a certain period of time. This
parameter is also used in other events. An example of measurement reporting triggered by event
1A is given below:
Measurement
quantity
P CPICH 1
Reporting
range
P CPICH 2
P CPICH 3
Time-to-trigger
Reporting
event 1A
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Generally, if event 1A is triggered, the UE will send a measurement report to UTRAN, and
UTRAN will deliver an ACTIVE SET UPDATE signaling message to update the active set.
However, UTRAN may give no response after the UE sends the measurement report (for
example, due to insufficient capacity). In this case, the UE will shift from event reporting to
periodic reporting mechanism, and the content of the measurement report includes the
information of the cells in the active set and the cells in the monitored set that has entered the
reporting range. The UE will not stop sending periodically the measurement report until this cell is
successfully added into the active set or leaves the reporting range, as shown below:
PCPICH 1
PCPICH 2
Reporting
range
Reporting
terminated
Periodic
report
Periodic
report
Event-triggered
report
PCPICH 3
Figure 3
10 LogM Old
NA
NA
Where,
MOld is the measurement result of the cell that has left the reporting range
Mi is the measurement result of the cell in the active set
NA is the number of cells in the current active set
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MBest is the measurement result of the best cell in the current active set
W is the weighted factor
R is the reporting range
H1a is the hysteresis value of event 1A
If several cells satisfy the reporting condition simultaneously after the trigger delay, the UE
will sort the cells according to the measurement values and report all the measurement results.
Event 1C: The primary pilot channel in a non active set is better than the primary pilot
channel in an active set
This event can be described through the following example:
Measurement
quantity
P CPICH 1
P CPICH 2
P CPICH 3
P CPICH 4
Reporting
event 1C
Figure 4
Reporting
event 1C
Time
Example of Event 1C
In this example, the cells where P CPICH 1, P CPICH 2 and P CPICH 3 are belong to an
active set, while that of P CPICH 4 does not. This event is used to replace the poor cells in the
active set, if the number of cells in the active set reaches or exceeds active set replacement
threshold.
Event 1D: The best cell changes
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Measurement
quantity
P CPICH 1
P CPICH 2
P CPICH3
Time
Reporting
event 1D
Figure 5
Example of Event 1D
In order to prevent frequent triggering of event 1D due to signal fluctuations when the
channel difference is small, which results in unnecessary increase of the air interface signaling
traffic flow, we can use the hysteresis parameter, as shown below:
Measurement
quantity
P CCPCH 1
Hysteresis
P CCPCH 2
Hysteresis
Reporting
event 1D
Figure 6
Time
As we can see, as the hysteresis condition is not met at the second time, event 1D reporting
is not triggered. This parameter can also be used in other events.
Event 1E: The measurement value of a primary pilot channel exceeds the absolute
threshold
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Measurement
quantity
P CPICH 1
P CPICH 2
Absolute
threshold
P CPICH 3
Reporting
event 1E
Figure 7
Time
Example of Event 1E
Event 1E can be used to trigger the measurement reports of cells including those detected
by the UE before it receives the adjacent cell list.
Event 1F: The measurement value of a primary pilot channel is lower than the absolute
threshold
Measurement
quantity
P CPICH 1
P CPICH 2
Absolute
threshold
P CPICH 3
Reporting
event 1F
Figure 8
Time
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NA j
Where,
Qcarrierj is the logarithmic form of the estimated quality value of frequency j
Mcarrier j is the estimated quality value of frequency j
Mi j is the measurement result of cell i with the frequency of j in the virtual active set
NA j is the number of cells with the frequency of j in the virtual active set
MBest j is the measurement result of the best cell with the frequency of j in the virtual active set
Wj is the weight factor
H is the hysteresis value
Before we describe events 2x, we should make the following two concepts understood:
non-used frequency refer to the frequency that the UE needs to measure but that is not in the
active set, and used frequency refers to the frequency that the UE needs to measure and that is
in the active set.
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control message delivered by UTRAN. This type of parameters can be modified through MML
commands.
Event 2E: The estimated quality value of the non-used frequency is lower than a
certain threshold
This threshold is specified by IE Threshold non-used frequency in the measurement control
message delivered by UTRAN.
Event 2F: The estimated quality value of the used frequency is higher than a certain
threshold
Event 2F can be used to disable the compressed mode to stop inter-frequency
measurement. This threshold is specified by IE Threshold used frequency in the measurement
control message delivered by UTRAN.
NA
Where,
QUTRAN is the logarithmic form of the estimated quality value of the UTRAN frequency currently in
use
MUTRAN is the estimated quality value of the UTRAN frequency currently in use
Mi is the measurement result of cell i in the active set
NA is the number of cells in the active set
MBest result is the measurement result of the best cell in the active set
W is the weight factor
Event 3A: The estimated quality value of the used UTRAN frequency is lower than a
certain threshold, and that of the other system is higher than a certain threshold
If the estimated quality value of the used UTRAN frequency is lower than the threshold
defined by IE Threshold own system delivered in the measurement control message, while that
of the other system is higher than the threshold defined by IE Threshold other system delivered
in the measurement control message, and the hysteresis value and the time to trigger condition
are satisfied, event 3A will be triggered.
Event 3B: The estimated quality value of the other system is lower than a certain
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threshold
This threshold is specified by IE Threshold other system in the measurement control
message.
Event 3C: The estimated quality value of the other system is higher than a certain
threshold
This threshold is specified by IE Threshold other system in the measurement control
message.
Event 3D: The best cell in the other system changes
Loose-mode algorithm
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2.
1) When event 1A report is received, if the active set is not full, then links are sequenced
and added in the order of good quality to poor quality (CPICH Ec/No) (in case that multiple cells
report event 1A), until the active set is full; if the active set is already full, no processing will be
made.
2) When event 1B is received, if there are more than one links in the active set, then the
braches are sequenced and removed in the order of poor quality to good quality (CPICH Ec/No)
(in case that multiple cells report event 1B), until only one link is left; if there is only one in the
active set, no processing will be made.
3) In case of event 1C, the UE will report the replacing and replaced cells in the event
trigger list. If the active set is not full, then the triggered cell link will be added; if the active set is
already full at this moment and the replaced cell is not the best cell in the active set, then this cell
link will be removed.
4) In case of event 1D, if the triggered cell is an active set cell, then it will be marked as the
best cell and measurement control is updated; if the triggered cell doe not belong to the active
set, then this cell link will be added (if the active set is full, one of the non-best cell will be
removed before this link is added) and marked as the best cell, with measurement control
updated.
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Ec/No or RSCP measurement quantity and thresholds will be adopted respectively according to
the location property of the best cell in the active set (carrier coverage center or carrier coverage
verge as previously described). If the measurement quantity is lower than the enabling
threshold , event 2D will be reported, and inter-frequency measurement will be enabled through
decision; if the active set quality rises and becomes higher than the disabling threshold, then
event 2F reporting will be triggered and inter-frequency measurement will be stopped.
3. Inter-frequency hard handover decision
Presently, the periodic measurement reporting mode is used for inter-frequency
measurement. In RNC V1.2, the absolute threshold decision method based on cell properties is
used for inter-frequency handover decision. According to different cell properties (carrier
coverage verge cell and carrier coverage center cell), different physical measurement quantities
(CPICH RSCP and CPICH Ec/No) and handover thresholds are used for handover decision.
Based on the inter-frequency measurement result periodically reported by the UE, if the
measurement values exceed the absolute threshold and the hysteresis values and the time to
trigger condition is met, then the RNC will implement inter-frequency hard handover with the
reported cell as the handover target cell.
Note: Due to lack of a special compressed mode control policy, it is recommended that
inter-frequency handover be used only for necessary handover caused by discontinuous carrier
coverage. In this case, we can consider to enable the compressed mode only at the carrier
coverage verge, while disable the compressed mode at the carrier coverage center by means of
parameter configuration (by setting the absolute threshold of event 2D to the minimum) to disable
inter-frequency hard handover.
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4) For inter-system handover, CPICH RSCP is used as the physical measurement quantity
and events 2D and 2F are used to decide enabling or disabling the compressed mode.
5) For inter-system handover, three compressed mode style sequences are used for
concurrent measurement of GSM RSSI, BASIC identification and BASIC reconfirm, and the
configuration of parameters is oriented to the cell type, namely, the parameters can be selected
and configured based on the cell characteristics and user mobility statistics characteristics.
6) Periodic measurement reports are used for inter-system handover, and the RNC decides
whether to implement hard handover according to the measurement reports.
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(2) UEs with inconsistent SRNC and CRNC are not selected, because this kind of transfer
involves signaling interworking on the Iur interface, while the Iur is an open interface, without this
type of signaling.
Upon receiving the load transfer signaling, the handover entity first implements handover
decision to judge whether the two conditions previously mentioned are satisfied. If so, it will
proceed with the next step of processing; otherwise, it will reject the request and indicate the
reason.
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DL DPCCH
at UTRAN
PILOT
T TF
P CI
C
Data1
Data2
Propagation delay
DL-UL timing
offset (1024 chips)
DL DPCCH
at UE
PILOT
Data2
PILOT
Data1
T
P
C
512 chips
DL SIR
measurement (*1)
UL DPCCH
at UE
T
Data1 P
C
Response
To TPC (*3)
T TF
P CI
C
Data1
PILOT
PILOT
Response
to TPC
TFCI
TPC
PILOT
UL DPCCH
at UTRAN
*1,2
*3
PILOT
UL SIR
measurement (*2)
TFCI
TPC
PILOT
The SIR measurement periods illustrated here are examples. Other ways of measurement are allowed to achieve
accurate SIR estimation.
If there is not enough time for UTRAN to respond to the TPC, the action can be delayed until the next slot.
Figure 9
As illustrated in the diagram, when the UE complete receiving the downlink PILOT bit, it has
the time of 512 chips to generate the TPC bit for downlink power control according to the PILOT
bit. When the UE is in the soft handover state, the generation of the TPC bit should be based on
the PILOT calculation of all links. However, in the actual system, because the selection of the
downlink transmission time is obtained by the NodeB based on the RNC-configured frame offset
and code offset after roundup by 256 chips (the minimum time resolution of the NodeB is 256
chips), there is an error of 128 chips between the actual transmission time and the RNCconfigured time. Plus errors in the UE movement speed and clock drift, there will be an error of
(128+20) chips at the UE side. That is, when the Rx-Tx time difference is within the range of
1024148 chips, the design of UE and NodeB should be able to satisfy the 1-slot power control
requirement; when it is out of this range, the system will be unable to guarantee the 1-slot power
control requirement, resulting in power control performance deterioration.
The UE Rx-Tx time difference is measured once every 10 frames. When the Rx-Tx time
difference is smaller than 876 (1024148) chips, the UE-end processing time will be reduced,
and, as result, it will be likely that the downlink 1-slot power control cannot be guaranteed; when
the Rx-Tx time difference is greater than 1172 (1024+148) chips, the NodeB-end processing will
be reduced, and it will be likely that the uplink 1-slot power control cannot be guaranteed.
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There are two UE internal measurement events for the measurement of the protocolprovided synchronization maintenance information: event 6F and event 6G, as described
previously.
Algorithm description:
a) After the UE enters the CELL_DCH state, the algorithm enables the UE to report event
6F and event 6G through measurement control.
b) The thresholds, delays and hysteresis values of events 6F and 6G are used as algorithm
parameters, which can be adjusted through background configuration.
c) Once event 6F or event 6G occurs on a radio link, the network side will release this radio
link.
D) The cell with its link released may retrigger other events and then new RL could be
added to the active set.
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(3) When the UE initiates an RRC setup requests, if the connection setup fails, the RNC will
choose a new cell with the best quality for a further access attempt based on the cell
measurement information in the RACH measurement report carried in the RRC CONNECTION
REQUEST message, until all the available cells (candidate cells) fail and the number of attempts
reaches the maximum retry times.
(4) Candidate cells are picked up as follows:
1) Read the current system time, calculate the buffering time of the cell measurement value,
and discards the cells of which the buffering time is bigger than MaxRelatingTime
2) Based on the measurement value in the buffered RACH report and the LinearFactor,
convert the estimated value of the current cell signal quality: cell measurement value (CPICH
Ec/No) buffer time (s) LinearFactor (dB/s)
3) Put the cells of which the estimated quality value is greater than DRDCSThreshold into
the candidate set of the direct retry algorithm.
(5) Retry with the cell having the best estimated quality from the candidate set cells. If retry
fails, continue to retry, until the number of attempts reaches the maximum retry times
(DRMaxNumber).
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handover
measurement
algorithm
parameters
and
inter-system
handover
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Scope
Per RNC
Range and unit
Integer(1..3)
Working range
Integer(1..3)
Recommended value
3
Balance in setting
Modification of value is not recommended.
Modification/query
To configure this RNC-oriented global handover parameter, use the command set
hocomm; to view the current configuration of the parameter, use the command lst
hocomm.
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RxTxtoTrig6F, the trigger threshold of event 6F. Namely, if the time interval between the
UEs downlink receiving and the corresponding uplink transmission is greater than this
absolute threshold, event 6F will be triggered.
Scope
Per RNC
Range and unit
Integer(768..1280), chip.
Working range
Integer(1024..1280)chip
Recommended value
1172
Balance in setting
The value of this parameter should not be too close to 1024; otherwise radio links will be
removed too early. It is recommended that this parameter be adjusted within the range of
11723 chips. To guarantee the 1-slot power control, decrease the value of this
parameter; otherwise, it could be increased.
Modification/query
To configure this RNC-oriented global handover parameter, use the command set
hocomm; to view the current configuration of the parameter, use the command lst
hocomm.
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To configure this RNC-oriented global handover parameter, use the command set
hocomm; to view the current configuration of the parameter, use the command lst
hocomm.
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Enum(D8,D32,D64,D128,D144,D256,D384)
Recommended value
D64.
Balance in setting
It is the rate decision threshold deciding whether soft handover is to be implemented for
the BE service. When the maximum rate of the BE service transmission channel is smaller
than this threshold, the system will perform soft handover for the service user so as to
ensure the QoS for the user; when the maximum rate of the BE service transmission
channel exceeds this threshold, the system will implement intra-frequency hard handover
for the service user so as to prevent excessive influence on the system capacity caused
by soft handover.
Modification/query
To configure this RNC-oriented global handover parameter, use the command set
hocomm; to view the current configuration of the parameter, use the command lst
hocomm.
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Per RNC/CELL
Range and unit
Integer(0~29), corresponding to 0 to 14.5dB; configuration step: 1 (0.5dB).
Working range
Integer(0~16)
Recommended value
10, namely, 5dB.
Balance in setting
Settings of these parameters determine the size of the soft handover area and the soft
handover subscriber proportion. In a CDMA system, it is required that the UE proportion in
soft handover should be 30% to 40% so as to ensure smooth handover. Based on the
simulation result, when the relative thresholds are set at 5dB, the proportion of UEs in the
soft handover state (number of active set cells 2) is around 35%. It is recommended that
this value be slightly bigger in the early stage of deployment (5 to 7dB). To save system
resources, this figure can be gradually decreased with the growth of the number of
subscribers, but it must be bigger than 3dB. The default configuration is 5dB. In addition,
in special applications, different relative threshold values can be set for event 1A and
event 1B to reduce the ping-pong effect and change the soft handover proportion in some
special applications. For example, if the adjustment of the hysteresis values for events 1A
and 1B is insufficient for good control of the ping-pong effect, the relative threshold for
event 1B can be set larger than that for event A to reduce the ping-pong effect. However,
the relative thresholds for events 1A and 1B should generally be kept consistent; instead,
the time-to-trigger setting, L3 filter coefficient and hysteresis value should used to reduce
the ping-pong effect.
Modification/query
To implement cell-oriented settings, use the commands add/mod/rmv/lst
cellintrafreqho. Otherwise, use the RNC-oriented global settings configured with the
command set intrafreqho as the configuration for the concerned cell.
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Working range
Integer(-20..-10)dB
Recommended value
-18.
Balance in setting
This value is the absolute threshold value used in the measurement reports of events 1E
and 1F in the soft handover algorithm, corresponding to the signal strength that satisfies
the basic QoS assurance. This value affects the trigger of events 1E and 1F. Because an
absolute threshold is only a necessary condition, but not a sufficient one, for access
judgment, this value should be relative loose. With value settings in IS-95 and the lower
threshold of -20dB, -18dB is deemed to be a reasonable value.
Modification/query
To implement cell-oriented settings, use the commands add/mod/rmv/lst cellintrafreqho.
Otherwise, use the RNC-oriented global settings configured with the command set
intrafreqho as the configuration for the concerned cell.
Fn = (1 a ) Fn 1 + a M n
Where,
Fn: the updated measurement result after filtering processing.
Fn-1: the old measurement result of the previous moment after filtering processing.
Mn: The latest measurement value received from the physical layer.
a = (1/2)(k/2), where, k is from IE "Filter coefficient", namely FilterCoef here. When k=0
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Filter
11
coefficient
Iteration
times
10
15
21
30
42
85
The table above lists the iteration times required when different filter coefficients
are used to obtain 85% of the final output value. According to 25.133, in the
CELL_DCH state, L1 reports the intra-frequency measurement result to L3 at a
cycle of 200ms. When the iteration times are substituted with Intra-frequency
tracking time, the table above will become:
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Filter
coefficient
Intrafrequency
tracking
time (s)
1.4
4.2
11
8.4
17
Modification/query
To implement cell-oriented settings, use the commands add/mod/rmv/lst cellintrafreqho.
Otherwise, use the RNC-oriented global settings configured with the command set/lst
intrafreqho as the configuration for the concerned cell.
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Definition
Hysteresis for event triggering, including Hystfor1A, Hystfor1B, Hystfor1C, Hystfor1D,
Hystfor1E and Hystfor1F
Scope
Per RNC/CELL
Range and unit
Integer(0..15) , corresponding to 0..7.5dB; configuration step 1(0.5dB)
Working range
table 1 Recommended Soft Handover Hysteresis Settings for Different Movement
Speeds
Speed (km/h)
5
50
120
Typical configuration
Range
6~10(3~5dB)
4~10(2~5dB)
2~6(1~3dB)
4~10(2~5dB)
Recommended Value
10(5dB)
6(3dB)
2(1dB)
6(3dB)
Recommended value
6(3dB) for events 1A and 1E, and 8(4dB) for events
Balance in setting
For UEs entering the soft handover area, increase of the hysteresis value means decrease
of the soft handover range, while for UEs leaving the soft handover area, it means
increase of the soft handover range. If the number of UEs entering the handover area is
the same as the number of UEs leaving the handover area, there will be no influence on
the actual soft handover proportion. The bigger the hysteresis value is, the stronger the
signal fluctuation resistance capability will be, and thus the better the ping-pong effect will
be suppressed, but the slower the handover algorithm can react on signal changes.
Therefore, in the setting of this parameter, not only the radio environment (slow fading
characteristic) but also the actual handover distance and the UE movement speed should
be taken into due consideration. The setting of this parameter can be adjusted within the
range of 2 to 5dB. As events that add cells to the active set, 1A and 1E are critical events.
In order to ensure timely handover, the hysteresis value for event 1A can be smaller, but
not be too smaller, than those for 1B, 1F, 1C and 1D; otherwise, the soft handover
proportion will be affected.
In addition, In addition, hysteresis adjustment should generally be considered together
with the filter coefficient and time-to-trigger settings.
Modification/query
To implement cell-oriented settings, use the commands add/mod/rmv/lst cellintrafreqho.
Otherwise, use the RNC-oriented global settings configured with the command set
intrafreqho as the configuration for the concerned cell.
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Range (ms)
640, 1280
240, 640
240, 640
640, 1280
Balance in setting
Simulation shows that the setting of the hysteresis value can effectively reduce the
average handover times and mis-handover times, and thus can prevent the occurrence of
unwanted handover. The bigger the hysteresis value is, the less the average handover
timers will be. However, the increase of the hysteresis value will bring more risks of call
drop. It is stipulated in TS 25.133V3.6.0 that the physical layer of intra-frequency
measurement updates the measurement result every 200ms. Therefore, a time-to-trigger
value below 200ms does not make any practical sense, and it should be as close as
possible to an integral multiple of 200ms. In addition, simulation also shows that mobile
stations moving at different speeds respond differently to the time-to-trigger value. The call
drop rate is more sensitive to the time-to-trigger value when the mobile station is in highspeed movement, while it is less sensitive when the mobile station is in low-speed
movement, and ping-pong handover and mis-handover are suppressed to a certain extent.
Therefore, for cells where there are more high-speed moving mobile stations, this value
can be relatively small, while for cells where there are more low-speed moving mobile
stations, this value can be relatively big. Different types of events have different
requirements on the time-to-trigger setting: events that add cells to the active set (event
1A and event 1E) generally require a small time-to-trigger setting, while events that
replace cells in the active set (event 1C and event 1D) generally require low ping-pong
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handover and mis-handover and do have produce remarkable influence on the call drop
rate. For the latter type of events, the time-to-trigger setting can be properly big. For
events that remove cells from the active set (event 1Band event 1F), the time-to-trigger
value is set mainly to reduce ping-pong handover; the initial setting can be the same as
that for event 1A and event 1E, and can be properly adjusted based on the actual network
statistics result.
Modification/query
To implement cell-oriented settings, use the commands add/mod/rmv/lst cellintrafreqho.
Otherwise, use the RNC-oriented global settings configured with the command set
intrafreqho as the configuration for the concerned cell.
3.3.6 WEIGHT
Definition
Weighted factor (see formulas on Section 2.1.1)
Scope
Per RNC/CELL
Range and unit
Integer(0..20), corresponding to 0..2; step: 0.1
Working range
Integer(0..10)
Recommended value
10, namely 1
Balance in setting
This parameter is used to determine the soft handover relative threshold based on the
measurement value of each cell in the active set. The bigger this parameter is, the higher
the relative threshold obtained under the same condition will be. When W=0, the
determination of soft handover relative threshold is related to only the best cell in the
active set.
Modification/query
To implement cell-oriented settings, use the commands add/mod/rmv/lst cellintrafreqho.
Otherwise, use the RNC-oriented global settings configured with the command set
intrafreqho as the configuration for the concerned cell.
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Fn = (1 a ) Fn 1 + a M n
Where,
Fn: the updated measurement result after filtering processing.
Fn-1: the old measurement result of the previous moment after filtering processing.
Mn: The latest measurement value received from the physical layer.
a = (1/2)(k/2), where, k is from IE "Filter coefficient", namely FilterCoef here. When k=0
and a=1, L3 filtering is not implemented. According to R2-000809, we recommend that the
commonly used value of the filter coefficient be in the range of {0,1,2,3,4,5,6}. The bigger
the filter coefficient is, the stronger the burr filtering capability will be, but the weaker the
signal tracking capability will be. Therefore, a balance must be made. For different cell
coverage types, typical values are recommended as follows:
a, if the cell covers urban area, the inter-frequency filter coefficient can be 7;
b, if the cell covers suburbs, the inter-frequency filter coefficient can be 6;
c, if the cell covers rural area, the inter-frequency filter coefficient can be 3.
Modification/query
To implement cell-oriented settings, use the commands add/mod/rmv/lst cellinterfreqho.
Otherwise, use the RNC-oriented global settings configured with the command set
interfreqho as the configuration for the concerned cell.
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Range
6~10(3~5dB)
4~10(2~5dB)
2~6(1~3dB)
4~10(2~5dB)
Recommended Value
10(5dB)
6(3dB)
2(1dB)
6(3dB)
6(3dB)
Balance in setting
The bigger the hysteresis value is, the stronger the signal fluctuation resistance capability
will be, and thus the better the ping-pong effect will be suppressed, but the slower the
handover algorithm can react on signal changes. Therefore, in the setting of this
parameter, not only the radio environment (slow fading characteristic) but also the actual
handover distance and the UE movement speed should be taken into due consideration.
The setting of this parameter can be adjusted within the range of 2 to 5dB. In addition,
hysteresis adjustment should generally be considered together with the filter coefficient
and time-to-trigger settings.
Modification/query
To implement cell-oriented settings, use the commands add/mod/rmv/lst cellinterfreqho.
Otherwise, use the RNC-oriented global settings configured with the command set
interfreqho as the configuration for the concerned cell.
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Scope
Per RNC/CELL
Range and unit
Enum(D0, D10, D20, D40, D60, D80, D100, D120, D160, D200, D240, D320, D640,
D1280, D2560, D5000), corresponding to (0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 160, 200, 240,
320, 640, 1280, 2560, 5000)ms
The value range of TrigTimeHHO is 0 to 64000ms
Working range
Enum(D0, D200, D240, D640, D1280, D2560, D5000)
Recommended value
table 4 Recommended Inter-Frequency Hard Handover Time-to-Trigger Settings for Different
Movement Speeds
Speed (km/h)
5
50
120
Typical configuration
Balance in setting
Range (ms)
640, 1280
240, 640
240, 640
640, 1280
Simulation shows that the setting of the hysteresis value can effectively reduce the
average handover times and mis-handover times, and thus can prevent the occurrence of
unwanted handover. The bigger the hysteresis value is, the less the average handover
timers will be. However, the increase of the hysteresis value will bring more risks of call
drop. It is stipulated in TS 25.133V3.6.0 that the physical layer of intra-frequency
measurement updates the measurement result every 200ms. Therefore, a time-to-trigger
value below 200ms does not make any practical sense, and it should be as close as
possible to an integral multiple of 200ms. In addition, simulation also shows that mobile
stations moving at different speeds respond differently to the time-to-trigger value. The call
drop rate is more sensitive to the time-to-trigger value when the mobile station is in highspeed movement, while it is less sensitive when the mobile station is in low-speed
movement, and ping-pong handover and mis-handover are suppressed to a certain extent.
Therefore, for cells where there are more high-speed moving mobile stations, this value
can be relatively small, while for cells where there are more low-speed moving mobile
stations, this value can be relatively big. The setting can be properly adjusted based on
the actual network statistics result.
Modification/query
To implement cell-oriented settings, use the commands add/mod/rmv/lst cellinterfreqho.
Otherwise, use the RNC-oriented global settings configured with the command set
interfreqho as the configuration for the concerned cell.
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Definition
This parameter corresponds to the absolute thresholds for inter-frequency measurement
events when RSCP is used as the measurement object, including
InterThdUsedFreqFor2DRSCP (absolute threshold for event 2D) and
InterThdUsedFreqFor2FRSCP (absolute threshold for event 2F)
Scope
Per RNC/CELL
Range and unit
Integer(-115..-25), dBm.
Working range
Integer(-115..-25)dBm
Recommended value
-95dBm
Balance in setting
Events 2D and 2F are the switches to enable/disable the compressed mode. When the cell
is located the verge of carrier coverage, the RSCP measurement value will be used as the
decision criterion for event 2D and event 2F. Therefore, if you hope to enable the
compressed mod as early as possible, set a big value; otherwise, set a small value.
Modification/query
To implement cell-oriented settings, use the commands add/mod/rmv/lst cellinterfreqho.
Otherwise, use the RNC-oriented global settings configured with the command set
interfreqho as the configuration for the concerned cell.
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Events 2D and 2F are the switches to enable/disable the compressed mode. When the cell
is located the center of carrier coverage, the Ec/No measurement value will be used as the
decision criterion for event 2D and event 2F. Therefore, if you hope to enable the
compressed mod as early as possible, set a big value; otherwise, set a small value.
Modification/query
To implement cell-oriented settings, use the commands add/mod/rmv/lst cellinterfreqho.
Otherwise, use the RNC-oriented global settings configured with the command set
interfreqho as the configuration for the concerned cell.
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Per RNC/CELL
Range and unit
Integer(-24..0), dB.
Working range
Integer(-24..0)dB
Recommended value
-16dB
Balance in setting
When Ec/No is used as the physical measurement quantity and the quality of the measure
cell is higher than this threshold, this cell can be used as the target cell for inter-frequency
hard handover. If this cell is located at the center of carrier coverage, the Ec/No
measurement value will be used as the decision criterion for inter-frequency hard
handover. If this value is too big, call drop is likely to occur due to failure of timely initiation
of inter-frequency hard handover; if it is too small, it may result in excessively frequent
verge hard handover or call drop after handover due to weak signals of the target cell.
Modification/query
To implement cell-oriented settings, use the commands add/mod/rmv/lst cellinterfreqho.
Otherwise, use the RNC-oriented global settings configured with the command set
interfreqho as the configuration for the concerned cell.
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inter-system handover decision. This value can be properly decreased in areas with small
shadow fading and properly increased in areas with big shadow fading.
Modification/query
To implement cell-oriented settings, use the commands add/mod/rmv/lst cellinterratho.
Otherwise, use the RNC-oriented global settings configured with the command set
interratho as the configuration for the concerned cell.
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time required to start the compressed mode, and it is generally between 500 and 1500ms.
In WCDMA, the duration of one frame is 10ms, so the recommended value of this
parameter is between 50 and 150.
Modification/query
To configure this RNC-oriented global handover parameter, use the command set cmcf;
to view the current configuration of the parameter, use the command lst cmcf.
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Integer(1..5)
Working range
Integer(1..5)
Recommended value
2
Balance in setting
None
Modification/query
To configure this RNC-oriented global handover parameter, use the command set drd; to
view the current configuration of the parameter, use the command lst drd.
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MinSignalRequired. The basic access threshold described in Section 2.2.8, namely the
minimum requirement of the UE form the receiving CPICH Ec/No density during normal
demodulation.
Scope
Per RNC/CELL
Range and unit
Integer(-19..0)
Working range
Integer(-19..0)
Recommended value
-18
Balance in setting
In the direct retry algorithm, the cell signal measurement value in the RACH report must be
higher than this threshold before the direct retry algorithm can consider this cell; otherwise
the cells with poor signal quality will be neglected. This parameter and the candidate set
absolute threshold can jointly prevent the occurrence of latter case mentioned above.
Modification/query
To configure this RNC-oriented global handover parameter, Use the command set drd; to
view the current configuration of the parameter, use the command lst drd. Alternatively,
use the command add/mod/lst/rmv celldrd to add/modify/remove cell-oriented parameter
settings, which has a higher priority.
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Modification/query
To configure this RNC-oriented global handover parameter, Use the command set drd; to
view the current configuration of the parameter, use the command lst drd.
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List of references:
[1] 3GPP R99 25_series, 2002/09
[2] Xie Zhibin, 3Ghandover planning, 2001/08
[3] Li Zhen, WCDMA RNC V100R002 RAA Handover Algorithm Requirement Specification,
2003/6
[4] Li Zhen, WCDMA RNC V100R002 RAA Handover Parameter Configuration Specification,
2003/10
[5] Zhou Xinjie, WCDMA RNP System Parameter Setting Guidance, 2003/04
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