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2 HOMEOSTASIS
Thursday, September 10, 2015

1:06 AM

The constancy of the internal milieu

What homeostasis REALLY mean in this course?
- Is envelope of internal conditions allowing us to live
Must prevent extremes: temp, pH, [ion], and everything OR WE DIE
Hyper/hypotonic, etc
Hypocholemic - low potasium
Actually affected by sodium, and chloride etc
- Bodies must maintain internal constancy (homeostasis) whilst meeting constantly
changing demands of life
Is DYNAMIC
EXTERNAL PERTUBATIONS: wants to increase/decrease environmental
temperatures
INTERNAL PERTUBATIONS includes: sugar in food, byproducts of metabolism
- All cells & organs are involved in homeostasis and autonomic nervous system is
dedicated to process
Annnd also the endocrine system
- Almost all bodily chemicals are homeostatically regulated
Some chemicals aren't regulated
E.g. nitrogen
- PARADOX: must constantly change to maintain internal consistency
IN ORDER TO STAY CONSTANT, MUST BE DYNAMIC
Homeostasis and life:
- Animals, humans included maintain balance (homeostasis) in just about every
aspect of life
- Even risky behaviour seems to be under some sort of homeostatic regulation
E.g. driving a speeding car in summer vs. winter
Changing of driving directions
Maintenance of Homeostasis:
- 2 ways to maintain homeostasis
Only 1 way is POSITIVE FEEDBACK
Much more common: NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
- Req's something to regulate ==> variable

Ins

side in the body, everything has to be in balance

C)

In the right iliac region

- Series of wheels within wheels

Chemicals in body are turning and turning of one turns another to sustain life
- Maintenance of homeostasis is the maintenance of life
Homeostasis: staying within the envelope of staying alive

- We constantly get perturbations from the things we eat and we'd have to deal with it

Objectives:
- Define homeostasis
- Descrive components of feedback
system
- Contrast operation of negative
and positive feedback systems
- Explain how homeostatic
imbalances are related to
disorders

Maintenance of Homeostasis:
- 2 ways to maintain homeostasis
Only 1 way is POSITIVE FEEDBACK
Much more common: NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
- Req's something to regulate ==> variable
Risk, sodium, sugar, potassium, etc
- A DETECTOR/RECEPTOR to detect change in variable from set point
- Movement of system AWAY from its SET POINT is STIMULUS
This movement picked up by detector
- A CONTROL CENTER determines what to do when stimulus is detected
- An EFFECTOR moves variable back to normal ==> homeostasis
Makes the change
- Effector deprives system of stimulus and terminates feedback loop
Back to normal=no stimulus

**do w
glucose

we need to know specific figures like the normal blood

e levels?

- Blood glucose affects the tonicity of cells

Glucose==> sucks water out of cells
- Insulin tells cells to take in glucose

Diabetes simply a departure from homeostasis

- Rectal temp is warmer than oral, but more accurate lol

- When we get warmer and warmer ==> febrile

- Brain regulates temperature but when temperature gets too high, brain cells get lesions
and start breaking apart
Since brain regulates but the regulation is impaired welp

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- When we get warmer and warmer ==> febrile

- Brain regulates temperature but when temperature gets too high, brain cells get lesions
and start breaking apart
Since brain regulates but the regulation is impaired welp

- When you get too cold, you lose ability to warm self up
You're not really dead until you're warm and dead
When we're really cold, certain part of body because hypoxic ==> deprived of oxygen
- Consequences of hypothermia less permeant that hypothermia

**negative feedback: a stimulus leads to a response brining body BACK to normal

**positive: stimulus leads to response of even more of said stimulus response

Hy

-- s

POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM:

- another way to maintain homeostasis when a distinct event will facilitate the
return to homeostasis
Causes something to occur
- REQUIRES:
Variable: something to regulate
Receptor/detector: recognizing change in variable, aka STIMULUS
Effector: moves variable FURTHER FROM THE STARTING POINT AND
PROVIDE MORE STIMULUS
- Tdlr: CHANGE IN VARIABLE STIMULATES ADDITIONAL CHANGE IN VARIABLE
(FURTHER AWAY FROM STARTING POINT)
- Examples:
Blood clotting - clotting causes more clotting
Clotting > more clotting factors to induce more clotting
Neuronal action potential - changes in voltage triggers additional changes in
voltage (mexican wave)
Action potential: change in voltage across membrane travels down

ypothalamus is the detector and control center

sweating > evaporation of sweat > cooling

Babies have a lot of surface area compared to body

- Lotsa skin

- Examples:
Blood clotting - clotting causes more clotting
Clotting > more clotting factors to induce more clotting
Neuronal action potential - changes in voltage triggers additional changes in
voltage (mexican wave)
Action potential: change in voltage across membrane travels down
synapse
Ovulation - increased hormonal estrogen cause estrogen increases,
stimulating egg release
Estrogen usually inhibits more estrogen production
Orgasm - increased sensory nervous inputs lead to increased sensitivity,
which lead to increases in sensory nervous input, etc, etc, until there's
massive spinal cord reflex
Uterine contractions in labour - uterine contractions cause further uterine
contractions
POSITIVE FEEDBACK AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK OCCUR TOGETHER
- +ve feedback mechs are always found w/in other -ve feedback mechs, otherwise
the feedback never ends
- +ve feedback loop MUST terminate w/ some distinct event which deprives
feedback system of input (-ve)
- +ve feedback mechs can be exploited to provide signal or accomplish distinct
event
Eg. Ovulation yields an egg, labour yield newborn, clotting of blood yields clot
- Labour & blood clotting are good examples of +ve feedback terminating in distinct
events
- These events maintain homeostasis in long run through they hardly seem like it
when occuring
- Pathology can also result from positive feedback
Epileptic seizures result when synchronized neurons fire and recruit more
neurons until they are all firing together and a seizure results which can be
motor if motor neurons are recruited or psychological if neurons in the
cortex are involved

- Positive feedback will always stop with a negative feedback

- Neurons fire in brain, then recruit more neurons in brain to fire ==> positive feedback
It becomes far too much and then those neurons stop and dem we get the seizure and
then we stop
- Hippocampus involved in memory

- In uterine cervix, there's pressure receptors

- When cervix stretches out, receptors sends signals to hypothalamus
- Release of oxytocin causing more stretch and stimulus

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In uterine cervix, there's pressure receptors

When cervix stretches out, receptors sends signals to hypothalamus
Release of oxytocin causing more stretch and stimulus
Positive feedback

Oxy=sharp
Togos=contract

- Nothing pushes on cervix and then "labour starts"

- No one knows why oxytocin is released thus we dont know why we go into labour lol

1. Blood vessel exposed to collagen ==> stimulus

2. Platelets are also detectors => detector of plates
a. Also control center as it activates more plateles factors

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HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE
- Any prolonged departure from homeostasis results in some sort of disorder or
disease
Example:
Departing from normal sugar homeostasis such that there's too much
blood sugar = DIABETES
Departing from normal temp. homeostasis where internal temp is too
high = HYPOTHERMIA
DEPARTURES FROM HOMEOSTASIS YIELDS:
Signs: objective measures of change
With diabetes that'd be increased blood sugar and sugar in urine
Symptoms: subjective measures of change
Fatigue and thirst
Fatigued even though we have all this blood sugar because
we can't take it in the cells and use it
With these signs and symptoms of the departure from homeostasis you can
make a diagnosis of the disorder or disease

1. Blood vessel exposed to collagen ==> stimulus

2. Platelets are also detectors => detector of plates
a. Also control center as it activates more plateles factors

Thromboxane

Disseminated intervascular coagulation = DIC

- It's not clot that kills you ==> there becomes nothing to make clots
How: blood exposed too much to collagen

--- any departure from homeostasis=disease