HINTS/SOLUTIONS for M1210

(Probability and Linear Programming)

Classroom Discussion Exercise
1.

2.

(b)

(c)

1
2
P(AB) = P(A) + P(B) P(AB)
2
5
1 1
P( A ) P(A) =
6
2 3
3
2 1 1
P(A) P(B) = P( AB )
3 2 3
A and B are independent.
1,1

2,1
3,1
S=
4,1
5,1

6,1

1,2
2,2
3,2
4,2
5,2
6,2

1,1

A = 2,3
4,3

1,2 1,4 1,6 2,1

2,5 3,2 3,4 4,1
5,2 5,6 6,1 6,5

Probability P(A) =
3.

(c)

2
3
R : event that red ball is chosen.
3
2
P(R/A) =
P(R/B) =
5
5
P( A )P(R / A )
P(A/R) =
P( A )P(R / A )P(B)P(R / B)

P(B) = 1 P(B1) =

Bag I
4 white and
2 black

1,3
2,3
3,3
4,3
5,3
6,3

1,4
2,4
3,4
4,4
5,4
6,4

1,5
2,5
3,5
4,5
5,5
6,5

P(Bag B is chosen) = P(B) =

1,6
2,6
3,6
4,6
5,6
6,6

(b)

Probability =

5.

(c)

Probability

8.

(a)

Bag II
3 white and
5 black
9.

(c)

6C 2
4C 2 7

10C2
10C2 15

1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3

2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4
1 2 3 1

=
24 24 24 4

7.

(d)

(c)

In a leap year, 52 weeks and 2 extra days. They

can be distributed as {(Sunday, Monday),
(Monday, Tuesday), (Tuesday, Wednesday),
(Wednesday, Thursday), (Thursday, Friday),
(Friday, Saturday), (Saturday, Sunday)}
For 53 Sundays we select Sunday from the
sample
2
required probability =
7
1
P(Bag A is chosen) = P(A) =
3

Two wheelers : W1 , Cars W2, Buses W 3

Trucks W4
5
3
P(W1) =
, P(W 2) =
,
11
11
2
1
P(W3) =
, P(W 4) =
11
11
Accident: A.
7
5
P(A/W 1) =
P(A/W2) =
,
16
16
3
1
P(A/W 3) =
,P(A/W4) =
.
16
16
P( W ).PA / W1
35
P(W1/A) = 4 1
=
57
P( Wi )P( A / Wi )

6.

1
10000 1
P(M2) =
60000 6
3
1
P(M3) =
, P (D/M1) = 0.02,
2
P(D/M2) = 0.03, P(D/M3) = 0.04
P(M1)P(D / M1)
P(M1/D) =
P(M1)P D
M
1
.02
6
=
1
1
1
.02 .03 0.04
6
3
2
0.02
0.02
1
=

0 .1
.02 0.06 0.12
0.20
10

P(M1) =

15
5

36 12

P (ball from I is black and from II is white)

2 3 1
=
6 8 8
P (ball from I is white and from II is black)
4 5 5
=
6 8 12
1 5 13
Required probability =
8 12 24.
4.

1 3

3
5 3
=
1 3 2 2 7

3 5 3 5

i 1

10. (c)

P( X x) 1
2K2 + K 1 = 0, K =

1
or 1
2

But k = 1 is not admissible K =

11. (c)

n = 6. 9
2

1
.
2

C 4 p 4 q2 6C2 p 2 q4

9 p = q = (1 p)2 = 1 2p + p2
i.e., 8 p2 + 2p 1 = 0
(2p + 1) (4p 1) = 0

p=

1
.
4

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12. (b)

Mean = np = 4

20. (a)

8
8
1 2

variance = npq = q =
3
3
4 3
1
p = 1 q =
and n = 4 3 = 12.
3

D
C

13. (c)

There are four vertices

14. (d)

unbounded, obviously.

15. (c)

conceptual

16. (a)

conceptual

17. (a)

Maximum value of 7x y is 35
at (5, 0). Hence maximum of Z is 15500.

18. (d)

Minimum value is 150, at (15, 20)

The feasible region is ABCDE with vertices

A(2, 0), B(3.5, 0), C(2, 2), D(0, 3.5), E(0, 2)
Minimum is 2 at E
21. (d)

p : 2 is a factor of 3
~p : 2 is not a factor of 3
q : 8 is a multiple of 4
~q : 8 is not a multiple of 4
Given statement is p q
~ (p q) = ~ p ~q

22. (d)

~(p ~q) ~p q
pq

19. (d)
C
D

23. (d)

B
A

1
p

2
q

3
~p

4
~q

5
pq

Feasible region is ABCDE with vertices A (2, 0),

2 2
B (3, 0), C (0, 3), D (0, 2), E ,
3 3
Maximum value is 6 at (3, 0)

T
T
F
F

T
F
T
F

F
F
T
T

F
T
F
F

T
F
T
T

6
7
~(p q) ~p ~ q
F
T
F
F

8
(6) (7)

F
T
T
T

T
T
F
F

From column (8) of above truth table it is clear that

~ (p q) ~p ~ q is neither a tautology nor a
contradiction.
24. (d) p q is true if either both p and q are true or both
are false. Therefore options (a), (b), (c) are correct
25. (c) Given that ~ q r is true and r is false
~ q is true q is false q r is false
Also given that ~(p q) (q r) is false
~ (p q) is true i.e; p q is false
p is true
p q is true and q p is true

Regular Homework Exercise

1.

2.

3.

(b)

(d)

(b)

7
5
P(A) =
, P(B) =
11
8
P (Problem is solved) = 1 P(A1) P(B1)
3 4 19
=1
8 11 22

n (M) = 70, n (P) = 50, n (MP) = 30

n (MP) = 70 + 50 30 = 90
90 3
Probability =

120 4
P(A) = 0.35 P(B) = 0.5
P(AB) = 0.2
P(AB) = 0.65
P(A1B1) = P[(AB)1] = 0.35.

4.

(c)

5.

(d)

P(ace or spade) =

4
13
4
1
=

52 52 52
13

3
2
, P(B) =
4
3
Since both of them agree same, statement is either
true or false

P(A) =

Probability that the statement is true

Pr obability that both speak truth
=
(Pr obability that they speak true or false )

2 3

3 4 6
2 3 1 1 7

3 4 3 4

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6.

(b)

TW represents transferred ball is white

DR represents drawn balls is red
5
3
2
;PTR
P(TW) =
P(TG) =
10
10
10
4

4 ; P DR 5 ; P DR
P DR
=

TW 11
TR 11
TG
11

Feasible region is OABC

number of vertices is 4
13. (d)
14. (b)

Required probability = P R

DR

D
PTR P R
TR

PTW P R
TW

C
D

3 5
.
15
15
10
11
=
=

5 4
3 5
2 4
20 15 8 43
.

.
10 11 10 11 10 11

7.

(a) A denotes B.A; B denotes B.Com and C denotes

B.Sc classes. S represent selected students
having scholarship
4
3
2
P(A) = ; P(B) =
P(C) =
9
9
9
2
3
5
;PS
;PS
P S
A 100
B 100
C 100
PC.P S
C
Required probability = P C
S
P( A ).P S
A

2 5
.
9 100
=
4 2
3 3
2 5
.
.
.
9 100 9 100 9 100
10
10
=

8 9 10 27

8.

(c)

The feasible region is unbounded with vertices

1 3
3 1
A(0, 3), B , , C , , D(3, 0)
2 2
2 2
15. (b)

Vertices are (3, 0), (4, 0), (0, 4), (0, 3) (1, 1)
Minimum value = 5

16. (d)

The feasible region have vertices A(1, 0),

3
B , 0 , C(1, 1), D(0, 3) with maximum 9 at
2
3
B ,0
2

17. (c)

7
The vertices are (2, 0), , 0 ,
2
7
(2, 2), 0, , (0, 2)
2

Total probability = 1

Maximum value =

6 48
3p + 6p = 1 p =
6
2

p0p=
9.

(c)

10. (b)

18. (d)

p : The coefficients are real numbers

q : The roots are complex number
Given proposition is p q
but p q ~ p q
~q~p
both (a) and (c) are logically equivalents with
given proposition

19. (c)

~ (p (~p q) ~ p (~(~ p q))

~ p (~(~p) ~ q)
~ p (p ~ q)

np = 8, and npq = 6
1
3
p=
,q=
n = 32.
4
4
np = 2npq p = 2q
But p +q = 1 3q = 1

11. (c)

6 48
.
6

(1 p)4 =

1
2
q , p
3
3
20. (d)

16
1
or p = ;
81
3

P(X =1) = 4

1
2

3
3

12. (c)

35
2

32
.
81

p
T
T
F
F

q
T
F
T
F

~p
F
F
T
T

~p q
T
F
T
T

p~pq
T
F
T
T

From the above truth table it is clear that

p ~ p q is neither a tautology nor a
contradiction
C
O

B
A

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Assignment Exercise
1.

2.

(a)

(d)

Scores : 10, 11, 12 Event A.

Same number appears on each=Event B
A = { (4, 6) (5, 5) (5, 6) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)}
B = { (1,1) (2, 2) (3, 3) (4, 4) (5, 5) (6, 6)}
A B = {(5, 5), (6, 6) }
6
6
2
P(A) =
, P(B) =
, P(AB) =
36
36
36
P(AB) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)
6
6
2
10
5
=
=

36 36 36
36 18

4.

(b)

Probability = P(one club and a card

different from club)+P(two clubs)
13 39 13C2 15
=

52C2 52C2 34

From the graph, feasible region in unbounded

with 3 vertices.

P(A) = 0.55
P(B) = 0.25
P(C) = 0.20
P(D/A) = 0.02 P(D/B) = 0.04 P(D/C) = 0.06
Required proof = P(C/D)
P(C).P(D / C)
=
P( A ).P(D / A )

(b)

0.20 0.06
4
=
0.55 0.02 0.25 0.04 0.20 0.06
11

13. (a)

14. (d)

Probability = (1 0.05)10 = (0.95)10

r

8.

9.

(c)

(b)

1 1
P(x = r) = C r p q
= C r
2 2
Probability of getting at least 4 tails
= P (4) + P (5) + P (6)
1
11
=
.
(15 6 1)
64
32
6

6r

6 r

Mean np = 6 ; variance =npq =

Draw the graph, then the feasible region have

3
3
following vertices (1, 0), , 0 , (1, 1), 0, ,
2
2
(0, 1) Minimum value is 2. at ( 1, 0)

1 3 5 6 9 24 2

.
P(X 4) =
p p p p p 36 3
(a)

The feasible region is OABC with vertices are

O(0, 0), A(4, 0), B(3, 1), C(0, 2)
Maximum value is 21 at B(3, 1)

1 3 5 6 9 12

1
p p p p p p
36

1 p = 36 ;
p

7.

6.

9 x

12. (b)

Probability =

1

3

11. (c)

(n 1) ! 2 2

n!
n

(c)

(b)

10. (d)

Total number of determinants of order 2

with 1 or 0 as entries =22 2 2=16.
A denote the set of determinants among them with
(+)ve values.
1 0 1 1 1 0
3
A=
,
,
P(A) =
16
0 1 0 1 1 1

3.

5.

2
P(x) = n C xp x qn x 9C x
3

Contra positive of p q is ~ q ~ p.
contra positive of (p ~ q) r is
~ r ~ (p ~ q)
ie ~ r (~ p q)
ie ~ r (p q)

15. (a)
6Cr
=
64

~p

~q

p~q

~pq

(p~q)
(~pq)
F

1
2
npq 1

p , n = 6
q
np
3
3
3

From the above truth table it is clear that

(p ~ q) (~ p q) is a contradiction

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Additional Practice Exercise

5

1.

(c)

2.

(c)

Total number of cases = 100 C

3
Number of favorable cases = 22 C
3
22C
3 22 21 20 1
Probability =
100C
100 99 98 105
3

3.

(b)

4 1
.
8
10
=
1 3
4 1
2 5
1 6
.
.
.
.
8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10
4
4
=

3 4 10 6 23

31
1
Required probability = 1
32
2

4 questions which the candidate has

answered correctly can be selected in
6
C4 or 15 ways. Remaining 2 questions,
candidate can mark in 33 = 9 ways.
Total no : of ways = 46
159 135

Probability =
46
46

9.

(d)

1 7
Probability = 8 C2
2 64

10. (c)

5.

1
(d) P(X = x) = 5Cx
2

P( 2) = 1 [P(X = 0) + P( = 1)]
1 5 1 5
13
= 1 5 =
.
16
2
2

(c)

Let the events be A, B, C

1
4
1
P(A) =
, P(B1) =
, P(B) =
3
5
5
Since, P(A) = P(B) + P(C) = 1
1 1 7
P(C) = 1
3 5 15

log1 + loga2 + loga3 + loga4 +loga5 = 1

loga (2345) = 1
loga120 = 1 a = 120

12. (d)

P(2 < y 20) = P(1<4)

=0.2+0.3+0.1=0.6

13. (b)

Mean =E(y) = E(a b)

= aE(x) b = 10a b
10a b= 0 b = 10 a
1 = Var (y) =Var(ax b)=a2 Var(x) = a225
1
a2 =
a = 0.2
25
b = 10a = 2

14. (d)

np = 32

npq = 16,

1
1
;p=
;
2
2

6 4 5
8

15 15 15 225

6.

(a)

Probability =

7.

(b)

A : card drawn is a picture card

B : card is a green
4
P( AB) 52 1

P (B/A) =
P( A ) 12 3

52

Variance 2 = E (x2) E( x )2
4 = E (x2) 9
E (x2) = 13.

11. (d)

4.

1
1
n C3 nC5 n8.
2

2

npq
16

np
32
n = 64

8.

(d)

1
8
2
P(B) =
8

4
8
1
P(T) =
8
7
3
9
1
PL 1

; PL 1
C
S
10 10
10 10
1
5
2
6
PL 1
; PL 1
B
T
2 10
5 10

P(C) =

1 1
p (X = 0) = 64C0
2 2

15. (c)

P(S) =

Required probability = PS
L

S
PC.PL C

16. (c)

1
=
2

64

Favourable cases are { 1, 3, 5 }

Sample space {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }
Probability of getting an odd number in
3
1

a single throw is
6
2
The given problem corresponds to a
1
1
Binomial distribution with n = 8, p = , q =
2
2
1 1
variance = npq = 8 2
2 2

1
1
E (X) = 2 3 4
2
4
=1+

P(S).P L

64 0

3
3
4

3

4

19
.
4

17. (a)
18. (d)

Feasible region is unbounded and having only 3

vertices

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19. (a)

There are four vertices.

20. (d)

Vertices are (20, 0), (30, 0), (12, 12) and values of
z = 2x + y are 40, 60, 36.

21. (c)

8x + 3y = 0 (Profit line provide no gain no loss in

z = 0)

29. (b)

Since r is false and (p (q r) r is true

clearly p (q r) is false
P is true and q r is false
since r is false and q r is false
q is also false
p ~ q is T T = T
p q is T F = F
q p is F T = T
q ~ p is F F = T
p q is false is correct

30. (d)

The converse of p q is q p
The inverse of p q is ~p ~q
The contrapositive of p q is ~q ~p
From statement (3), option (a) is true

22. (a) The vertices are (2, 0), (4, 0), (4, 2), (1, 5), (0, 5),
(0, 2). Maximum value is 14 at (4, 2)
23. (a)

24. (b)

Feasible region have vertices (6, 0), (3, 1)

(0, 4) and minimum is 5, at (3, 1)
2 2
Vertices are (2, 0), (3, 0), (0, 3), (0, 2), ,
3 3

Minimum value is
25. (d)

26. (d)

27. (b)

28. (a)

2 2
8
.at ,
3
3 3

Vertices (0, 0), (40, 0), (40, 20), (0, 20)

Maximum value is 160 at (40, 20)
3
3
Vertices are (0, 0), ,0 , (1, 1), 0,
2

2
Maximum value = 5 at (1, 1)

~ (p ~ q) ~ ([p ~ q] [~ q p])
~ [p ~ q] ~ [~ q p]
~[~ p ~ q] ~[q p]
(p q) ~ (p q)
~ (p q) (p q)
(p q) (p q)

In (b),
Inverse of p q is ~p ~q
The converse of inverse of p q is ~q ~p (1)
Again the converse of p q is q p
Inverse of the converse of p q is ~q ~p (2)
from (1) and (2) option (b) is true
In (c),
The contrapostitive of p q is ~q ~p
the converse of contrapositive of p q is ~p ~q it
is the inverse of p q
(c) is true
(In (d)
The inverse of p q is ~p ~q and contrapositive of
inverse of p q is ~(~q) ~(~p)
i.e; q p, it is not logically same as p q

Inverse of P Q is ~P ~Q
Inverse of (p q) r is
~ r ~ (p q)
i.e; ~ r ~ (~ p q)
~ r (p ~ q)
r (p ~ q)

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