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BIOLOGY Form 5 Chapter 4
BIOLOGY Form 5 Chapter 4
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Chapter 4 :Reproduction and growth 2014
Marks
Sexual
Asexual
D4-The offspring are genetically different The offspring are genetically identical with
form parents
parent
(b)
Ovary
Based on diagram, name the type of reproduction carried out by this plant
Sexual reproduction
(c)
What is the importance of the type of reproduction mentioned in (a) (i).explain your answer3
F1-there is variation /diversity (in gene composition of the offspring)
F2-When conditions become unfavorable some individual may survive
F3-and able to reproduce
F4-this will prevent the extinction of the species
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Chapter 4 :Reproduction and growth 2014
No
(a)
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Marks
(b)
(g)
(h)
Explain the importance of both the process of W (mitosis) and X (meiosis) in sperm formation
F1-to produce haploid sperm /gamete
F2-To ensure continuous species //to ensure the zygote formed through fertilization is diploid
(i)
(f)
(e)
(d)
(c)
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Chapter 4 :Reproduction and growth 2014
No
(a)
(b)
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State the chromosome numbers of cells P, Q and R
P: 2n
Q: n
R: n
Marks
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(c)
(d)
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Chapter 4 :Reproduction and growth 2014
No
(a)
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Marks
Name the hormone released by pituitary gland stimulates the development of follicles in P
Follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH)
(b)
Primary follicle
Graafian follicle
Secondary oocytes
(i)
(h)
In human, explain when the secondary oocyte will change into ovum
Secondary oocyte will change into ovum if a sperm penetrate /fertilizes it
(g)
What is ovulation ?
Ovulation is a process of the releasing of secondary oocyte form ovary
(f)
What is process X?
Ovulation
(e)
(d)
(c)
Formation of primary oocyte takes place during development of a female foetus ,at stage of cell
division events does the development stops?
Prophase I of meiosis
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Chapter 4 :Reproduction and growth 2014
No
Marking Criteria
Marks
(a)
Diagram shows the fanges of four types of hormones which control the menstrual cycle follicle
development in the ovaries
Q
Figure shows follicle development in an ovary. A woman has a problem conceiving due to the
failure of process Z.A doctor advises her to take Human chorionic gonadothrophin Hormone
(HCG) that has similar function to hormone P
Based on the above situation, explain how the HCG injection enables the pregnancy to occur
(b)
F1-The HCG hormone stimulates ovulation //causing the graafian follicle to release secondary
oocyte
(d)
Explain how the intake of contraceptive pill affects the development of follicles
E1-Contraceptive pill contain oestrogen and progesterone hormone
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Chapter 4 :Reproduction and growth 2014
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Marks
P4-the primary oocytes undergoes meiosis I to form haploid secondary oocyte and first polar
body
P5-secondary oocyte undergo meiosis II and form ovum and (second) polar body
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any 4P
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Chapter 4 :Reproduction and growth 2014
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(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
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Chapter 4 :Reproduction and growth 2014
Days
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Marks
0-7
Y/Q:LH
Hormone Q:Progesterone
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Chapter 4 :Reproduction and growth 2014
Days
Marking Criteria
Marks
0-7
Explain why an imbalance of hormones P and Y causes the disruption of the ovulation
process.
F1: Hormone P is oestrogen and hormone Y is luteinizing hormone
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Chapter 4 :Reproduction and growth 2014
Days
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Marks
0-7
Q:FSH
8-14
P2-Grafiaan follicle will not release the secondary oocyte (into the Fallopian tube).
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Chapter 4 :Reproduction and growth 2014
Days
15-21
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Marks
Hormone X
Structure Y
P3-When the M /corpus luteum degenerates, the level of S progesterone decreases, the
endomentrium begi to disintegrates
If the fertilization occurred, the level of hormones S is maintained and the pregnancy is
proceed
Explain the important of hormone S[GnRH]
P1-To inhibit the secretion of FSH of LH form pituitary gland
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1
Explain the relationship between structure Y and the level of hormone X form 16 th day to
28th day
P1-16th day to 28th day: Y is formed ,hormone X is secreted,endometrium thickens
th -
th
P2-23 28 days: Y degenerated, the level of hormone x declines resulting in the foetus
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Chapter 4 :Reproduction and growth 2014
Days
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Marks
22-28
Complete the graph starting for point X in diagram to show the change in the thickness of
endometrium wall if fertilization does not occur
1
Draw in Diagram 6, structure T on the 26th day if fertilization did not take place.
The structure T shrinks.
Draw in Diagram 4, structure T on the 26" day if fertilization did not occur.1
Corpus luteum had shrunken/ become smaller in size
Give the relationship between the structure Q and the level of hormone Q(Progesterone)
from the 16th to 28th day2
Pt.1 : On the 16th day, T is formed, hormone Q is secreted.
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Chapter 4 :Reproduction and growth 2014
Days
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Marks
22-28
Explain the relationship between the structure T and the level of hormone Q
from the 16" to 28" day.2
16" to 28"
F1: hormone Q( progesterone) rises to a high level to induce endomentrium to thicken and
vascuiarised
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Chapter 4 :Reproduction and growth 2014
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(a)
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Chapter 4 :Reproduction and growth 2014
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No
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Marks
(b)
Explain the relationship between development of the follicle , changing of the respective
hormonal level in the blood and the thickening of the uterine endometrium in a female.10
Day 0 7
Follicle
very small
start to develop when receive FSH from pituitary
the wall of follicle will produce estrogen
FSH
- pituitary start to release FSH, FSH will go to the ovary
- FSH stimulate development of follicle Endometrium
- stimulate by estrogen; undergo thickening / repairing
Day 8 14
Follicle
- become larger, develop to form follicle Graaf FSH / LH/ Estrogen/progesterone
- FSH decrease, LH at maximum level , estrogen at maximum level
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Chapter 4 :Reproduction and growth 2014
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Chapter 4 :Reproduction and growth 2014
No
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Marks
(c)
Based on the above diagram, explain how pituitary hormones and sex hormones control the
menstrual cycle
F1-During day 1 to day 5, endopsperm wall break down and slough off
F2-Pituitary land starts secreting FSH
E1-FSH causes a Graafian follicle to develop in the ovary
E2-during day 5 to day 10 FAH stimulate the wall of follicle and the tissue of the ovary to
secrete oestrogen
E3-Oestrogen starts to repair of the uterine wall
F3-Ion day 12 to day 14 Oestrogen inhibits pituitary gland form secreting FSH
E4-and stimulates pituitary glands to produce LH
F4-Lh causes ovulation to occur on day 14
E5-After day 14,the graafian follicle to change into corpus luteum
F5-Corpus luteum secretes progesterone
E5-Progresteron make up the endometruim become thicken and filled with numerous blood
vessel for implantation
E6-Increase in the concentration of progesterone will inhibit the production of FSH and LH
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Chapter 4 :Reproduction and growth 2014
No
Marking Criteria
Marks
Digram shows the hormonal secretion and regilaiton the menstraul cycle .Based on the diagram
dicuss the relationship between the following
i. hormonal level and the development of follicles
P1- Pituitary secrete more FSH
P2- FSH reansport to the ovary by blood
P3- FSH stimulate development of the follicle
P4- When the follicle dvelops into graafian follicle ,level if FAH will reduce
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Chapter 4 :Reproduction and growth 2014
No
Marking Criteria
Marks
Explain the changes and the functions of each type of hormone produced by
Pituitary and ovary.
FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone)
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Any 8 P
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Chapter 4 :Reproduction and growth 2014
No
Marking Criteria
Marks
1
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1
Describe how the menstrual cycle is affected if the pituitary hormones peak up seven days later.
F1 - Menstruation / menses will occur a week later (than usual) // on the 7th day of the following
cycle / month.
E1 - FSH peaks up on day-20 / a week later / just before day-21.
E2 - LH peaks up on day 20 / a week later / just before day-21.
F2 - ovulation only occur a week later / day-21
E3 - due to stimulation / from a rise of LH
F3 - level of estrogen remains high until day-21 because
E4 - graafian follicle that release estrogen remains intact / due tono LH
F4 - corpus luteum will only be formed on day-21 / a week later
E5 - this causes level of progesterone to increase after day 21 andremains high
E6 - as level of progesterone high, the lining of uterine wall / endometrium will remains thick
longer
E7 - when corpus luteum degenerate, level of progesterone drops
E8 - this causes the lining of endometrium to disintegrate causing menses which occurs a week
later than usual
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Chapter 4 :Reproduction and growth 2014
Ovulation
Fertilisation
Zygote
Morula
Implantation
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Chapter 4 :Reproduction and growth 2014
SPM 2012
Marking Criteria
Marks
(a)
(b)
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Chapter 4 :Reproduction and growth 2014
No
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Marks
(c)
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(ii) Describe the early development of a zygote form process B until process C
P1-after fertilization the zygoite divide repeatly/undergoes mitosis
P2-as its travel along the (fallopian) tube toward uterus
P3-first division form two-celled embryo
P4-further division formed a solid mass of cells called morula
P5-then morula is ball of about 100 cells called blastocyts/blastula
P6-Blastocyst/blastula is a fluid filled sphere with outer layer of cells and inner cell mass
P7-The cilia in the (fallopian ) tube helps developing embryo to reach the uterus
P8-Blascocyts/blastula undergoes implantation to attach itself to the endomentrium
P9-The inner cell mass becomes firmly embedded in the endomentrium
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Marking Criteria
Diagram shows the formation of two pairs of twins
Based on the diagram ,explain how the formation of twin occurs6
F-Siamese twin
P1-One sperm and one ovum are involve in fertilization
P2-to produce one /single zygote
P3-Zygote undergoes mitosis repeatly to form blastocyst
P4-Blastocyts does not divide completely
P5-the blastocyt does not dvide completely
P6-The two blastocyst implant/embedded into endomentrium wall and develop to embryo)
P6-The are joined at certainly part of body
Marks
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Chapter 4 :Reproduction and growth 2014
SPM 2005
Q7
No
Pg 312-314
Marking Criteria
Marks
(b)
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Chapter 4 :Reproduction and growth 2014
No
Marking Criteria
Marks
(a)
Diagram 4.1 shows a graph on how the endometrium in the human uterus varies in thickness
with time. Fertilization took place on the 16th day of the second month.
(b)
Based on the Diagram 4.1, state one reason to support your answer in (i)1
The endometrium begins to break down
(c)
Complete the graph in Diagram 4.1 to show the changes in the thickness of the endometrium
after day 22 in the second month until day 28 of the third month.1
(d)
Explain why the thickness of the endometrium changes in the way shown in (b) (i).2
P1 : The endometrium begin to became thicker, for preparation for the implantation of a
fertilized ovum
P2 : The endometrium keep thickening due to the level of progesterone and oestrogen continue
to rise because fertilization occurs.
P3 : The corpus luteum continues to secrete oestrogen and Progesterone
(e)
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3
1
Based on the changes in Diagram 3.1, complete Diagram 3.2 to indicate the level of the
hormone progesterone from the first to the third months.2
Explain the changes in the level of progesterone in the three months as shown in Diagram
P1 : Increasing in progesterone level will stimulate the uterine wall to became thicker
P2 :When the fertilization occur, the level of progesterone continue to rise to ensure the uterine
walls continue to grow and nourish the embryo
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Chapter 4 :Reproduction and growth 2014
No
(f)
Marking Criteria
Marks
Explain the changes in the level of progesterone when the women faces menopause.
P1 :The level of progesterone become lower
(g)
Diagram 4.3 shows the process of sperm formation in the human testis.2 Are cells V, cell W
and cell X genetically identical? Explain.
1
Marking Criteria
Marks
(a)
Name two materials that pass via R(Placenta) form mother to the foetus
Water/amino acid/glucose/nutrient/oxygen /antibodies
(b)
(i)
Name M
Amniotic fluid
(ii)
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Chapter 4 :Reproduction and growth 2014
No
(c)
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Explain how the structure R (Placenta) enable exchange of material to take place 2
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(d)
P
State the function of each blood vessel named in above/ Give the diference between both blood
vessel
1. Carry waste product/deoxygenated blood form the foetus to the placenta
2. Carry oxygenated blood form placenta to the foetus
(ii)
State two substances which are carried by the blood in Y, in the direction of the arrow
1. Carbon dioxide
2. Nitrogenous waste products
(f)
A pregnant woman of blood group A is having a foetus of blood group B. Based on diagram
5.1 and the statement above , state whether agglutination will occur in the foetal blood or not.
Explain your answer.
F- No
E- The foetal circulatory system and the maternal circulatory system are separated // not
directly connected (due to the presence of the placenta)
(g)
Placenta also involved in endocrine system ,discuss how placenta act as endocrine system
P1-placenta secretes oestrogen and progesterone
P2-helps maintain a thicked ,blood enriched endomentrium during pregnancy
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Chapter 4 :Reproduction and growth 2014
No
(a)
(b)
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Marks
State the differences between the content of R (placenta) and foetal blood
R (placenta)
Foetal blood
Oxygen
High
Low
Nutrient
High
Low
Carbon dioxide
Low
High
Waste /example
Low
High
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th
In the 16 week, pregnant mother was infected with disease .the infection caused structure n to
stop functioning the mother miscarriage, explain the statement
F1-N secrete progesterone to stimulate/induce the thickening endomentruim
E1-Infection caused N not to secrete progesterone
E2-Endometrium are no longer thicken //endometrium break down o foetus is aborted
(d)
any three
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Chapter 4 :Reproduction and growth 2014
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P3-Oxygen and nutrient diffuse form the maternal blood to the foetal blood
P4-Carbon dioxide and nitrogenous waste products diffuse form the feotal blood into the
maternal blood
P4-Carbon dioxide and( nitrogenous) waste products diffuses form the foetal blood into the
maternal blood
P5-Some antibodies diffuse for the maternal blood into the foetal blood
P7-Prevents large organism like bacteria form entering the foetal blood
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Marks
Explain why the foetus has a separate blood circulatory system form his mother2
F-Prevent the mixing of blood groups of the mother and the foetus which may be incompatibles
Or
F-Protect the foetus form the high blood pressure of the mother
E2-high blood pressure of mothers blood will cause the feotl blood vessel burst and damage
Or
(b)
Name two the materials that partially prevented by placenta form entering the blood of foetus
Drug/alcohol/caffeine/nicotine /HIV/rubella virus
(c)
(d)
E-(these hormone) help to maintain a thickened /blood enriched endomentrium throughout the
pregnancy
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Chapter 4 :Reproduction and growth 2014
Marking Criteria
Marks
Explain why K and L circulatory system are not directly connected to each other.
F1 both system separated
E1 blood of both not mixing
E2 permits exchange of gases/food
E3 waste product
E4 between the foetus and the mother
F2 prevent the action of maternal hormone/other chemical
E5 in mothers blood
E6 which could harm the development of the foetus
E7 but the protection is incomplete.
E8 Harmful chemical/alcohol/nicotine/morphine/bacteria/toxine/viruses
E9 can enter the foetus from mothers blood
E10 cause permanent damage
F3 (protect foetus) from high blood pressure of maternal circulation.
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Chapter 4 :Reproduction and growth 2014
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(a)
A married couple, who has been married for 10 years, fail to have baby. Examination by a
doctor revealed that the husband has a low sperm count. Describe one method that would help
the couple to have a child
F1-Artificial insemination
E1-Sperm form a donor can be obtained form a sperm bank
E2-Sperm is injected into the uterus of a woman during ovulation any two
(b)
Marks
If the sperm counts of a husband are too low, artificially insemination can be carries out to
overcome this infertility problem. Discuss the appropriate technique should be used
P1-the sperm are collected for the husband/taken form sperm banks
P2-An inserted directly into the fallopian tube of the wife during ovulation phase
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Marking Criteria
Marks
(a)
A married want to have a baby. But hes wife has fallopian tubes blocked problem.it make
impossible for her to conceive through the natural process.They insist to have their own child.
Describe one modern technique that may be able to help this couple to have their own child.
Explain the moral issues related to the suggested technique10
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Chapter 4 :Reproduction and growth 2014
No
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Marks
(b)
Preventing pregnancy and difficulty in having children are two main problems in human
reproduction.
Based on the statement, discuss the moral issues related to applicationof Science and
Technology in overcoming human reproductions problems.
Preventing pregnancy
F1 Contraceptive method
P1 stop ovum from being formed
P2 stop the fertilize ovum from developing in the uterus.
P3 stop sperm from reaching ovum.
F2 Could harm the foetus when a women has the ability to bear a child.
F3 Only use contraception for health
P4 for health
P5 financial reason
F4 (Prevention of fertilize egg from developing) is an act of killing.
F5 The use of spermicides kills life
F6 Religious believe there is only accept natural method of contraception.
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Overcoming infertility
F7 Infertility is the failure of the couple to have a baby
P6 due to block fallopian tubes.
P7 low sperm count
F8 Sperm bank
P8 not allowed (religion) if used sperm not from husband,
F9 In-vitro fertilization IVF
P9 it is wrong to destroy extra embryos
P10 abuse the technique to select the sex /zygote
P11 to produce perfect offspring
F10 Surrogate mother
P12 Life of surrogate mother is threatened.
Many women assume that as long as they are still getting their
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No
(c)
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E2-Low sperm count /immobile sperms/ abnormal sperms of the Husband to be overcomed by
obtaining healthy sperms form suitable donor in a sperms bank and then inject into the
fallopian tubes of the wife during ovulation.
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El: Permanent blocked oviducts in the wife prevent Secondary occytes from being fertilized by
the sperms.
E2: Wife treated with follicle stimulating Hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH) to
increase the oocyte production.
E3: Oocytes collected and placed in a Petri dish containing a suitable medium similar to the
fallopian tubes.
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E5: 2 days old embryos are transferred into the wife's uterus for implantation.
F: In vitro fertilization ( Postponement of motherhood ) /
having children later in life.
El : Eggs / oocytes of women are collected , frozen and stored when less than 34 years old.
E2: Oocytes are used: later when the women decide to stad a family.
F: Surrogate mother
El : Wife unable to have babies herself. And need another younger , healthier woman to bear
her child.
E2: Woman become pregnant by artificial insemination or by in vitro fertilization.
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Any 9 correct
KS: Ability to describe one treatment method correctly
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No
(d)
(e)
Marking Criteria
Pregnant woman are advised not to smoke and avoid form drugs and alcohol
Explain this statement
- Cigarette contain nicotine / DDT / lead particles.
- The wall of maternal blood capillaries and the wall of foetal blood capillaries are semipermeable.
- Nicotine, drugs and alcohol are small in size.
- Nicotine, drugs and alcohol can diffuse from maternal blood capillaries to foetal blood
capillaries
- through the placenta
- The substances carried by umbilical vein to the foetus.
- Nicotine, drugs or alcohol can affect the development of foetus
- (example) cause disable / miscarriage . birth defect/ illness in the resulting baby.
Marks
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Explian under what type of condition Method A can be used to help Mr. and Mrs. Ali 5
- Method A is known as in-vitro fertilization (IVF)
- Method A is use if the fallopian tubes of Mrs. Ali are blocked.
- sperm cannot reach the ovum, fertilization fail to occur.
- fertilization has to be done outside the body.
- developed zygote/embryo then retransfer and implant in the uterus of Mrs. Ali.
- the embryo then undergo normal development in the uterus of Mrs. Ali as normal pregnancy.
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(f)
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- Madam X is the woman who is willing / hired to carry the implanted embryo to full term.
- Madam X is known as surrogated mother.
- Genetically the baby belongs to Mr. and Mrs. Ali.
- Who is the real biological mother of the baby, Mrs. Ali or Madam X
- There are cases that the surrogated mother refuse to return the baby to the couple after giving
birth
(g)
A married do not wish to start a family soon after marriage. Explain the following methods of
contraception
(i)
Natural method
F1-avoid sex during fertile period/after ovulation /around day 14 ( to prevent conception)
P1-Detect ovulation by measuring bodys temperature daily/rise in body temperature
(ii)
Mechanical methods
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Chemical method
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No
Marking Criteria
(h)
A husband and wife with seven children plan not to have anymore child. Based on your
biological knowledge, explain the method that can be recommended to them 6
F1-Diaphragm
P1-Inserted into vagina to cover the cervix to stop sperm ofmr entering the uterus
F2-IUD
P2-Fitted into uterus by doctor and can be left in the uterus (2 years) and prevent implantation
F3-Spermicide
P3-Chemical cream /gel /foam is applied to vaginal walls before copulation and kill the sperm
ejaculated into vagina
F4-Contraceptive pills
P4-Prevents ovulation (by inhibiting the secretion of FSH and LH)
P5-noth the fallopian tubes are cut and tied ( in an operation ) causes the ovum cannot reach the
part of fallopian tube ,fertilization is not occurred
(i)
Marks
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(iii) Vasectomy
P12-the vas deferens are tied cut in a surgical operation
P13-The sperm re still produced but cannot be transferred out/reach the uterus/fallopian tube
P14-No fertilization
P15-effeceint/safe method (of birth control) (P5, P11 and P15, mark awarded once only)
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No
Marking Criteria
Marks
(g)
Reproduction technology has contributed a lot to human health and population growth.
Describe how infertility is overcome in humans using the following methods:
Sperm banking [Bank sperma]
Artificial insemination [Permanian beradas]
In vitro fertilization [Persenyawaan in vitro]
Surrogate mother [Ibu tumpang]
Sperm bank
Used when the man/spouse/male suffers from low sperm count/production of
weak/unhealthy sperms
Sperms are donated and donors identity is recorded/secret
Genetic biodata of donor and the woman recipient should match for successful fertilization
Artificial insemination
Practiced by a couple when the man is sterile
Donors sperm are injected into the womans uterus
during ovulation
No sexual intercourse is involved
The genetic background and health of donor is screenned before acceptance
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In vitro fertilization
Practiced when the womans ovum cannot be fertilized due to blockage of fallopian tube
Ovum is extracted (from the woman) and fertilized outside the body/in Petri dish/test tube
Fertilized ovum/zygote grows in culture medium
Than it is implanted into the womans uterus
Surrogate mother
Method practiced when a woman cannot be pregnant in normal way
The zygote is obtained by invitro fertilization
Another woman is implanted with the couple zygote
(Surrogate mother) carries the baby only until it is born
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(h)
Menstrual cycle is regulated by hormone which is secreted by pituitary gland and ovary.
Married woman usually plans their families by taking contraceptive pill.
Based on your knowledge in biology, explain how this pills react as with negative feedback to
prevent pregnancy.
P1Contraceptive pills contain (a combination of low) oestrogen and (high) progestron
hormone
P2 the pills should be taken between any day from the 1st -5th day of the menstrual cycle, for
a duration of 21 days
P3Oestrogen promotes/causes repair / growth of the endometrium (in preparation for
implantation)
P4- Progestrone maintain the thickness of uterus lining
P5 High level of progesterone inhibit the pituitarys production
P6- no secretion of FSH / follicle-stimulating hormone
P7no follicle develops in the ovary
P8 no Graafian follicle
P9 less / no secretion of LH by the pituitary gland
P10 Ovulation is low / does not occur
P11 no fertilisation occur
(i)
(j)
Marks
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Marks
(l)
A couple, Mr Zafrie and Mrs Munirah had married almost ten years but still do not have
any child. After undergone an inspection, they found that the husband does not have
any problem but the Fallopian tube of Mrs Munirah is blocked.
Based on your biological knowledge in reproduction technology, explain how the couple can
have children
P1 : means fertilization occurs outside of the body
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1
P2 : the wife injected with hormone to fasten the development of the secondary oocyte / ovum
in ovary
F : In-vitro technique
P4 : sperms from husband fertilize with the secondary oocyte in a Petri dish (contains culture
medium)
P5 : (after fertilization) zygote will divide by mitosis
P6 : (after 2 days) formed embryo until eight cells stage
P7 : embryo transferred to the endometrium of the uterus wall through cervix (using pippet)
P8 : embryo implant at the endometrium of uterus wall and develop
P9 : baby that is delivered is called test tube baby
P10 : This technique is complicate
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(m)
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In Malaysia, it is estimated that one baby is abandoned every 10 days in the
Klang Valley, and 100 babies abandoned every year nationwide.
The Star Online, September 27, 2008
Discuss the advantages and the disadvantages in the application of science and technology in
human reproduction in handling the issue.
Advantages:
F1 - Sterilise method; vasectomy / by cutting the vas deferens intestes
E1 - to prevent the sperms from going to prostate glands// ejaculation does not contain sperms
F2 - use of (male) condoms
E2 - prevent / reduce chances of sperms from going into cervix / uterus
F3 - Use female diaphragm that covers the cervix // Use of female condom which is fitted
inside vagina
E3 - Block entrance of sperms into the uterus // Prevent entrance of sperms into uterus //
sexually transmitted disease
F4 - Contraceptive pills // Contraceptive implant// Depo-vera injection
E4 - prevent development of follicle // inhibit ovulation // difficulties in implantation of zygote
F5- Morning after pill
E5- Prevent fertilization/
F6- Sterilization by cutting and tying the fallopian tube
E6- Prevent the egg travelling along the fallopian tube / sperms reaching the ovum. Any 8
Disadvantages:
B1 - Sterilising method cause permanent disabilities to produce sperm / ovum hence the person
is not able to produce off springs anymore
B2 Condoms; sometimes sperms can still penetrate therefore chances of getting pregnant is
still there
B3 - Pills are unreliable because they have to be taken consistently
B4 - All these methods will cause teenages / unmarried adults to increase their sexual activities
(because they are not afraid to get pregnant thus increasing the moral issues in the societies).
Any 2
A married woman has her uterus removed ,making it impossible for her to conceiving the
natural process, If she still wants to have a baby with her husband, suggest what she can do.
Justify the technique that can ba used by the couple to conceive 6
F-surrogate mother
P1-Another woman is utilized as a surrogate mother
P2-the sperm and ovum are contribute by the couple
P3-Ovum are fertilized in a petri dish /in-vitro
P4-Fertilized egg are allowed to develop to become embryo
P5-embryo are transferred to the surrogate mothers uterus
P6-the surrogate mother become pregnant and the foetus develop in her uterus until birth
Any 5
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Diagram, 8.3(i) and (ii) show the methods related to human reproduction
Marks
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M1+4P=5
M2+2P=3
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What is fertilization ?2
P1-Process where nucleus o f male gamete fuse with nucleus of female gamete
P2-Both gametes are haploid
P3-Zygote diploid will form
Marking Criteria
Marks
Name X and Y
X:Meiosis
Y:Pollen grains
(b)
F2-Hapliod
F3-Have very rough surface
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(d)
(c)
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(a)
Diagram shows the transferring of pollen grains onto the stigma and fertilization between male
and female gamete
Describe the process that take place in diagram 8
P3- Pollen grain will stick onto the stigma because stigma is sticky//pollen grain have rough
surface
P4- The sucrose solution on the stigma stimulate pollen grain to germinate
P5- Pollen tube will grow until it reaches the pore at the embryo sac /microphyll
P6- Nucleus tube lead the elongation of pollen tube
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P9- One of the gamete fertilized the egg cell in the embryo sac to form diploid zygote
P10- The other male gamete fertilized 2 polar nuclei to form triploid endosperm
P11- Both processes take place at the same time ,so it called double fertilization
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(b)
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Marks
Sexual reproduction in plants involve the production of pollen grains and ovules
(a) By using a flow chart describe how pollen grains are formed in plants.
Pollen sac
C1
Pollen parental
cell
C2
Meiosis
C3
microspores
C4
Pollens
(pollen sac) contains diploid pollen parental cell/ pollen mother cell/ microspore
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mother cell
1
Microspore with surfaces adapted for dispersion and is now called pollen
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(c)
Diagram (i) and (ii) shows the formation of pollen grain and development of the embyo
sac .Describe both processes 8
Pollen grains
G1-Pollen is produced in the anther (which consists of four pollen sacs)
G2-each pollen sac contain hundred of pollen mother cells which is diploid
G3-each mother cells undergoes meiosis to form four haploid microspores/cells/tetrad
G4-The nucleus of each cell/microspore/tetrad indergoes mitosis to form (pollen )tube and a
generative nucleus
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Embryo sacs
E1-Embryo sac mother cell (diploid /2n)undergoes meiosis to form four haploid cells
/megaspores
E2-three of the/megaspores degenerate, leaving only one (in the ovule)
E3-Nuclues of megaspores undergoes mitosis three times to form eight haploid bnuclei
E4-Three of eight nuclei migrate to one end of the cell to form antipodal cells
E5-Another two nuclei/polar nuclei move to the centre
E6-(near the opening of ovule /micropyle) one of three nuclei develops into egg cell/female
flanked by two synergid cells
E7-The structure is known as embryo sac
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(d)
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(a)
1
1
Fertilization in plant occurs when receive nucleus in pollen grain fused with the nucleus in
embryo sac in ovule .Based on your biology knowledge ,explain the development of ovule to
form mature embryo sac
F-The ovule develops form the ovarian tissue
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E5-The left megaspore enlarges and nucleus undergoes mitosis three times to form eight
haploid nuclei
E6-Three of the eight (migrate to one end of the cell) to form antipodal cells, another two
nuclei to form polar nuclei develops into an egg cell/female gamete/ovum and to synergids cell
any 6
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Diagram shows the germination of pollen tube towards the embryo sac in flowering plants
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Reproduction in plants involves the fusion of male gamete and female gamete.diagram 4.2
shows a male gamete 4.3 shows the early stage of double fertilization in flowering
T
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(e)
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Marks
-1
Correct drawing of embryo sac with 2 polar nuclei and egg nucleus inside- 1
Correct drawing of pollen tube with 2 male nuclei with correct labels
-1
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(f)
(h)
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(i)
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(j)
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Marking Criteria
(a)
The product form the process in (a) is transferred onto the stigma through pollination Explain
the process that will occur in the style and ovary after pollination
P1 On the stigma, sugar stimulates pollen grains to germinate
P2 Form pollen tube
P3 Pollen tubes grows into the style and towards the ovule, led by tube nucleus
P4 Generative nucleus undergoes mitosis and form two male gamete nuclei
P5 Pollen tube penetrates the ovule through micropyle
Marks
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(b)
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Marks
Ovary
10
P1-Pollen grains have been released form the anther to the stigma for pollination by insect to
wind
P2-When pollen grain lands on stigma, epidermal cell secrete sucrose solution
P3-(sucrose solution) stimulates the pollen grain to germinate and pollen tube
P4-the pollen tube grows down the style to ward th ovule
P5-it secretes enzyme to digest surrounding tissues as it grow downward
P6-The generative nucleus (follows behind it) divides by mitosis to form two male gamete
nuclei
P7-the male gamete nuclei move down the pollen tube lead by the tube nucleus
P8-when the pollen tube reaches the ovary, it penetrates the ovule through the microphyle
P9-The tube nucleus degenerates, leaving a clear passage for the male nuclei to enter the
embryo sac
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P10-one male gamete fuses with two polar nuclei to form triploid nucleus which divide by
mitosis to form endosperm tissue
any 10 point
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Marks
(c)
Based on the diagram ,explain how double fertilization occurs in the plant10
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P8-(during the growth of pollen tube) the generative nucleus divides mitotically
P9-to produce two male gametes
P10- to the male gametes move/follow behind the tube nucleus (down the pollen tube until they
P11-The tube nucleus disintegrates and the two male gametes enter the embryo sac
P12-(during double fertilization ), one male gamete fuses with the egg cell/ovum to form a
any 10
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(d)
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Marks
1
1
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1
Diagram 7.2 shows the growing of pollen tube in the style and the process of double
fertilization in flowering plant.
Pollen grains
Sytle
Pollen tube
Embyro sac
Antipodal cell
Polar
nucleus
Egg cell
Integumens
Pollen tube
Describe the growing process of pollen tube in the style and the process of double fertilization
in flowering plant7
Growing of pollen tube process
P1- Sugary/sucrose solution stimulate the growing of pollen tube
P2 - pollen tube grows down the style towards the ovule
P3 - The generative nucleus divides to form two male gametes nuclei
P4 - Leading the front is the nucleus tube
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Double fertilization
P6 - Pollen tube penetrate the micropyle to reach the egg cell
P7 - Nucleus tube disintegrate
P8 - one of male nucleus fuses with egg cell to form a diploid zygote
P9 - other male gamete nucleus fuses with the two polar nuclei forming a triploid nucleus.
P10 - which later develops into the endosperm
P11 - the synergid cells and the antipodal cells disintegrate
Any 7 P
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10
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Marks
Based on your answer in above, describe the formation of fruit and seed
P1-The diploid zygote divides via to form the embryo
P2-The embryo develops and differentiates into three part, a radical (young root),plumule
(young shoot) and one two cotyledons (seed leaves)
P3-(at the same time) the triploid endosperm cell undergoes repeated mitosis to beome
endosperm (a food store that nourish embryo after germination )
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P5-The ovule develops into a seed/multiple protect the seed I the ovary
P6-the ovary becomes a fruit (which protect the seed and help in its dispersal)
(b)
Marking Criteria
Marks
1
1
1
Explain the significant of the process(double fertilization ) that occur in ovaries of flowering
plants4
P1 After double fertilisation, the outer layer of ovule dries up and develops a hard seed coat
P2 To protect both embryo and endosperm
P3 Ovule will develop into seed
P4 Ovary enlarges and form fruit
P5 Ovary wall develops into fruit wall that cover & protect the fruit
P6 This will ensure the flowering plant to survive
P8 The endosperm of the seed provides nutrition and energy to the embryo for its growth
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(a)
(b)
1
1
1
Name the zone where the primary xylem tissue starts to form?
T3//zone of elongation
(c)
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(b)
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Marks
Zone II
F2-Cell enlargement stage
E2-Increase in size and volume of cell through intake of water
1
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Zone III
F3-Cell differentiation stage
E3-Unspecialized cell become specialized permanent cells with specific function
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4
Any four
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Marks
Diagram 8 shows the growth curve of a maize plant, using dry mass as parameter of growth
Explain how the dry mass of maize plants can be measured over a period of time to be used as a
parameter of growth.
P1- 50 maize seeds are planted in a nursery bed.
P2- The seeds are given the same condition the same amount of light, water and minerals
P3- On day 1, three maize seeds are removed from the nursery bed and heated at 102oC until
their combined mass becomes constant. The average dry mass of each maize seed is
determined.
P4- On day 3, three maize seeds (or seedling, if they have germinated) are taken out and their
average dry mass is determine in the above step (On day 1).
P5- Three seedling are again removed at every interval of two day (on day %, 7, 9 and so on)
and their average dry mass is determined.
P6- Changes in the average dry mass of a maize plant are recorded in the form of a table.
(b)
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Marks
(c)
Explain why the dry mass is the most accurate parameter of growth.
P1- The dry mass of an organism is its mass after all its water content has been removed.
P2- It is the mass of real tissues in the organism
P3- Unlike fresh mass, dry mass is not affected by changes in the water content in the
organism.
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Marking Criteria
On diagram 5.1 label and state all phases that should be in the growth curve2
ABCDE(b)
Marks
Lag phase
rapid growth phase
slow growth phase
Stationary phase
Senescence and death phase
Using any phase above ,explain briefly what happen during each phases
P1-Lag phase : growth rate is slow
P2-Rapid growth phase: growth rate is the fastest
P3-Slow growth phase: growth rate is zero
P5- Senescence and death phase: old age stage
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(a)
[10 marks ]
Pg 315
Marking Criteria
Marks
10 14
15
(c)
Explain the growth rates as shown by the graph form start to week 8
P1-Negative growth/growth rate is negative form beginning to week 1because germinating
seeds use the food stored in the endosperm
P2-From week 2-week 4-the growth rate is slow because the leaves are starting to grow(and
photosynthesis has just begun)
P3-Week 4 week 8 shows growth rate because plant is actively making food (though
photosynthesis)
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(a)
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Marks
On graph 5.2 draw an arrow and label it as Q to shows where the ecdysis begins
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3
(b)
Graph 5.1
Graph 5.2
A student carried out an experiment to study the growth and life cycle of a rat and grasshopper.
The curves for both organism are shown in the diagram 5.1 and 5.2
Give two differences of the growth curve between both organism
Growth curve for a rat
P1
Shaped sigmoid/S
Shaped: staircase
P2-
2
2
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Marks
Graph 7(a) and 7(b) show the growth curve of human and insect.
Based on the graph , compare the growth process in human and insect.
Similarities
S1- height of man / length of instar increases by time
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D5 - Vertical and horizontal line : curve for human did not shows different line (only the
curve from continuous points), but there are five different horizontal and vertical lines each
D6- Zero growth no point to show zero growth in human, but there are 5time of zero growth
(at horizontal line)
D7- Sudden growth : no sudden growth for human, but there are sudden growth in insect (at
vertical line)
1
1
D9- Mitosis : the cells in human undergo mitosis all the time, but in insect, mitosis only
occurred at certain time (during ecdysis)
D10-Absorption of air : in human, there are no absorption of air, but in insect, during ecdysis
Max 10 marks *
2 marks for similarities
8 marks for Differences
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(b)
Marking Criteria
Diagram 8.3(i) and 8.3 (ii) ,explain the differences between the growth curve of both organism
4
Explain the differences between insect growth curve and maize growth curve
E1-the pattern of growth in maize is sigmoid curve but the pattern of growth in insect is the
form of steps
E2-growthis an irreversible process which increase the number of cells, size complexity and
organ function in the organism body
E=2m
Marks
1
1
Marking Criteria
Growth and development does not cease once birth has occurred, instead it continues
throughout the stages of life from Infancy to adulthood.
Do you agree with the above statement '? Justify your answer.
Give opinion
F:Relate occurrence of growth and development at each stage of life
E: Justification
Opinion : Agree
F: Infancy ( birth - 2 years )
E 1: Growth and development occur at a rapid .rate.
E2: Head and brain develop faster than rest of the body.
E3: Lymph tissues well developed ( thymus) to give immunity to diseases
F: Childhood
E 1 : Period of steady growth and body proportions change.
E2: Steady increase in height and organ size.
F: Adolescence
El : Period of rapid growth/ acceleration of growth.
E2: Development of reproductive system, sexual organs become functional I attains
puberty/gametogenesis
E3: Rapid changes in height, weight, fat distribution and body proportions.
E4: Males experience growth spurts later females and grow for a longer period of time.
F: Adulthood
E 1: Period of no new growth / stationary phase.
E2: functional organ system physical peak.
E3: Growth and specialization of new cells continue to occur to replace dead cells1 damaged
tissues , e.g. blood cells, liver cells , skin cells
Any 8 correct
KN: Ability to describe the human growth curve correctly /reflects the sigmoid shape.
Marks
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Any 5 P
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Marks
(b)
Diagram show the stage of secondary growth in the stem of dicotyledons plants. Explain the
stage of growth (1 to 4)
P1-(secondary growth start)st vascular cambium at the vascular bundle /separated primary
xylem and primary phloem//involve the lateral meristem
P2-The cambium cell divide radially and merge with vascular cambium to form intervascular
cambium
P3-(the cambium cell divide) tangentially to produced two layer of cell (one inner layer will
form secondary xylem while the other layer will form secondary phloem
P5-the primary xylem will pushes towards the pith while the primary phloem will pushes
toward to epidermis
P6-the walls of secondary xylem become thickened with lignin to give the tissue mechanical
strength 9which have to support the plant)
P7-Cambium cell between the vascular bundle divided to form secondary parenchyma tissue
1
6
P8-(increasing the secondary tissue will ) increase the diameter of the stem
(c)
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