different variations of inputs given the parameters of the three variables.

A
main script is required to call the function to execute the /m 3, a dynamic viscosity
=1.79 x 10-5Ns/m2, a diameter D = 0.005m, a Velocity of V= 40m/s, and a
Roughness = 0.0000015m. Initial guesses were to be obtained using the Blasius
formula of f = 0.316/Re0.25. In part (b) the same computation was to be executed but
using a different Roughness = 0.000045m. The equations below were provided
within problem 8.12
Pressure Drop

L V 2
P=f
2D

Reynolds Number

VD

2.0 log

Colebrook Equation

2.51
1
+
+ =0
3.7 D f f

Methodology/ Discussion
Before the Pressure Drop can be calculated, the friction factor had to be
found. The method chosen to solve the Colebrook Equation for the friction factor
was the Newton-Raphson method. This method was chosen because the problem
statement provided a formula to find an initial guess for Reynolds Number and only

one initial guess is required to execute the Newton-Raphson method. In order to

proceed with the Newton Raphson method the analytical derivative of the Colebrook

1
f
2
Equation was found as shown in this equation.

3
2

2.51
f

2.51

+
ln (10 )
3.7 D f

3
2

Next, we calculated the initial guess for f from the equation given in problem 8.12
which is; f = 0.316/Re0.25. Using the values given in part (a) .The calculated value of
the friction factor was 0.02826. With the analytical derivative and our initial guess,
we wrote a MATLAB code to solve for the friction factor using the Newton-Raphson
method. Once we got the code to function correctly, we made it in to a function and
saved it as Colebrook.m with input variables (, D, Re) that can be manipulated by
the user. Next, we integrated this function into a new script to solve for the change
in pressure P. Using the data from part (a), we function and script to see how
changes in Reynolds Number, pipe diameter, and roughness would affect the
pressure drop.

Reynolds number Vs. Pressre Drop(Pa)

1250

1200

1150
P (Pa)
1100

1050

1000
10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

Reynolds Number

To see how these

variables affect pressure drop and friction factor, three separate experiments were
conducted. Each test held all other variables constant except the value under
investigation. First, we experimented with Reynolds number as the investigated
variable. We did this by fixing the roughness

=0 .0000015m and pipe diameter

0.005m. The tested values of Re ranged from 10000 to 16000 and were
Figure 1
incremented by 500. These values
were then put into our MATLAB program and the outputs of friction factor and
pressure drop were tabulated in excel and graphed for a better visual understanding
(see Table 1 and Figure 1).

Table 1.
Re
10000
10500
11000
11500
12000
12500
13000
13500
13743.
02
14000
14500
15000
15500
16000

P
(Pa)
1233.
65
1218.
51
1204.
36
1191.
08
1178.
58
1166.
8
1155.
66
1145.
11
1140.
17
1135.
09
1125.
56
1116.
48
1107.
81
1099.
53

f
0.031
33
0.030
96
0.030
60
0.030
26
0.029
94
0.029
64
0.029
36
0.029
09
0.028
98
0.028
83
0.028
59
0.028
36
0.028
16
0.029
73

By examining the data, it shows that Reynolds number has a negative relationship
with both friction factor and pressure drop. The relationship is not quite linear but
the trend is evident. This trend could have been affected due to Reynolds number
and pressure drop being inversely related to Diameter. Another possibility is that,
raising Reynolds number and simulating a less viscous fluid, would make that a less
viscous fluid would have less friction and would maintain a more regulated constant
pressure.

D (m)
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009

P
(Pa)
f
6074.6 0.0308
2
7
2914.9 0.0296
2
2
1914.9 0.0291
4
9
0.0289
1425.4
7
1135.0 0.0288
9
3
0.0287
942.98
9
Table 2
0.0286
806.47
8
0.0286
704.48
3
0.0286
625.98
0

Roughness

Pipe Diameter(m) Vs Pressure Drop (Pa)

8000
6000

P (Pa) 4000
2000
0

0.01

0.01

0.01

Diameter (m)

S
econd, we tested what would happen to pressure drop
and friction factor when we change the diameter of the
pipe and keep all other variables constant. Again, we
simply hard coded the values of Re = 14000 and

=
Figure 2

0.0000015m in our main

script file and changed diameter.

The values used for diameter ranged from, 0.001m to 0.009m and incremented by
0.001m. Again these values had a negative relationship with pressure drop and
friction factor. On the other hand, their relationship looked much more exponential
in the range of values that we studied when compared to that of Reynolds number
and pressure drop. This relationship also makes intuitive sense, the smaller the pipe
the more surface area touching the liquid flowing through it and this means more
energy lost, slower velocity and less pressure.

Roughness(m) Vs Pressure Drop(Pa)

1600
1400
1200
1000
P (Pa) 800
600
400
200
0

10

15

20

25

(m)

Finally we went into

further investigation of how changing roughness would affect pressure drop and
fiction factor. For one last time we went to our script and hard coded all other values

Re=14000, D = 0.005m besides roughness. As we did our roughness tests we

increased the step size to see a larger range of values and although our range is
small it appears that the relationship between pressure drop and roughness were
almost linear in our range. We also noted that this relationship is the only positive
relationship we have looked at, as we theorized while we did one test in part b of
8.12.

(
m
)
0.
5
1
1.
5

P
(Pa)

1120 0.02
.958 847
1128 0.02
.055 866
1135 0.02
.08
884
1142 0.02
3
.06 Table
901
1182 0.03
.619 005
1246 0.03
.027 166
1305 0.03
.102 316
1360 0.03
.628 457

Conclusion:

In conclusion this project was insightful in many ways. As

a group we not only learned about pressure drop and its
relationship with Reynolds number (negative), pipe diameter
5
(negative exponential), and roughness (positive) we also gained
a
10
Figure 3
better
understanding of MATLAB and its practical uses. We practiced
15
making not only a script, but a function within that script whose
variables could be changed with ease. The use of MATLAB
20
proved to be very beneficial when trying to experiment with how
changing variables would effect output and it would save someone a lot of time
when troubleshooting a problem rather than having to do all the calculations by
hand each time. In our problem we utilized MATLAB to pressure change but as a
group we agree that this application could be used for several situations and is a
powerful tool to know for the future.
2