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Introduction to Sustainable Construction

Module 2. Research, Development and Innovation in Construction


Master in European Construction Engineering

Elena Blanco Fernndez

This topic is published under License:


Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 4.0

Introduction to Sustainable Construction


Module 2. Research, Development and Innovation in Construction

Intellectual property.

Master in European Construction Engineering

Introduction to Sustainable Construction


Module 2. Research, Development and Innovation in Construction

DEFINITIONS
Intellectual property: 'All creation by the human mind'. Two main categories:
Copyright: Protects literary, artistic works, scientific articles, software,
etc.
Literary works: books, poetry, comic, etc.
Works of art: painting, sculpture, music, film, photography, theatre,
etc.
Software, web sites
Architecture-engineering projects, maps, cartography, etc.
Interviews scientific
Industrial property:
industrial inventions: patents and industrial designs
Utility models
Trademarks, logos, etc.
Master in European Construction Engineering

Introduction to Sustainable Construction


Module 2. Research, Development and Innovation in Construction

COPYRIGHT

Each country has its own law


Royal Legislative Decree 1/1996 legislation Law of Intellectual property'
Modifications of the original work are also protected
Two types of rights:
Moral rights: appears at the time of creating something. It aims to recognize
the authorship
Property rights: regulations related to the use or economic exploitation of a
work
Bans third parties the use or economic exploitation without the
permission of the author.
It is not necessary to register, but helps to demonstrate the authorship.
In Spain, the protection persists until 70 years after the death of the
author. This period varies from some countries to others. 50 years is
the minimum
Economic right may have been assigned the copyright to a company
(p.ej. editorial) by means of a contract
Master in European Construction Engineering

Introduction to Sustainable Construction


Module 2. Research, Development and Innovation in Construction

COPYRIGHT
For educational purposes (teaching material,. e.g.) Royal Legislative Decree
1/1996 allows:
Include figures by others without their permission.
It is compulsory to cite the author
If the teaching material, book, or article is going to be to published on a massive
scale, then:
It is necessary to always ask for permission to the author
If the author refuses, we could not use that figure.
If the work is also protected with economic rights, then we have to pay a
royalty to the person or entity who owns the right

Master in European Construction Engineering

Introduction to Sustainable Construction


Module 2. Research, Development and Innovation in Construction

INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY
Why is it important?
Avoids unfair competition: bans others to manufacture or use the
product or process without the permission of the owner of the patent.
Obtains financial reward: is possible to allow third parties to let them
manufacture or use the product protected with patent to pay a certain
amount ('royalties') to the owner of the patent.
Recognition to inventors
But you could also get recognition with another type of
dissemination: scientific articles, participation in congresses,
publication of books, web pages protection by 'copyright'.

Master in European Construction Engineering

Introduction to Sustainable Construction


Module 2. Research, Development and Innovation in Construction

TRADEMARKS
They serve to protect the exclusivity in the identification of products, services,
companies, geographic identification or quality.
Protection is not free, you have to pay in the State where it is desired to protect.
Names and logos can be registered. The scope of protection will depend on how
many countries it is registered.
Types: names and logos
Example: Coca-Cola is a registered mark of a product
The Coca-Cola Company is a registered name of a company
The Company has also a registered logo

Logo of a product
Source: Cementos Alfa

Logo of a company
Source: Grupo ACS.

Logo of a quality mark


Source: Bureau Veritas

Master in European Construction Engineering

Logo of a geographical indication


Source : European Commission

Introduction to Sustainable Construction


Module 2. Research, Development and Innovation in Construction

INDUSTRIAL DESIGN
Protect the aesthetic exterior design of a product
Must meet three conditions:
Novelty: there is no any identical design
Singularity: there is no any similar design
Visibility: the design should be visible on the outside of the product
(casing, bodywork, etc), cannot be of internal parts

Singularity is an ambiguous condition!

Master in European Construction Engineering

Introduction to Sustainable Construction


Module 2. Research, Development and Innovation in Construction

INDUSTRIAL DESIGN

iPod Nano. Industrial design


Source: Apple
(http://www.patentlyapple.com)

Audi AG. Industrial design. Source: patent design


(http://patentadesign.com/gallery/lamborghini-murcielago-sports-car-design-patent.html)
Master in European Construction Engineering

Introduction to Sustainable Construction


Module 2. Research, Development and Innovation in Construction

UTILITY MODELS
Lower inventive level than a patent.
It can be a modification of a part of an object that already exists
Provides a functional improvement
The protection lasts less years than in patents: 10 years is the common
situation in most countries
Conditions:
Novelty: there is no something equal or similar
Inventive step: is not obvious
Industrial application: invention can be manufactured or built

Master in European Construction Engineering

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Introduction to Sustainable Construction


Module 2. Research, Development and Innovation in Construction

UTILITY MODELS

Clip for joining cables.


Source: Spanish Office of Patents and Marks
(http://www.oepm.es/pdf/ES/0000/000/01/05/47/ES-1054792_U.pdf)
Master in European Construction Engineering

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Introduction to Sustainable Construction


Module 2. Research, Development and Innovation in Construction

PATENTS
It is the main instrument available to protect industrial inventions.
Aim of patents: promoting inventive activity
It is a right that a State gives to the inventor and/or applicant of the patent to
ban third parties to exploit economically its invention
The patent applicant must pay annual fees to the State in order to protect the
invention
The inventor is obliged to publish its invention: 'quid pro quo'
When a patent is granted, it has to be published: anyone could reproduce
the process or product paying 'royalty' to the inventor/owner of patent
Some entities prefer not to ask for a patent, so they avoid that third
parties copy them without permission
Maximum period of protection: 20 years, then is released

Master in European Construction Engineering

12

Introduction to Sustainable Construction


Module 2. Research, Development and Innovation in Construction

PATENTS
It is not compulsory to ask for a patent: companies or stakeholders ask for a
patent of a certain invention if they consider that they are going to get a profit
by doing it, since it involves costs.
A patent provides a negative right:
Allows you to prohibit third parties that economically exploit your invention
But does not guarantee that other inventors/solicitors sue us by having
plagiarized his invention. Could be the case if there has been an insufficient
search in the state of the art by reviewers
A patent does not automatically guarantees us to be able to sell the
product in a specific country:
Example: A company of India wishes to commercialise a product that has
been patented in Germany, United Kingdom and France. Considers
that since it is awarded with a patent, it can be commercialised
FALSE: product must also comply with the requirements for CE marking.
Master in European Construction Engineering

13

Introduction to Sustainable Construction


Module 2. Research, Development and Innovation in Construction

PATENTS
Conditions:
Novelty: there is no something equal or similar
Inventive step: is not obvious
Industrial application: invention can be manufactured or built
Types of patents:
Products
Methods: a method protected with patent bans third parties to sell or
manufacture products using this method.

Master in European Construction Engineering

14

Introduction to Sustainable Construction


Module 2. Research, Development and Innovation in Construction

Scope:

PATENTS

National patent:

One single application


The end of the process is a patent approval (or rejection).
Once it is approved, yearly fees have to be paid
European patent:
Regulated by the Convention of Munich
One single application
The end of the process is a patent approval (or rejection)
If it is granted, it is recognized in all the signatory countries of the Munich Convention (38
countries) payment of annual fees in the country where you wish to protect.
International patent:
Regulated by the PCT (Patent Convention Treatment)
One single application process
The end of the process is not a patent approval (or rejection). Has to continue in a
national stage
It is used to earn time: 30 months priority right

Master in European Construction Engineering

15

Introduction to Sustainable Construction


Module 2. Research, Development and Innovation in Construction

PATENTS
Administrative deadlines:
Date of filing: the day on which the application is delivered in a patent office. The
condition of 'novelty' is reviewed until that date. If there is any similar invention
during the review process, it does not affect the patent.
Date of priority: coincides with the date of the first application. Sometimes you may
want first to apply for a patent in Spain and then extend it to USA. The priority date is
the date of application in Spain.
Date of publication: is the date on which the patent is published. In national patents
the date of publication is 18 months after the date of application. In international
patents there are 30 months.
Date of issue: the date in which the patent is granted permanently. The time
between the date of publication and the date of the grant is used to allow third
parties to review patent content and submit allegations.
Master in European Construction Engineering

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Introduction to Sustainable Construction


Module 2. Research, Development and Innovation in Construction

PATENTS
SPANISH PATENT: Administrative deadlines

Patent not published: only reviewer can see its content

T
Date of application

T+12

T+18

Date of priority

Date of publication

Master in European Construction Engineering

Time

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Introduction to Sustainable Construction


Module 2. Research, Development and Innovation in Construction

PATENTS
INTERNATIONAL PATENT: Administrative deadlines

Patent not published: only reviewers can see its content

T+30

Time

Date of priority

Date of
application

Date of publication

Master in European Construction Engineering

18

Introduction to Sustainable Construction


Module 2. Research, Development and Innovation in Construction

Content of a patent:

PATENTS

Inventors: people who have participated in the invention


Applicants: people or companies that economically exploit the patent. Applicant can
be different from inventors.
Title: title of the patent
Summary: includes a summary of 200-500.
Description: describes the current state of the technique, and explain how that
patent solves an existing problem. Also, a detailed and clear description of the
patent is included.
Claims: are the legal limes of the patent. They define and limit especially what is
covered or not in the patent. They have legal implications against sues.
Figures and diagrams: for explanatory purposes. They are not mandatory.

Master in European Construction Engineering

19

Introduction to Sustainable Construction


Module 2. Research, Development and Innovation in Construction

Famous examples

Aspirine patent
Source: U.S. Patent & Trademark Office

PATENTS

Master in European Construction Engineering

Portland cement patent


Source: U.S. Patent & Trademark Office

20

Introduction to Sustainable Construction


Module 2. Research, Development and Innovation in Construction

SPANISH PATENT

Spanish patent
Source: OEPM

PATENTES

EUROPEAN PATENT

Master in European Construction Engineering

European patent
Source: EPO

21

Introduction to Sustainable Construction


Module 2. Research, Development and Innovation in Construction

INTERNATIONAL PATENT

International patent
Source: WIPO

PATENTES

Master in European Construction Engineering

International patent
Fuente: WIPO

22

Introduccin a la Construccin Sostenible


Mdulo 2. Investigacin, Desarrollo e Innovacin en la Construccin
Master in European Construction Engineering

Elena Blanco Fernndez

Este tema se publica bajo Licencia:


Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 4.0

Introduccin a la Construccin Sostenible


Mdulo 2. Investigacin, Desarrollo e Innovacin en la Construccin

Propiedad intelectual.

Master in European Construction Engineering

Introduccin a la Construccin Sostenible


Mdulo 2. Investigacin, Desarrollo e Innovacin en la Construccin

DEFINICIONES
Propiedad intelectual: Toda creacin de la mente humana. Dos categoras
principales:
Derechos de autor: Protege obras literarias, artsticas, artculos
cientficos, software, etc.
Obras literarias: libros, poesa, comic
Obras artsticas: pintura, escultura, msica, cine, fotografa, teatro
Programas informticos, sitios web
Proyectos de ingeniera arquitectura, mapas, cartografa, etc.
Entrevistas
Trabajos cientficos
Propiedad industrial:
Invenciones industriales: patentes y modelos de utilidad
Diseos industriales
Marcas, logos, etc.
Master in European Construction Engineering

Introduccin a la Construccin Sostenible


Mdulo 2. Investigacin, Desarrollo e Innovacin en la Construccin

DERECHOS DE AUTOR

Cada pas tiene su propia legislacin


Real Decreto Legislativo 1/1996 Ley de Propiedad Intelectual
Las modificaciones del trabajo original tambin estn protegidas
Dos tipos de derechos:
Derecho moral: Aparece en el momento de crear algo. Tiene por objeto
reconocer la autora.
Derecho patrimonial: Regulaciones relativas al uso y explotacin econmica
de una obra.
Prohbe a terceros el uso o que obtengan beneficio econmico de las
obras sin el permiso del autor.
No es necesario registrarlo, pero ayuda a demostrar la autora.
En Espaa, la proteccin persiste hasta 70 aos despus de la muerte
del autor. Este periodo vara de unos pases a otros. 50 aos es el
mnimo.
El derecho patrimonial puede haberse cedido del autor a una empresa
(p.ej.editorial) por medio de un contrato.
Master in European Construction Engineering

Introduccin a la Construccin Sostenible


Mdulo 2. Investigacin, Desarrollo e Innovacin en la Construccin

DERECHOS DE AUTOR
Para fines educativos (material didctico, .p.ej) el Real Decreto Legislativo
1/1996 permite:
Incluir figuras de otros sin su permiso.
Siempre hay que citar al autor
Si el material docente, libro, o articulo se va a publicar de forma masiva,
entonces:
Es necesario pedir permiso al autor siempre
Si el autor se niega, no podramos usar su figura.
Si, adems de derechos morales, la obra esta protegida con derechos
patrimoniales, entonces hay que pagar un canon a la persona o entidad que
ostente tal derecho

Master in European Construction Engineering

Introduccin a la Construccin Sostenible


Mdulo 2. Investigacin, Desarrollo e Innovacin en la Construccin

PROPIEDAD INDUSTRIAL
Por qu es importante?
Evitar competencia desleal: prohbe a otros que fabriquen o usen el
producto o proceso sin el permiso del propietario de la patente.
Obtener recompensa econmica: se puede permitir a terceros que
fabriquen o empleen el producto o objeto patentado pagando una
determinada cantidad al propietario de la patente (regalas).
Reconocimiento a los inventores
Aunque tambin se pude obtener el reconocimiento con otro tipo
de difusin: artculos cientficos, participacin en congresos,
publicacin de libros, pginas web Proteccin mediante
Derechos de autor.
Master in European Construction Engineering

Introduccin a la Construccin Sostenible


Mdulo 2. Investigacin, Desarrollo e Innovacin en la Construccin

MARCAS
Sirven para proteger la exclusividad en la identificacin de productos, servicios,
compaas, identificacin geogrficas o de calidad.
La proteccin no es gratuita, hay que pagar en el Estado donde se desea
proteger.
Se pueden registrar nombres y logos.
El mbito de proteccin depender de en cuantos pases se registra.
Tipos: nombres y logos
Ejemplo:

Logo de producto
Fuente: Cementos Alfa

Coca-Cola es una marca registrada de un producto


The Coca-Cola Company es un nombre registrado de una empresa
El producto dispone adems de un logo registrado

Logo de empresa
Fuente: Grupo ACS.

Logo de sello de calidad


Fuente: Bureau Veritas

Master in European Construction Engineering

Logo de indicacin geogrfica


Fuente: European Commission

Introduccin a la Construccin Sostenible


Mdulo 2. Investigacin, Desarrollo e Innovacin en la Construccin

DISEOS INDUSTRIALES
Protegen el diseo esttico exterior de un producto
Deben cumplir tres condiciones:

Novedad: no existe un diseo idntico

Singularidad: no existe un diseo parecido

Visibilidad: el diseo debe ser visible en el exterior del producto


(carcasa, carrocera, etc), no puede ser de partes internas ocultas

Singularidad es una condicin ambigua!

Master in European Construction Engineering

Introduccin a la Construccin Sostenible


Mdulo 2. Investigacin, Desarrollo e Innovacin en la Construccin

DISEOS INDUSTRIALES

iPod Nano. Diseo industrial


Fuente: Apple
(http://www.patentlyapple.com)

Audi AG. Diseo industrial. Fuente: patentadesign


(http://patentadesign.com/gallery/lamborghini-murcielago-sports-car-design-patent.html)
Master in European Construction Engineering

Introduccin a la Construccin Sostenible


Mdulo 2. Investigacin, Desarrollo e Innovacin en la Construccin

MODELOS DE UTILIDAD
Menor nivel inventivo que una patente.
Puede ser una modificacin de una parte de un objeto que ya
existe
Proporciona una mejora funcional
La proteccin dura menos aos que en una patente: 10 aos es lo habitual
en la mayora de pases
Condiciones:
Novedad: no puede existir algo igual o similar
Actividad inventiva: no es obvia su invencin
Aplicacin industrial: se puede poder fabricar/construir

Master in European Construction Engineering

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Introduccin a la Construccin Sostenible


Mdulo 2. Investigacin, Desarrollo e Innovacin en la Construccin

MODELOS DE UTILIDAD

Grapa de fijacin en redes de cables . Modelo de utilidad


Fuente: Oficina Espaola de Patentes y Marcas
(http://www.oepm.es/pdf/ES/0000/000/01/05/47/ES-1054792_U.pdf)
Master in European Construction Engineering

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Introduccin a la Construccin Sostenible


Mdulo 2. Investigacin, Desarrollo e Innovacin en la Construccin

PATENTES
Es el instrumento por excelencia para proteger invenciones industriales.
Objetivo de patentar: promover la actividad inventiva
Es un derecho que otorga un pas al inventor y/o explotador de la patente
para que prohba a terceros que exploten econmicamente su invencin
El solicitante de la patente debe pagar unas tasas anuales al estado para que
su invencin est protegida
El inventor est obligado a hacer pblica su invencin: quid pro quo
Cuando se concede una patente, sta se hace pblica: cualquiera podra
reproducir el proceso o producto pagando regalas al
inventor/explotador de la patente
Algunas entidades prefieren no patentar para evitar que les copien sin
permiso
Mximo periodo de proteccin: 20 aos, luego se libera
Master in European Construction Engineering

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Introduccin a la Construccin Sostenible


Mdulo 2. Investigacin, Desarrollo e Innovacin en la Construccin

PATENTES
No es obligatorio patentar: las empresas o interesados lo hacen si consideran
que lo van a rentabilizar, ya que conlleva unos gastos.
Una patente, proporciona un derecho negativo:
Permite el prohibir a terceros que exploten econmicamente nuestra
invencin
Pero no nos garantiza que otros inventores/explotadores nos denuncien
por haber plagiado su invencin (podra darse el caso si ha habido una
bsqueda del estado del arte insuficiente por los revisores)
Tampoco nos garantiza que con una producto patentado en varios pases
estemos autorizados a comercializarle:
Ejemplo: Una empresa de India desea comercializar un producto suyo el
cual ha sido patentado en Alemania, Reino Unido y Francia. Considera
que al estar patentado, ya puede comercializarlo. FALSO: Deber
adems cumplir con los requisitos para obtener el Marcado CE.
Master in European Construction Engineering

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Introduccin a la Construccin Sostenible


Mdulo 2. Investigacin, Desarrollo e Innovacin en la Construccin

PATENTES
Condiciones:
Novedad: no puede existir algo igual o similar antes de la fecha de solicitud
Actividad inventiva: no es obvia su invencin
Aplicacin industrial: se puede poder fabricar/construir
Tipos de patentes:
Productos
Mtodos: Un mtodo patentado protege que terceros empleen ese
mtodo o comercialicen productos fabricados con ese mtodo.

Master in European Construction Engineering

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Introduccin a la Construccin Sostenible


Mdulo 2. Investigacin, Desarrollo e Innovacin en la Construccin

PATENTES
mbito de aplicacin:
Patente nacional:
Un trmite de solitud
El final del proceso es una concesin de patente (o rechazo)
Una vez que se aprueba, hay que pagar cuotas anuales en el pas
Patente europea:
Regulado por el Convenio de Munich
Un nico trmite de solitud
El final del proceso es una concesin de patente (o rechazo)
Si se concede, es reconocida en todos los pases firmantes del Convenio de Munich (38
pases)
Pago de cuotas anuales en los pases donde se quiera proteger
Patente internacional:
Regulado por el PCT (Patent Convention Treatment)
Un nico tramite de solitud
El final del proceso no es una concesin de patente (o rechazo). Hay que continuar con
tramites a nivel nacional
Se emplea para ganar tiempo: 30 meses de derecho de prioridad
Master in European Construction Engineering

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Introduccin a la Construccin Sostenible


Mdulo 2. Investigacin, Desarrollo e Innovacin en la Construccin

PATENTES
Plazos administrativos:
Fecha de solicitud: El da en que la solicitud es entregada en una oficina de patentes.
La condicin de novedad se revisa hasta esa fecha. Si durante el proceso de
revisin se encuentra alguna invencin similar apreciada despus, no afecta a la
patente.
Fecha de prioridad: Coincide con la fecha de la primera solicitud. En ciertas
ocasiones puede interesar en primer lugar solicitar patente en Espaa y luego en
USA. La fecha de prioridad es la fecha de solicitud en Espaa.
Fecha de publicacin: Es la fecha en la que la patente se hace pblica. En patentes
nacionales han de transcurrir 18 meses desde la fecha de solicitud. En patentes
internacionales son 30 meses.
Fecha de concesin: La fecha en la que se concede de forma definitiva la patente. El
tiempo entre la fecha de publicacin y la fecha de concesin sirve para que terceros
pueden revisar la patente y enviar alegaciones.
Master in European Construction Engineering

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Mdulo 2. Investigacin, Desarrollo e Innovacin en la Construccin

PATENTES
PATENTE NACIONAL: Plazos adminsitrativos

Patente no pblica: solo los revisores de la patente conocen su contenido

T+12

T+18

Fecha de solicitud

Fecha de prioridad

Fecha de publicacin

Master in European Construction Engineering

Tiempo

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Introduccin a la Construccin Sostenible


Mdulo 2. Investigacin, Desarrollo e Innovacin en la Construccin

PATENTES
PATENTE INTERNACIONAL: Plazos adminsitrativos

Patente no pblica: solo los revisores de la patente conocen su contenido

T+30

Tiempo

Fecha de prioridad

Fecha de solicitud

Fecha de publicacin

Master in European Construction Engineering

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Introduccin a la Construccin Sostenible


Mdulo 2. Investigacin, Desarrollo e Innovacin en la Construccin

Contenido de una patente:

PATENTES

Inventores: Las personas que han participado en la invencin


Solicitantes: Las personas o empresas que explotarn econmicamente la patente.
Pueden ser distintos a los inventores.
Ttulo: Titulo de la patente
Resumen: Incluye un breve resumen de 200-500 palabras de en qu consiste la
patente.
Descripcin: Describe el estado actual de la tcnica, y explica cmo la patente
soluciona un problema existente. Despus incluye de forma aclaratoria una
descripcin de la patente.
Reivindicaciones: Son las clausulas legales de la patente. Definen y limitan
especialmente lo que se patenta. Tienen implicacin legal frente a demandas.
Figuras y esquemas: De carcter aclaratorio. No son obligatorias.
Master in European Construction Engineering

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Introduccin a la Construccin Sostenible


Mdulo 2. Investigacin, Desarrollo e Innovacin en la Construccin

Ejemplos famosos

Patente de la aspirina
Fuente: U.S. Patent & Trademark Office

PATENTES

Master in European Construction Engineering

Patente del cemento Portland


Fuente: U.S. Patent & Trademark Office

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Introduccin a la Construccin Sostenible


Mdulo 2. Investigacin, Desarrollo e Innovacin en la Construccin

PATENTE ESPAOLA

Patente espaola
Fuente: OEPM

PATENTES

PATENTE EUROPEA

Master in European Construction Engineering

Patente europea
Fuente: EPO

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Mdulo 2. Investigacin, Desarrollo e Innovacin en la Construccin

PATENTE INTERNACIONAL

Patente europea
Fuente: WIPO

PATENTES

Master in European Construction Engineering

Patente internacional
Fuente: WIPO

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