Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Acoustic Treatment of The Studios (Repaired)
Acoustic Treatment of The Studios (Repaired)
Acoustic Treatment of The Studios (Repaired)
College of Engineering
Electronics Engineering Department
AM BROADCAST DESIGN
Submitted to:
Submitted by:
05-207-066
College of Engineering
Electronics Engineering Department
Sir:
I am pleasured to present the design entitled "AM Broadcast System design" in compliance for the
requirements as a partial fulfillment of the course ECE 15L (Broadcast Engineering and Acoustics,
Laboratory). The study on AM Broadcast System will underscore its fundamentals and applications.
This covers the development of an AM Broadcasting Station from studio onto the transmitter to be located
at Tagbilaran City, Bohol.
CHAPTER II
Preface
AM radio broadcasting involves the modification of the amplitude of audio frequency signal
received from the microphone. The audio frequency signal and carrier wave may be amplified
independently before being superimposed, i.e. modulated, after which they are sent to the antenna. In
another method, the audio signal and carrier wave may be modulated and then amplified before being
sent to the antenna. In either case, if amplitude modulation is used, the audio waves amplitude is varied
accordingly.
It was felt that a well-designed AM broadcast system could significantly improve reception quality,
reliability and ease of use and ensure the continued use of AM bands.
To meet these aims, a highly flexible design has been developed. This was made possible with
the recommendations from the KBP standards and the Radio Codes that served as guides.
This design is aimed at the management of broadcasting organizations in areas of policy making
as well as in programme making and technical planning. It explains the technical considerations needed
to take into account in building an AM studio.
CHAPTER III
Acknowledgment
To Almighty God
To my friends
To my family
To my professors
CHAPTER VI
Technical Requirements
Technical Factors Considered in the Site Selection
A. Studio
When the studio and the transmitter are to be separated to each other, Studio site must be within
densely populated areas, or within a city proper. This is facilitating same technical aspects as:
1. Accessibility of the Studio for maintenance purposes
2. Nearness of the Studio to the public
3. The Studio will be accessible to the studio personnel (announce, technician etc.) as well as guest.
B. Station
The proper selection of the site for the technical station is an essential and exciting task in the
planning of any communication system. The cost of the site development and installation of facilities
is high and warrants utmost care. Recognizing the factors involved in the correct choices of
equipment site is essential in order to avoid costly mistakes resulting to the poor performance or even
total system failure. The following are to be considered:
1. In the absence of any local regulations of the contrary locations should be chosen so that for the
power and antenna to be used. The following intensities are delivered over the city to which the
station is associated.
Overall urban parts
25 mV/m min
Overall suburban parts
2 mV/m min
2. The site should have the highest soil conductivity for a distance of at least 1mile from the antenna.
3. The site should offer a clean path to the city.
4. Avoid obstruction at high hills between the antenna and the nearest city to be observed.
5. The area of this station should be large enough to close a ground system of about wavelength
in radians or as near to this as a local condition with permit.
6. Soil should be consistent which will permit suitable footing for the antenna and guy wires without
necessary expenses.
7. The site should be where the antenna height will not become an obstruction for air traffic.
8. Locate the site as convenient as possible after the above conditions are satisfied to the power
and telephone lines as well as rail roads or roads and for transportation.
9. Avoid a location that requires the same precautions regarding ground system of an antenna as to
that flat terrain. There is no advantage electrically to hill topsides for station operating on low and
or medium frequencies.
10. Avoid locations where there are chances of flooding of any seasons.
11. The location should be reasonably flat and above sea level.
CHAPTER VII
Site Description
LOCATION PLAN
A. STUDIO
The studio is set to be located in the district of Tagbilaran City in Bohol. Particular location of the
studio is on the 3rd floor of a commercial building. The studio and its adjacent function rooms will
occupy at least one half of the floor area of the third floor.
The location of the studio passed all the most important factors in choosing a site for broadcast
studio. The place is very accessible to the public, to maintenance personnel and the studio personnel
itself. Being in the heart of Tagbilaran, Bohol, it enjoys an adequate power supply and easy access of
water and telephone lines.
The selection of the studio offers very excellent economics plus factors to the building owner and
would owner of the station. In addition, the site offers good commercial opportunities. Income from the
promotion and advertisement from the nearby commercial establishments should not be discounted.
B. STATION (Transmitter)
The transmitting station is to be located in spacious ground of Tagbilaran City, Bohol. It will be
house in a one story-building especially constructed for the purpose. The station and the antenna
space will cover an approximate area of 2000 square meters of land.
The conductivity of the adjacent soil, area is quite good. The place is not too far with a body of
water, fishing grounds and lines of trees as well as rice fields. Basically, the environment within the
area shows a very good condition of propagation.
C. SITE DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION
The AM Broadcasting studio and the transmitter station are separated by approximately 3
km. both locations enjoys a good access to supply of electricity, telephone lines of course water
because its a town proper or main city of Bohol.
The main broadcast studio will be constructed at the second floor of a commercial
building in Tagbilaran City wherein it will occupy about 55% of the floor area of the 3 rd floor. Some
renovations are to be made to segregate studio room and adjacent facilities from one other
commercial store within the building. The transmitting antenna of the STL will be in the roof top of
the building.
CHAPTER VIII
Design Procedures
E =
E1 =
E2 =
F =
=
S =
=
CHAPTER IX
Design Computations
CHANNEL:
5
CALL SIGN:
DYKA
OPERATING FREQUENCY: 567 kHz
CLASS OF STATION: Class B
POWER OUTPUT: 10kW
OPERATING WAVELENGTH ()
Vo
3 x10 8
529.1005meters
f
567 kHz
( 3.28 ft) 529.1005m( 3.28 ft)
ft
1735.45 ft.
m
m
1735.45 ft.
433.8624 ft.
4
4
*Actual Antenna Height
ANTENNA HEIGHT (m)
From Figure 1
hom = 310 ft
hom
310 ft.(1m)
96.0366 meters
3.28 ft.
h1
0.1815
Operating Wavelengt h (m) 529.1005m
POWER CLASS
Power Class = 10 kW
P1 = 0.5Power Class
= 0.5*10kw = 5kW
ANTENNA SPECIFICATIONS
No. of Antenna in the System: 2
Spacing of the two antenna (); 90
Phasing of the two antenna (): 165
% Field Strength Radiated in Horizontal Plane
from No. I Antenna:
63 mV/m
from No. 2 Antenna:
63 mV/m
% RMS Field Strength in Horizontal Plane
from Antenna System: 56
DETERMINE THE RADIATION LOOP RESISTANCES
R11 = Tower 1 ;
R22 = Tower 2
*for identical towers, R 11 = R22
From Figure 3:
R11 = R22 = 25
DETERMINE THE LOOP MUTUAL IMPEDANCE BETWEEN A/4 VERTICAL ANTENNA
From Figure 4:
Impedance (Z) = 7
RC1 = MZ*cos( + )
RC2 = (Z/M)*cos( - )
*M is constant
Phasing () = 100
Spacing () = 90
M=0.995
RC1 = 0.995*7*cos(90+100)
RC1 = -6.8592
RC2 = (7/0.995)*cos(90-100)
RC2 = 6.9283
*INVERSE FIELD STRENGTH AT 1 MILE FROM TOWER 1 WHILE OPERATING IN THE
ARRAY (mV/m)
E1 = E0 *{R11/ [(R11+RL1+RC1) + M * (R22 + RL2 + RC2)]}
mV/m
E0 = 402.4922 mV/m
RL1 = RL2 = 2 (Assumed Loop Resistance)
E1 = 402.4922 *{25/ [(25 + 2 + (-6.8592)) + 0.995*(25 + 2 + 6.9283)]}
E1 = 274.1166 mV/m
By substitution:
E0
E15
E30
E45
E60
E75
E90
E105
E120
E135
E150
E165
E180
E195
E210
E225
E240
E255
E270
E285
E300
E315
E330
E345
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
397.8938 mV/m
387.6594 mV/m
397.8938 mV/m
426.2309 mV/m
465.8395 mV/m
506.5014 mV/m
536.9453 mV/m
548.2332 mV/m
536.9453 mV/m
506.5014 mV/m
465.8395 mV/m
426.2309 mV/m
397.8938 mV/m
387.6594 mV/m
397.8938 mV/m
426.2309 mV/m
465.8395 mV/m
506.5014 mV/m
536.9453 mV/m
548.2332mV/m
536.9453 mV/m
506.5014 mV/m
465.8395 mV/m
426.2309 mV/m
E0
E15
E30
E45
E60
E75
E90
E105
E120
E135
E150
E165
E180
E195
E210
E225
E240
E255
E270
E285
E300
E315
E330
E345
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
14.5155
14.1421
14.5155
15.5493
16.9942
18.4776
19.5882
20.0000
19.5882
18.4776
16.9942
15.5493
14.5155
14.1421
14.5155
15.5493
16.9942
18.4776
19.5882
20.0000
19.5882
18.4776
16.9942
15.5493
CHAPTER X
Graph, Tables and Contour Mapping
Conductivity Table
Terrain
Conductivity mV / m
Sea water
5,000
Fresh water
Cities, residential
Cities, industrial
0.5
Contour Mapping
Distance (mi)
From
Terrain
Conductivity
(mV / m)
To
Distance
4.0000
4.0000
4.0000
4.3077
0.3077
Sea water
5000
4.3077
4.7692
0.4615
4.7692
5.5385
0.7692
Sea water
5000
5.5385
8.4615
2.9231
8.4615
11.5385
3.0769
11.5385
16.9231
5.3846
16.9231
17.6923
0.7692
Sea water
5000
17.6923
18.4615
0.7692
18.4615
20.0000
1.5385
Sea water
5000
At 0
At 15
0
5.8462
5.8462
5.8462
6.6154
0.7692
6.6154
11.8462
5.2308
11.8462
18.4615
6.6154
18.4615
20.0000
1.5385
9.6923
9.6923
9.6923
12.3077
2.6154
12.3077
13.8462
1.5385
13.8462
16.9231
3.0769
16.9231
20.0000
3.0769
9.2308
9.2308
9.2308
11.5385
2.3077
11.5385
14.6154
3.0769
14.6154
16.9231
2.3077
16.9231
20.0000
3.0769
4.1538
4.1538
4.1538
12.4615
8.3077
12.4615
16.0000
3.5385
16.0000
20.0000
4.0000
At 30
At 45
At 60
At 75
0
2.4615
2.4615
2.4615
12.1538
9.6923
12.1538
14.9231
2.7692
14.9231
16.6154
1.6923
16.6154
18.0000
1.3846
18.0000
20.0000
2.0000
2.4615
2.4615
2.4615
3.6923
1.2308
3.6923
5.0769
1.3846
5.0769
7.0769
2.0000
7.0769
8.1538
1.0769
8.1538
9.8462
1.6923
9.8462
12.3077
2.4615
12.3077
20.0000
7.6923
2.1538
2.1538
2.1538
9.3846
7.2308
9.3846
20.0000
10.6154
Sea water
5000
0.9231
0.9231
0.9231
2.3077
1.3846
2.3077
20.0000
17.6923
Sea water
5000
At 90
At 105
At 120
At 135
0
0.4615
0.4615
0.4615
0.7692
0.3077
0.7692
20.0000
19.2308
Sea water
5000
0.1538
0.1538
0.1538
0.4615
0.3077
0.4615
0.7692
0.3077
Sea water
5000
0.7692
1.2308
0.4615
1.2308
20.0000
18.7692
Sea water
5000
0.1538
0.1538
0.1538
0.3077
0.1538
0.3077
0.7692
0.4615
Sea water
5000
0.7692
2.6154
1.8462
2.6154
20.0000
17.3846
Sea water
5000
0.1538
0.1538
0.1538
0.3077
0.1538
0.3077
0.7692
0.4615
Sea water
5000
0.7692
3.2308
0.4615
3.2308
20.0000
16.7692
Sea water
5000
At 150
At 165
At 180
At 195
0
0.1538
0.1538
0.1538
0.3077
0.1538
0.3077
0.7692
0.4615
Sea water
5000
0.7692
3.6923
2.9231
3.6923
20.0000
16.3077
Sea water
5000
0.1538
0.1538
0.1538
0.3077
0.1538
0.3077
0.6154
0.3077
Sea water
5000
0.6154
5.2308
4.6154
5.2308
20.0000
10.9231
Sea water
5000
0.1538
0.1538
0.1538
0.3077
0.1538
0.3077
0.6154
0.3077
Sea water
5000
0.6154
9.0769
8.4615
9.0769
20.0000
10.9231
Sea water
5000
0.1538
0.1538
0.1538
0.4615
0.3077
0.4615
0.6154
0.1538
Sea water
5000
0.6154
8.9231
8.3077
8.9231
20.0000
11.0769
Sea water
5000
At 210
At 225
At 240
At 255
0
0.3077
0.3077
0.3077
0.4615
0.1538
0.4615
0.7692
0.3077
Sea water
5000
0.7692
3.0769
2.6154
3.0769
6.1538
3.0769
6.1538
20.0000
13.8462
Sea water
5000
0.3077
0.3077
0.3077
0.4615
0.1538
0.4615
0.6154
0.1538
Sea water
5000
0.6154
2.0000
1.3846
2.0000
20.0000
18.0000
Sea water
5000
0.3077
0.3077
0.3077
0.4615
0.1538
0.4615
20.0000
19.5385
Sea water
5000
0.4615
0.4615
0.4615
0.6154
0.1538
0.6154
20.0000
19.5385
Sea water
5000
0.7692
0.7692
0.7692
0.9231
0.1538
0.9231
20.0000
19.0769
Sea water
5000
At 270
At 285
At 300
At 315
At 330
1.8462
1.8462
1.8462
2.1538
0.3077
2.1538
7.0769
4.9231
Sea water
5000
7.0769
10.1538
8.0000
10.1538
10.4615
0.3077
10.4615
20.0000
9.5385
Sea water
5000
2.3077
2.3077
2.3077
2.4615
0.1538
Sea water
5000
2.4615
6.9231
4.4615
6.9231
7.2308
0.3077
Sea water
5000
7.2308
10.7692
3.5385
10.7692
13.0769
2.3077
13.0769
14.0000
0.9231
14.0000
14.1538
0.1538
Sea water
5000
14.1538
15.3846
1.2308
15.3846
20.0000
4.6154
Sea water
5000
At 345
CHAPTER XII
Acoustical Treatment of the Studio
Tools
Fortunately, the best tools to measure sound in a room are your ears! Listen to the sound of a
room before and after the acoustic treatments listed below by listening to CDs you are familiar with.
Vocals and words should be clear, the bass balanced and tight, and cymbals bright without being harsh. A
mono signal will seem to come from a spot exactly between the speakers - and that spot should not move
with different notes. Clap your hands and listen to the resulting sound - you should hear a slight
thickening of the sound, but little reverb - and no definite pitches or echoes.
Monitor Speaker Positioning
Everything in the room should be as symmetrical as possible. Monitor speaker placement should
be symmetrical within the room - with each speaker the same distance from its closest wall. Putting
speakers too close to corners tends to emphasize the bass in an unpredictable way, so place your
speakers away from them. Small changes in position can affect the sound quite significantly, so
experiment with moving your speakers forward or backwards while your CD is playing and aim for a
smooth response, especially at the low end. If some bass notes seem louder than others, move the
speakers around until this is minimized. The distance between the monitors should be equal to the
distance between each speaker and your ears - forming an equilateral triangle.
Avoid strong early reflections from near field monitors (which cause phase interference). Put them
on solid speaker stands behind the desk rather than on the meter bridge of a large mixer (this creates an
early reflection path off the mixer surface). If you're getting strong reflections from the ceiling above the
speakers, consider putting a foam absorber or two up there.
Diffusion
You can break up reverb from flat surfaces by mounting objects called diffusers on them. When
sound is reflected off a convex or complex surface, it spreads the reverberant sound evenly throughout a
room. This prevents standing waves and also eliminates "dead spots"- where frequencies are drastically
reduced or missing. The thicker the diffuser, the lower the frequency that will be affected. One of the best
diffusers I know is a deep bookcase well stocked with a variety of sizes of book. A rough stone wall is also
quite an effective diffuser.
Absorption
Excessive reverb and standing waves can be tamed by using materials which absorb sound.
These are often fiberglass or particleboard panels, special foam tiles (which often double as diffusers).
These generally work well down to 100 Hz or so. Absorption materials need not be expensive. Carpet on
a thick under felt, thick curtains with backing and even plush furniture can help reduce reflections. Dont
try covering every surface of your room with absorptive material to completely deaden the room. A dead
room would be unpleasant to work in, as your ears use the subtle phase differences of a live room to
accurately place sound sources in a stereo image. Also, absorptive materials are frequency selective, with
high frequency sound being absorbed easier than low. This means that as absorption is added to a room
it becomes more and bassier in tone.
Avoid bare walls in the front of the room (behind the speakers). Remember, you want only direct
sound from the monitors to reach the listening position. So 80-100% coverage with acoustic tiles or at
least some heavy drapes will work wonders. Fix a few square meters of acoustic tiles to the walls each
side of the listening position to absorb and diffuse. This will help keep the stereo image nice and tight.
Use diffusion behind the listening position, at the rear of the room. This makes the room seem deeper
than it really is. We happily use materials which do not absorb well below 100 Hz due to the fact that
normal wall and floors are absorptive in the low end, but very reflective above 200 Hz.
CHAPTER V
Definition of Terms
Amplitude modulation (AM)
A technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for transmitting information via
a radio carrier wave.
Analog Transmission
The broadcasting of a signal using an analog recording. Examples of use include radio.
Bandwidth
The available space between two given points on the electromagnetic spectrum and, inter alia,
the amount of information that can be squeezed into that space.
Broadcasting
The distribution of audio and/or video signals which transmit programs to an audience. The
audience may be the general public or a relatively large sub-audience, such as children or young
adults.
Call Letters
The official name of the radio station in the Philippines. Also known as a station's callsign.
Crystal Radio Receiver (crystal set)
A very simple radio receiver, popular in the early days of radio. It needs no battery or power
source and runs on the power received from radio waves by a long wire antenna.
Coverage
Percentage of households that can tune into a radio station within the theoretical broadcast
radius.
Daypart
The radio station's broadcast day is normally split up (starting at 6am) into a series of 4 hour
sessions containing one or more shows.
DBS - Direct Broadcasting (by) Satellite
Television and radio programmes distributed by satellite for reception via a dish at the receiver's
property.
Feedback
A loud noise produced when the amplified sound from an output ( loudspeaker ) is picked up by
an input ( microphone, phonograph ) feeding that loudspeaker.
FCC - Federal Communications Commission
An independent United States government agency, established by the Communications Act of
1934 and is charged with regulating interstate and international communications by radio,
television, wire, satellite and cable.
Ground Wave
In radio transmission, it is a surface wave that propagates close to the surface of the Earth.
Radio Studio
A room in which a radio program or show is produced, either for live broadcast or for recording for
a later broadcast. The room is soundproofed to avoid unwanted noise being mixed into the
broadcast.
Radio wave
A type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum longer
than infrared light. Naturally-occurring radio waves are produced by lightning, or by astronomical
objects
Signal-to-noise ratio (S/N)
A measure used in science and engineering to quantify how much a signal has been corrupted
by noise. It is defined as the ratio of signal power to the noise power corrupting the signal.
Skywave
The propagation of electromagnetic waves bent (refracted) back to the Earth's surface by
the ionosphere.
CHAPTER XV
AM Broadcast Standards
CHAPTER IV
Introduction to Broadcasting
CHAPTER XI
Introduction to Acoustics
CHAPTER XVI
Brochures
CHAPTER XVIII
License
CHAPTER XIX
Permits, Application Forms and Procedures
CHAPTER XXII
Recommendations
Here are the recommendations to be filed for the design of the AM broadcast system in
Tagbilaran City, Bohol:
1. The implementation of additional broadcast sites in the growing population of the province.
2. As a provincial radio station it must serve as a medium of development communication, a
conduit between the government and the people, aiming to mobilize all sectors of society
towards development and nationalism. Live government news must be aired here.
3. For the studio design, cost of materials should be maintained thus improving the acoustical
quality of the room.
CHAPTER XXIII
Topographic Map
CHAPTER XXI
Conclusion
AM radio technology is simpler than FM radio, DAB, Satellite Radio and HD Radio. An AM receiver
detects amplitude variations in the radio waves at a particular frequency. It then amplifies changes in the
signal voltage to drive a loudspeaker or earphones.
Because of its susceptibility to atmospheric and electrical interference and the generally lower
sound fidelity of superheterodyne receivers, AM broadcasting has attracted mostly talk radio and news
programming, while music radio and public radio mostly shifted to FM broadcasting in the late 1960s and
1970s.
AM radio signals can be severely disrupted in large urban centers by metal structures, tall buildings
and sources of radio frequency interference (RFI) and electrical noise, such as electrical motors,
fluorescent lights, or lightning. As a result, AM radio in many countries has lost its dominance as a music
broadcasting service, and in many cities is now relegated to news, sports, religious and talk radio
stations..
CHAPTER XIII
Technical Specifications
Acoustics
The sound absorption coefficient indicates how much of the sound is absorbed in the material.
The absorption coefficient can be expressed as:
= Ia / Ii
where
Ia = sound intensity absorbed (W/m2)
Ii = incident sound intensity (W/m2)
Total Sound Absorption
The total sound absorption in a room can be expressed as:
A =S11 + S22 + .. + Snn = Sii
where
A = the absorption of the room (m2 Sabine)
Sn = area of the actual surface (m2)
n = absorption coefficient of the actual surface
Reverberation Time
RT = KV / A
where:
K = 0.16 (m2)
= 0.049 (ft2)
V = volume
CHAPTER XIV
Indoor and Outdoor Safety Rules
INDOOR PLANT SAFETY RULES
GENERAL RULE:
This section establishes safety rules for all electronics and communications equipment installed
and/or located inside buildings or in sheltered structures, except consumer products.
5.1.1 SHOCK, CASUALTY or FIRE HAZARD shall not result when normally used and operated
5.1.2 A grounding system shall form a part of all indoor electronics and communication installations failing
under any of the following category:
a. When any equipment is powered from 1 10 VAC or higher;
b. When an outdoor exposed facility is connected to any equipment for its normal operations;
c. All radio stations, telephone/telegraph/telex exchanges and fixed computer installations.
5.1.3 The grounding system shall be designed to direct foreign currents in the shortest route possible to
earth.
5.1.4 Potential rise on accessible parts shall be no greater than the values specified in rule.
5.1.5 Strength consideration for indoor equipment installation shall be sufficient to assure that no casualty
hazard shall result from falling or collapsing equipment or their
5.1.6 Operation of electronic and communications equipment shall not result in emission of fumes,
chemicals, radiations, etc to such a level considered hazardous by those recognized by the government
to make such assessment.
5.1.7 Users of electronics and communication systems or services shall be protected from shock or fire
hazards attendant to the use of the service.
5.1.8 It shall be the users responsibility to ascertain that adequate internal protection is built into the
equipment by the supplier in such a manner that no shock or fire hazard shall result when the equipment
is operated within its rating.
5.1.9 The electrical protection measures shall coordinate with the inherent dialectic strength and surge
current carrying capacity of the equipment or system being protected.
5.2.2 Mobile Station (Land mobile, Maritime mobile, Aero mobile)
This section covers radio transmitters, receiver, transceiver and allied equipment at mobile
locations such as:
1. Land Mobile radio installation on board vehicles, like automobiles, trucks, trains, etc, whose
movement or travel is confined overland.
2. Maritime Mobile -- radio installation on board water crafts, like boats, ships, etc.
5.5.3
Locations
Special Occupancy
Special protection measures shall be adopted for the following:
a. Power generating and sub-stations
b. Flammable material processing storage or loading areas
c. Mines
d. Trailer Parks
e. Radio tower sites
Customer Equipment Safety Requirements
Without proper protection, subscriber/customer equipment and telephone subsets are
susceptible to damage from transient voltage on the telephone lines and may cause shock to the
users.
The transient voltages and currents in the telephone lines may be caused by the
following:
a. lightning strikes
b. Close proximity of the phone lines to power lines
c. Contact with power lines
FROM STRUCTURES
The basic minimum clearances of wires, conductors, cables, and messengers from signs
mounted on buildings/structures are shown in 7.1 E.
CLIMBING SPACE
CLIMBING SPACE shall be provided on one side/quadrant of all poles/structures supporting
communication conductors except at the level of one pair of conductors attached to the pole below the
lowest cross arm and the top 0.9 meters of poles carrying communication conductors only which are
attached directly to the pole.
The POSITION OF THE CLIMBING SPACE shall not be shifted more thin 90 degrees around the
pole within a vertical distance of less than a 2.4meters
VERTICAL RUN RISERS, GROUND WIRES
VERTICAL RUNS OF COMMUNICATION WIRES or cables supported on the surface of wood
poles or structures shall be covered by a suitable protective covering within a vertical distance of 0.9
meters above or I.8 meters below unprotected supply conductors supported on the same pole or
structure.
RUNS OF BRIDDLED CONDUCTORS attached to the surface of the pole need not be covered
provided such runs are below the guard arm and in the same quadrant as the longitudinal cable or where
such runs are below and on the same sides of the pole with a cable arm and are not in the climbing
space.
RUNS which terminate in the top enclosure which afford ample mechanical protection to the runs
may extend within 2.4 meters of the ground but not less than 1 8 meters of the ground without being
treated as risers.
RISERS
RISERS OF WIRES OR UNDERGROUND CABLES Shall be encased in securely grounded
metal or plastic pipe from the ground line to a level not less than 8 feet above the ground line.
GUYS AND ANCHORS
Where mechanical loads imposed on poles, towers, or structures are greater than can be
supported with the safety factors as specified in Rule 4.3.2 under the loading condition of Rule 4.2
additional strength shall be provided by the use of guys or either suitable construction.
GUYS shall be attached to structures as nearly as practicable as the center of load.
GUY WIRES shall be protected by the use of guy thimbles when attached to anchors
GUYS attached to or passing poles supporting only communication conductors need not to be
sectionalized provided such guys are not exposed or in proximity m supply conductors
Table of Contents
AM Broadcast Design
I.
Letter of Transmittal
II. Preface
III. Acknowledgment
IV. Introduction to Broadcasting
A. Philippine Broadcast History
B. History of AM Broadcasting in the Philippines
C. AM Broadcasting
V. Definition of Terms
VI. Technical Requirements
A. Technical Factors Considered in the Site Selection
a. Studio (Accessibility of studio for maintenance purposes)
b. Station (The cost of the site and installation facilities)
B. Factors Considered in Choosing the Site for Transmitter and Studio
a. Transmitting Equipment
b. Location and Layout
c. Studio Location and Layout
C. Location plan of Studio and Transmitter
a. For Studio ( A site location approximately in the geographical center of the
metropolitan area to be served by the signal)
b. For Transmitter
Step 1 --- Select a Frequency
Step 2 --- Survey Onsite Listening
Step 3 --- Choose a General Location for the Coverage
Step 4 --- Consider the Installation Style
(The transmitter may be located in the building or in a
weatherproof cabinet at the base of the pole or tower)
Step 5 --- Consider equipment, cost and service
Step 6 --- Prepare your transmitter site
1. Equipment Operating Location
2. Installation of Power and Telephone Services
3. Prepare the Antenna Support System
c. Transmitter Technical Aspect
(It must be reasonable to have suitable contours soil conductivity
particularly near the site)
D. Economic Aspect Considered in Site Selection
a. Studio
b. Station
VII. Site Description
A. Location Plan
a. Studio
b. Station Transmitter
c. Site description and location
i. History of the Place and Map
ii. Geographic Location
iii. Topography
iv. Industries
v. Support facilities
1. Power
2. Water
3. Transport
vi. Social and Economic Facts
vii. List of AM Stations in the Vicinity
VIII.Design Procedures
IX. Design Computations
X. Graph, Tables and Contour Mapping
XI. Introduction to Acoustics
A. What is Sound?
B. Propagation of Sound
XII. Acoustical Treatment of the Studio
A. Control of Room Resources
B. Treatment of the Work Place
XIII.Technical Specifications
A. Reverberation Calculations Trail
B. Design Computation
XIV. Indoor and Outdoor Safety Rules
A. Philippine Electronic Code System Rule (Indoor and Outdoor Plant Safety Rules)
a. Indoor Plant Safety Rules
b. Outdoor Plant Safety Rules
XV.
AM Broadcast Standards
XVI. Brochures
XVII. KBP Standards
XVIII. License
XIX. Permits, Application Forms and procedures
XX.
Radio Codes
XXI. Conclusion
XXII. Recommendation
XXIII. Topographic Map