Exercises 2.

3 for Linear Equations

August 6th,2013

In problem 4,8,14,16,20,and 22, find the general solution of the given

differential equation, Give the largest interval over which the general
solutions is defined. Determine whether there are any transient
terms in the general solution.
dy

4. 3 dx 12y 4
Solution: The standard form of the given ODE is
dy
4y 4
3
dx
Therefore the identities px 4 and fx 43 . The integrating factorx can be
obtained by
x e

(1)

pxdx e 4dx e 4x

Multiplying x both sides of ODE(1) and recognizing it obtains

dy
4e 4x y 4 e 4x
e 4x
3
dx
4x
dye
4 e 4x
3
dx
Solving above ODE(2) yields
dye 4x 43 e 4x dx
ye 4x 4 e 4x dx c
3
1
e 4x c
3
y e 4x 1 1 e 4x c
3
1 ce 4x , x ,
3
The transient term in the general solution is y c ce 4x because
lim x y c lim x ce 4x 0
8. y 2y x 2 5
Solution: The standard form of the given first-order DE is
dy
2y x 2 5
dx
Therefore the identities px 2 and fx x 2 5. The integrating factorx can be
obtained by
x e

2dx e 2x

(2)

(1)

Multiplying x both sides of ODE(1) and recognizing it, obtains

dy
2e 2x y e 2x x 2 5
e 2x
dx
dye 2x
e 2x x 2 5
dx
Solving above ODE(2) yields

(2)

dye 2x e 2x x 2 5dx
ye 2x

e 2x x 2 5dx c
e 2x x 2 dx 5e 2x dx c

(3)

In order to perform Integration by parts for e 2x x 2 dx in EQ(3), we recognize it as

e 2x x 2 dx 12 e 2x x 2 d2x 12 x 2 de 2x
Assuming v x 2 , u e 2x , and applying vdu vu udv, gives

e 2x x 2 dx 12 vdu
1 vu udv 1 e 2x x 2 2xe 2x dx
2
2
1
2x
Performing integration by parts for 2xe dx in 2 e 2x x 2 2xe 2x dx , gives

e 2x x 2 dx 12

e 2x x 2 2xe 2x dx

1 e 2x x 2 xde 2x 1 e 2x x 2 xe 2x e 2x dx
2
2
1 e 2x x 2 xe 2x 1 e 2x d2x
2
2
1 e 2x x 2 x 1
2
2
The Integral of the second part of the right-hand side of DE(3) is
5e 2x dx 52 e 2x d2x 52 e 2x
Applying e 2x x 2 dx 12 e 2x x 2 x 12 , 5e 2x dx 52 e 2x to the DE(3), yields
ye 2x

e 2x x 2 dx 5e 2x dx c

1 e 2x x 2 x 1 5 e 2x c
2
2
2
11
1
c
e 2x x 2 x
2
2
y 1 x 2 x 11 ce 2x , x ,
2
2
No transient term in the general solution y because lim x y c lim x ce 2x 0

14. xy 1 xy e x sin 2x
Solution: The standard form of the given DE is
dy
1 x 1 y x 1 e x sin 2x, x 0
(1)
dx
Therefore the identities px 1 x 1 and fx x 1 e x sin 2x. The integrating factorx
can be obtained by
x e

pxdx e 1x 1 dx e xln|x| e x e ln|x| xe x , x 0

x

xe , x 0

Multiplying x both sides of ODE(1) and recognizing it, obtains

dy
xe x
1 x 1 xe x y xe x x 1 e x sin 2x
dx
dy
xe x
xe x e x y sin 2x
dx
dyxe x
sin 2x
dx
Solving above ODE(2) yields

(2)

dyxe x sin 2xdx

yxe x

sin 2xdx c 12 cos 2x c

y xe x 1 1 cos 2x c
2
cx e x 1 x cos 2x, x 0,
2xe
The transient term is the whole general solution y cx e x 2xe1 x cos 2x, because
lim x y lim x cx e x 2xe1 x cos 2x 0
16.ydx ye y 2xdy
Solution: It is nonlinear ODE in y but is linear in x.
The standard form of given DE in x is a linear DE which is given by
dx 2 x e y , y 0
y
dy
Therefore the identities py
obtained by
y e

2
y

(1)

and fy e y . The integrating factory can be

pydy e 2y dy e 2 ln|y| e ln|y|2 2 y 2

|y|

Multiplying y both sides of ODE(1) and recognizing it, obtains

y 2 dx 2yx y 2 e y
dy
dxy 2
y2ey
dy

(2)

Solving above ODE(2) yields

3

 dxy 2 y 2 e y dy
xy 2

y 2 e y dy

Performing integration by parts for y 2 e y dy, (ref: problem 8), gives

xy 2

y 2 de y y 2 e y 2ye y dy c

y 2 e y 2 yde y c
y 2 e y 2ye y e y c
y 2 e y 2ye y 2e y c 1 2y 1 2y 2 y 2 e y c
x y 2 1 2y 1 2y 2 y 2 e y c 1 2y 1 2y 2 e y cy 2 , y 0
The transient term x c cy 2 , because lim y x c lim y cy 2 0
dy

20. x 2 2 dx 5 8y 4xy
Solution: The standard form of given DE can be obtained as below
dy
5 4y2 x
x 2 2
dx
dy
4y2 x 5
x 2 2
dx
dy
5
4 y
, x 2
x2
dx
x 2 2
Therefore the identities px

4
x2

and fx

5
x2 2

(1)

. The integrating factorx can be

obtained by
x e

pxdx e x24 dx e 4 ln|x2| e ln|x2|4 2| 4 x 2 4

|x

Multiplying x both sides of ODE(1) and recognizing it, gives

dy
4x 2 3 y 5x 2 2
x 2 4
dx
d yx 2 4
5x 2 2
dx
Solving above ODE(2) yields

yx 2 4

yx 2 4

(2)

5x 2 2 dx
5x 2 2 dx c 5x 2 2 dx 2 c

5 x 2 3 c
3
y x 2 4 5 x 2 3 c
3
5
c

, x 2,
3x 2
x 2 4
4

The transient term is the whole general solution y

lim x y lim x

5
3x2

5
3x2

c
x2 4

, because

c
x2 4

The solution curves of the family is plotted as below

y
c>0
c=0

5
4
3
2
1

-2

-1

-1

-2
-3

c<0

-4
-5

dp

22. dt 2tp p 4t 2
Solution: The standard form of the given DE is
dp
2t 1p 4t 2
(1)
dt
Therefore the identities qt 2t 1 and ft 4t 2. The integrating factort can be
obtained by
t e

qtdt e 2t1dt e t 2 t

Multiplying t both sides of ODE(1) and recognizing it gives

dp
2
2
2
e t t
2t 1e t t p e t t 4t 2
dt
2
d pe t t
2
2e t t 2t 1
dt
Solving above ODE(2) yields

pe t

2 t

pe t

2 t

2e t t 2t 1dt

2e t t 2t 1dt c 2

2e t
p e
e
Term p c ce t

2 t

(2)

2 t

t 2 t

t 2 t

et

2 t

dt 2 t c

c
1

2 e

2e t
t 2 t

2 t

2 ce t

2 t

is the transient of the solution because lim t p c

5

lim t ce t t lim t ce t 11/t 0

The solution curves of the family is plotted as below
2

c>0
4

c=0
-3

-2

-1

-2

c<0
-4

In problems 26,28, and 30, solve the given initial-value problem. Give
the largest interval I over which the solution is defined.
26. y dx
x 2y 2 , y1 5
dy
Solution: The standard form of the given DE in y is
dx y 1 x 2y, y 0
dy

(1)

Therefore the identities py y 1 and fy 2y. The integrating factory can be

obtained by
y 1 , y 0
pydy
y 1 dy

1
ln|y|
y e
e
e
|y|
1

y , y 0

Applying y1 5 0 to y, determines y y 1
Multiplying y both sides of ODE(1) and recognizing it as below
y 1 dx y 2 x 2yy 1 2
dy
dxy 1
2
dy
Solving above ODE yields

dxy 1 2dy
xy 1 2y c
x y2y c 2y 2 cy, y 0,
Applying y1 5 to the solution determines c as

x 2y 2 cy
1 2 5 2 5c c 49/5
Therefore x 2y 2 49/5y, y 0, is the solution of the given IVP
kT T m , T0 T 0 , k, T m , and T 0 are constants
28. dT
dt
Solution: The standard form of the given DE is
dT kT kT m , t ,
dt
Therefore the identities pt k and ft kT m . The integrating factort can be
obtained by
t e

(1)

pdt e kdt e kt

Multiplying t both sides of ODE(1) and recognizing it as below

dTe kt
kT m e kt
dt
Solving above ODE yields

dTe kt kT m e kt dt
Te kt

kT m e kt dt c T m e kt dkt c

T m e kt c
T e kt T m e kt c T m ce kt
Applying T0 T 0 to the solution determines c as
T T m ce kt
T 0 T m ce 0 c T 0 T m
Therefore T T m T 0 T m e kt , t , is the solution of the given IVP
30. y tan xy cos 2 x, y0 1
Solution: The standard form of the given ODE is
dy
tan xy cos 2 x
(1)
dx
Therefore the identities px tan x and fx cos 2 x. The integrating factorx can be
obtained by
dcos x
pxdx
tan xdx
cos x

x e
e
e

ln|cos x|

ln|cos x| 1

1
cos x , x /2, /2
1

|cos x|
cos1 x , x /2, 3/2

Applying y0 1 to x, x 0 is in interval /2, /2, x cos1 x , x /2, /2

follows.
Multiplying x both sides of ODE(1) and recognizing it as below

dy/ cos x
cos 2 x/ cos x cos x
dx
Solving above ODE yields

dy/ cos x cos xdx

y/ cos x

cos xdx c sin x c

y cos xsin x c 1 2 cos x sin x c cos x 1 sin 2x c cos x

2
2
Applying y0 1 to the solution determines c as
y 1 sin 2x c cos x
2
1 1 0 c c 1
2
1
Therefore y 2 sin 2x cos x, x /2, /2 is the solution of the given IVP