HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

15%C 12M 1 5Ni Stainless

St i l steels
t l were in
i use in
i
15%Cr-12Mn-1.5Ni
Germany in 1940s
Used in dairy industry, beer industry and house
hold appliances
In early 50s during Korean War US Gov. restriction
of 1% Ni max for stainless steel in certain applications
Following grade developed by
Allegheny
termed IA
A
A 201
Cr Mn C
Ni
N Substitute
min.
i min
i max max max for
f AISI
14.5 15 0.15 0.99 0.25
301

P t Korean
Post
K
War
W Scenario
S
i
Softer Alloys
y Preferred
Half of Nickel only replaced by Mn & N
AISI Designation in 1955 to 201 & 202

Grade C
201 0.15 max
202 0.15 max

Cr
16.0-18.0
17.0-19.0

Mn
5.5-7.5
7.5-10.0

N
0.25max
0.25max

Ni
3.5-5.5
4.0-6.0

During 50s and early 60s , 200 series required expensive

low carbon ferro- manganese
Nitrided ferro-chrome
or
Nitrided electrolytic manganese
EAF

With advent of Argon-Oxygen-Decarburisation:

cheaper high carbon ferromanganese and
gaseous nitrogen
t oge for
o a
alloying
oy g
Lower argon consumption in Cr-Mn
Early 1970s ~ 40,000 tons/year 200 Series Worldwide

Improvement in drawability of AISI 201 on alloying

with copper
By
y addition of 1.5-2% copper
pp to AISI 201,, a stainless
steel with even superior drawability emerged
Type

211 / JSL AUS / NIPPON NAR 200

C Mn Cr
Ni
Cu
N
S
Type 211
0.07 5.5-6.5 16-17 5.0-6.0 1.5-2.0 0.05 0.03
JSL-AUS
0.08 6.0-8.0 16-18 4.0-6.0 1.5-2.0 0.1 0.005
pp NAR 200 0.07 5.5-6.5 16-17 5.5-6.5 1.8-2.3 N.A. 0.03
Nippon

WITH
ARGON OXYGEN DECARBURISATION
LADLE FURNACE
CONTINUOUS CASTING
ROLLING TEMP. CONTROL
Leaner Alloys
y p
produced successfully:
y
C
Mn
Cr
Ni
Cu
N
S
J-4
0.1 8.5-10.0 15.0-16.0 1.5-2.0 1.5-2.0 0.2
0.008
204 Cu 0.1 6.5-9.0 16.0-17.5 1.5-3.5 2.0-4.0 0.1-0.2 0.008

These
hese alloys are endowed with
w th high
h gh
strength, good drawability, weldability and
corrosion resistance

Di
Drivers
ffor th
the development
d
l
t off 200 S
Series
i

STRENGTH

WEAR GALLING
RESISTANCE

DUCTILITY
FORMABILITY

WELDABILITY
CORROSION
RESISTANCE

TOUGHNESS
OXIDATION
RESISTANCE
ABOVE 8000C

DENSITY
MATERIAL COST

Cost per Kg of Input Materials

(current price)

As a consequence 304 stainless steel price closely follows

the nickel price
p
40,000
37,230

35,000

GermarnCR SS (304) $/tonne

Prrice in $/tonne

30,000

Nickel $/tonne
24,219

25,000
,

24,118
21,917

21,112

20,000

13 838
13,838

15,000

10,000

14,748

14,654

9,632

8,642
5,950

6,768
5,222

5,000
1,906

1,483

1,625

2,030

2000

2001

2002

2003

2,802

2,637

2004

2005

4,138

3,553

2,850

3,709

4,187

2010

2011

2006

YEAR

Data: CRU Analysis

2007

2008

2009

GlobalStainlessSteelProductionSeriesWise
Year
Total
Total
Production
(MMT)

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

19.17

20.67

22.86

24.06

23.76

27.8

27.67

25.91

24.57

30.69

5.3%

5.7%

7.4%

23 2%
23.2%

22 1%
22.1%

21 8%
21.8%

120.0%
100.0%
80.0%

9.6%

10.0%

9.6%

23.5%

25.4%

23.5%

11.6%
30.0%

11.4%

11.6%

12.0%

28.1% 27.8%

30.3%

60.0%
40.0%

71.5%

72.2%

70.8%

66.9%

66.9%

64.6%

58.4%

60.5%

60.6%

57.7%

20.0%
0.0%
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Year
300Series

400Series

200Series

11

TYPICAL COMPOSITIONS OF AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS

GRADE

ELEMENTS, WEIGHT-PERCENT

Mn

Si

Cr

Ni

Cu

JSL U

0.09

9.5

0.008

0.06

0.35

14.6

0.5

0.12

1.7

J4

0.09

9.3

0.008

0.05

0.35

15.1

1.1

0.13

1.7

204Cu

0.09

8.4

0.008

0.05

0.35

16.2

1.6

0.17

2.1

201

0.07

7.3

0.008

0.05

0.35

16.2

4.1

0.12

JSLAUS
S A S

0.07

7.3

0.008

0.05

0.35

16.2

4.1

0.08

1.7

304

0.06

0.92

0.008

0.035

0.35

18.1

8.1

0.05

CORROSION IN FOOD APPLICATION MEDIA

Corrosion tests have been conducted in NaCl

solution and organic food media.
media

Sodium
S
di
Chl id solution
Chloride
l ti
was selected
l t d as one
of the media as chloride ion is notorious for its
ability to penetrate passive films and cause
pitting.
itti

Sodium
S
di
chloride
hl id is
i also
l a common ingredient
i
di
in food preparations. Brackish water which
carries 3% NaCl, which is selected for
i
immersion
i tests.
Contd.

CORROSION IN FOOD APPLICATION MEDIA

Acetic Acid is present in vinegar and it is

common to use vinegar in kitchen. When milk
deteriorates, Lactic Acid is produced. Hence a
mixture of Lactic Acid and Acetic Acid was
chosen as second medium.

Citric Acid is commonly present in Fruit juices

and Tartaric Acid is an ingredient in Tamarind
extracts. Hence, the concentration of 10000 ppm
(1%) of a mixture of two acids was chosen to get
accelerated results.

CORROSION IN FOOD APPLICATION MEDIA

Corrosion rate (mmpy)
304

301

J201

Test Media

(UNS
S30400)

(UNS
S30100)

(UNS
S20100)

3% NaCl for 720 hrs at RT (25 Deg. C)

3% NaCl for 100 hrs at Boiling Temp.

0.5% Citric + 0.5 % Tartaric for 720

hrs at RT

JSL AUS J204Cu

J4 (UNS

(201
M difi d)
Modified)

(S20430)

S20430
M difi d)
Modified)

JSL U

0.5% Citric + 0.5 % Tartaric for 100

hrs Boiling

0 5% Acetic + 0.5%
0.5%
0 5% Lactic) for 720 hrs
at RT

0.5% Acetic + 0.5 % Lactic for 100 hrs

at Boiling
g Temp.
p

< 0.1 mmperyr

B 0.1 - 1 mmperyr

C 1 -3 mmperyr

3 - 10 mmperyr

E > 10 mmperyr

INTERGRANULAR CORROSION TEST AS PER

ASTM A262 PRACTICE E

Test Media

Cu-CuSO4+16% H2SO4

304

301

Passed

Passed

J201 JSL AUS J204Cu J4 (UNS

(UNS
(201
S20430 JSL U

(UNS
(UNS
(S20430)
S30400) S30100) S20100) Modified)
Modified)

Passed

Passed

Passed

Passed

Passed

Performance

304

301
(UNS
S30100)

J201
(UNS
S20100)

JSL AUS
(201
Modified)

J204Cu
(UNS
S20430)

J4
(S20430
Modified)

JSL U

Good

Slightly
better

Slightly
better

Slightly
better

Slightly
better

Slightly
better

Slightly
better

Slightly
better

Good

Good

Slightly
better

Slightly
better

Good

Good

Slightly
better

Good

Good

Slightly
better

Good

Good

Good

Slightly
better

Good

Good

Good

Good

Good

Good

Slightly
g y
better

G d
Good

G d
Good

G d
Good

G d
Good

G d
Good

G d
Good

Strength

Formability

Weldabilty

Corrosion

Crevice

Pitting

800

710

665

700
600

880

860

900

575

545
470

460

500

390
400
300

335
225

225

200

59

100

58

56

54

52

48

0
304

304L

JSL AUS
UTS (MPa)

204Cu
YS (MPa)

J4

JSL U

% El

While Cr-Mn stainless steels are thus g

generallyy stronger
g
than 300 series, with suitable composition design they
can be equally soft

CATERING & FOOD Deep Drawn Utensils, Pressure

Cookers, Cook Line, Hot Food Wells,
PROCESSING
Beverage Dispensers, Ice-makers
CONSUMER
DURABLES

Spin Driers Of Washing Machines,

Dishwashers

ARCHITECTURE
BUILDING &
CONSTRUCTION

Elevators, Column Claddings, Steel

Furniture Structural Members,
Furniture,
Members
Thermal Window Spacers, Handrails,
Structural Support Framework,
Internall Panels
l And
d Roofing
f
Contd.

TRANSPORT

INDUSTRY

Automotive Trim, Wheel Caps, Wiper

Arms Rims
Arms,
Rims, Auto Accessories
Accessories, Truck
Parts, Cargo Container, Bus Bodies,
Truck Trailers, Rail Cars.
Beer, Wine, Beverage & Dairy
Equipment, Food Processing And
Packing Equipments,
Equipments Hose Clamps,
Clamps
Piston Rings

Beverage
Dispensers

Subways &
Trolleys

Toasters

Industrial
Washers
Source: Allegheny Ludlum

Disposals

Specialty Clamps

Hot Food Wells

Trucks / Trailers

Ice & Water Dispensers

Source : www.stainless-steel-world.net

SOFTENING EFFECT OF COPPER

0 %N

10%Ni

+1.6Cu
Cu :Aust. Stabiliser

304
0.1

7.5

Ni
Cr

201 202

J1

204

0
11

13

15

* or less nickel: J4
cost reductions
0.2
--

00.33 + % N
Higher Strength.
214 lower Ni/costs

25
2.5
J4

* less nitrogen: J1
impr.drawability

17

0.4
19 %Cr

Influence of Cu aditions on mechanical properties

9Austenite stabilizer
9Reduces drawing load

Speecific graavity (g//cm3)

200
series

300
series
i
Duplex

Tons,, Sized
d clea n coa l

Wear in Material Handling

10000000
8000000
6000000
4000000
2000000
0
1/4" 304 SS

1/4" Nitronic 30

DRY ABRASIVE WEAR OF ALLOYS MATED

TO TUNGSTEN CARBIDE
12

9.8

9.9

(mm3/10000 Cyccles)

WEAR
R

10
8

6.2
6

4.2
4

1.9
2

0.1
0

Hardness

4340

NITRONIC30

C 52

B 93

NITRONIC 32
B 95

304

431

17-4PH

B 85

C 42

C 42

(Ref: A.K.Steel)

Wear (m
mg/1000 cycles 105 R
RPM)

METAL TO METAL WEAR UNDER SLIDING

244

CONDITIONS

52.8
50
30
12.8
10

7.4
1.2

3.3

0.7
0
4340

Hadfield
Mn

NITRONIC
30

B 95

B 93

NITRONIC

304

17-4
PH

410

B 85

C 43

C 40

32

HARDNESS
C 52

B 95

Self mated cylinders,

Self-mated
cylinders unlubricated in air at room temperature

Corrosive Wear in Coal Preparation Plant

41

Metal loss (micron m

M
meter/yea
ar)

45
40

35
30
25
20
15
10

10

10

304

316

13

15

410

301

5
0

Alloys

Nitronic

30
Hardness B 94
C 55

B 90

B 85

B 81

Ni hard
C 36
(Ref: A.K.Steel

Extra Deep Drawn Utensils, Pressure

CATERING & FOOD Cookers, Cook Line, Hot Food Wells,
PROCESSING
Beverage Dispensers
Spin Driers Of Washing Machines,
CONSUMER
Dishwashers
DURABLES
Kit h Si
Kitchen
Sinks,
k El
Elevators,
t
E
Escalators,
l t
ARCHITECTURE
Door And Window Frames, Column
BUILDING &
Claddings, Telephone Booths, Steel
CONSTRUCTION
Furniture

TRANSPORT

INDUSTRY

Automotive Trim
Trim, Wheel Caps,
Caps Wiper
Arms, Rims, Auto Accessories, Truck
Parts, Cargo Container, Bus Bodies,
Truck Trailers, Rail Cars
Beer, Wine, Beverage & Dairy
Equipment Food Processing And
Equipment,
Packing Equipments

CATERING & FOOD Deep Drawn Utensils, Cookware,

Industrial Kitchen Equipment, Flasks,
PROCESSING
Milk Cans, Ice & Water Dispensers,
Water Filters
CONSUMER
Toasters, Microwave Ovens, Thermo
DURABLES
Wares, Baking Ovens
ARCHITECTURE
BUILDING &
CONSTRUCTION

Handrails For Staircase, Elevators,

Escalators, Internal Panels, Springs,
Door Window Frames, Thermal
Window Spacers

TRANSPORT

Structural Material For Vehicles

INDUSTRY

Tobacco Processing
g Industry
y

CATERING & FOOD Shallow/medium drawn utensils,

Tableware, Cutlery, Stands for water
PROCESSING
filters, In-house water tanks, Dog
pots
CONSUMER
Steel furniture, Fruit stands, Flower
vases, Decorative pipes and tubes,
DURABLES
Gas stoves, Gift items
In-house panels, Handrails and
ARCHITECTURE
BUILDING &
structural support framework,
framework
CONSTRUCTION
Doorknobs, Hinges, Dustbin

TRANSPORT

Roll formed sections

sections, Conveyors

INDUSTRY

Material handling
g equipments
q p

Since apart from attributes such as strength, formability and

weldability, the corrosion resistance of candidate materials
should be suitable for intended use, PREN (Pitting Resistance
Equivalent Number) has emerged as a measure of resistance to
corrosion in many environments. It has been found that the
following relationship provides a good comparative assessment

PREN= % Cr+ 3.3 x % Mo + 16 x %N

Resistance to corrosion
Super austenitics
P
PREN=%
%Cr+3.33X%Moo+16X%
%N

42

20Mo-6

38
4466

30

Sea Water 20 oC

444

219
202

22

10

317LN

216

26

14

2507
2205

34

18

Super Duplex

434
439
201430

J1
J4

316

420
410

409

2304
2101
304
301

Sea Water Env.

Industrial Env.
& Exteriors
Water & Interiors

Dry Applications, Automotive Exhaust System,

Railway Wagons, Cutlery, Razorblade

Item

PREN
more than

Food & Beverages

Shallow/medium drawn utensil
>16
Tableware, Stands for water filter
Deep drawn utensils
utensils, Cookware
Milk cans, Water filters
Extra deep
p drawn utensils,,
Pressure cooker, Hot food wells,
Industrial kitchen equipment,
Beverage Dispenser

Substitution
From
To

304

J4, 430,
J4
430
JSL U

>16

304

J 204 Cu

>16

304

JSL AUS

PREN
more than

Item

Substitution
From
To

Consumer Durables
Steel Furniture,, Fruit Stands
Flower vases, Gas Stoves, Gift
Items
Toasters, Microwave ovens,
Thermoware, Baking Ovens
Spin driers of washing machines,
machines
Dish washers

>16

>16
>16

304

J4, 430

304

J204Cu,
201, 430

304

JSL AUS,
AUS
430

Substitution
Item
From
To
Architecture Building & Construction
PREN
more than

In-house
In
house panels
Handrails and Structural support
framework, Door knobs, Hinges
Door window frames,, Thermal
window Spacers
Kitchen sinks
Overhead water tank
Exterior panels
panels, signs
Exterior near sea coast

>16

304

J4, JSL U,
J4
U
430

>16

304/
301

J4, JSL U

>16

304

J204Cu,,
201

>16

304
304,
316
304
316

>17
>18
>22

JSL AUS
439
202
444,446

Item

PREN
more than

Substitution
From
To

Transport & Automotive

Interior decorative
>16
301, 304
Roll formed sections, conveyers
>16
301, 304
Structural Material for Vehicles
Wheel caps
caps, wiper arms
arms, Bus
Bodies, Truck Trailers, Rail cars,

>17

301, 304

>17

301, 304

J4, 430
J4, JSL U
J204Cu,
201
201 JSL
201,
AUS

Thank You
for
Your Attention!!