WELCOME

M.KRISHNAMOORTHY
IMTMA

Objectives:

Introduce Geometric Dimensioning and

Tolerancing
Understand the 14 types of geometrical
tolerances
MMC and LMC conditions
Bonus tolerance
Interpret drawings with GD & T symbols
How to measure GD & T features.
2

Geometric Tolerance defined

GD&T is a means of dimensioning and

tolerancing a drawing by considering the
function of the part and how this part functions
with related parts .

It is based on the functional dimensioning

philosophy.

Why Geometric Tolerancing ?

What features of
PART 1 need
some constraints
so that the
assembly will
work properly?
What happens if
the two shafts
are not parallel?
4

Why Geometric Tolerancing ?

Why GD & T . . .
GD&T provides a universal language for designers,
manufactures and quality inspector and does not leave
any scope for ambiguity. The Designers intent is clearly
communicated to all.
In absence of tolerance of form, orientation and location
defined in GD&T way, the design is open to subjective
interpretation.
GD&T focuses on functional assembly. Cumulative effects
of all types of tolerance are taken into account to work out
worst condition.
Components with dimensions departing to the worst
possible extremes within the tolerance zones are also
assured of problem-free functional fitment.
6

Why GD & T . . .

GD&T defines through datums, the way in which the

components needs to be manufactured, assembled
and perform. This ensures a uniform method of
manufacture.
Design based on GD&T principles assures
interchangeability across millions of parts produced
at independent locations. In the age of Global
sourcing and Just In Time, components
manufactured at independent locations and
assembled at a location half way around the globe is
a common phenomenon.

Salient features of GD&T

The cylindrical tolerance zone

The maximum material condition

Datums specified in order of

precedence
8

No datums are specified in this

drawing.

Two possible datum

interpretations:

Result: Good parts may get rejected &

Bad parts may get accepted
10

The standards

ASME Y14.5M-1994

(ASME Y14.5-2009)

Very popular in the industries

ISO 1101:2004
Based upon ASME Y14.5M
Official Title: Geometrical Product Specifications
(GPS)

IS 8000 (Re affirmed 2005)

11

GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTIC CONTROLS

14 characteristics that may be controlled
TYPE OF
FEATURE

TYPE OF
TOLERANCE

CHARACTERISTIC

SYMBOL

FLATNESS
INDIVIDUAL (No
Datum
Reference)

FORM

STRAIGHTNESS
CIRCULARITY
CYLINDRICITY

INDIVIDUAL or
RELATED
FEATURES

PROFILE

LINE PROFILE
SURFACE PROFILE
PERPENDICULARITY

ORIENTATION
RELATED
FEATURES
(Datum
Reference
Required)

ANGULARITY
PARALLELISM

RUNOUT

CIRCULAR RUNOUT
TOTAL RUNOUT
CONCENTRICITY

LOCATION

POSITION
SYMMETRY
12

Modifier symbols . . .

13

Additional Symbols . . .

14

Sample drawing in GD & T way . . .

15

Feature control frame:

16

How to read GD &T:

The first indicator defines whether the frame refers to a

location, form, profile, run out or an orientation
tolerance.
The second indicator indicates the value of the
tolerance, followed by modifier if applicable. In the
above frame, the presence of the modifier symbol
suffixing the tolerance on location indicates that a
bonus tolerance is applicable to the tolerance on
location as the size of the feature changes from MMC to
LMC.
The last part of the frame denotes the datum stated in
the order in which they apply.
17

GD&T groups
These 14 tolerances are grouped
in to 4 different kinds viz.

FORM

: Controls the shape of the given feature

ORIENTATION : controls both orientation and form

LOCATION

: controls position, orientation and form

RUN OUT

: controls position, orientation and form

18

Hierarchy of GD&T

Location is the most general form of control. It

controls both orientation and form.
Orientation is a refinement of location. It is used
when position control is insufficient.
Form is a refinement of orientation. It is used
when orientation control is insufficient.
Form tol < orientation tol < location tol

19

Form Deviation:

20

Orientation Deviation:

21

Position Deviation:

22

Definitions of
Important terms

23

Definitions

Basic Dimension A numerical value for

theoretical exact size or location
True Position The theoretically exact
location of a feature established by basic
dimensions

24

Whats a Feature?

ASME Y14.5M-1994 Section 1.3.12

Defines a Feature as the general term
applied to a physical portion of a part,
such as a surface, pin, tab, hole, or slot.
In other words, any distinctive portion of
a part that might be dimensioned is a
feature.

25

Feature examples . . .

26

Feature of Size

One cylindrical or spherical surface, or a set of

opposed elements or opposed parallel surfaces, each of
which is associated with a size dimension.
Thus , Physical features are grouped into two
distinct regimes:
Features that do not depend on size
Single surfaces, lines, arcs
Features of size
Plates, holes, slots, balls

Features of size will have a size tolerance.

!!! Things that you are measuring with a pair

of calipers are features of size. !!!
27

Whats MMC ?
The condition in which a feature of size
contains the maximum amount of material
with in the stated limits of size.
For Holes

: minimum hole diameter

For Shafts

: maximum shaft diameter

MMC is the condition where the most part material is present at the
surface of a feature, or where the part weighs the most.
28

MMC - Example

29

Whats LMC ?
The condition in which a feature of size
contains the least amount of material or the
minimum amount of material with in the
stated limits of size.
For Holes
diameter
For Shafts

: maximum hole
: minimum shaft diameter

LMC is the condition where the least part material is present at the
surface of a feature, or where the part weighs the least.
30

LMC - Example

31

Virtual condition

The boundary generated by the collective

effects of the specified MMC limit of size of a
feature and any applicable geometric
tolerance.

32

Virtual condition examples . . .

33

Virtual condition examples . . .

34

Datum / Datum target / Datum

feature
Datum : A theoretical exact point, axis or plane
used as the origin from which the location or
geometric characteristics of a feature of a part
are established.
Datum target: A specified point, line, or area on
a part used to establish a datum.
Datum feature: An actual feature of a part
used to establish a datum.

35

Datum representation:

Features are identified with respect to a datum.

Always start with the letter A
Do not use letters I, O, or Q
May use double letters AA, BB, etc.
This information is located in the feature control
frame.
Datums on a drawing of a part are represented
using the symbol shown below.

36

Datum Reference Symbols:

The datum feature symbol identifies a surface

or feature of size as a datum.

37

Placement of Datums:

Datum's are generally placed on a feature,

a centerline, or a plane depending on how
dimensions need to be referenced.

OR

Line up with arrow only when the

feature is a feature of size and is
being defined as the datum

ASME 1994

38

Placement of Datum's contd . . .

Feature sizes, such as holes

Sometimes a feature has a GD&T and is
also a datum
.500.005

.500.005
.500.005

39

Datum Target :

Note : Datum Targets do not exist in the part.

40

Datum Target - usage :

41

Datum Target - Example :

42

Datum Target example . . .

43

Rule #1

INDIVIDUAL FEATURES OF SIZE

Where only a tolerance of size is

specified, the limits of size of an
individual feature prescribe the extent to
which variations in its geometric form, as
well as size, are allowed.

44

What does it mean ?

45

Extreme Variations of Form Allowed By Size

Tolerance for External Feature of Size
25/ 24.9

24.9
(LMC)

25
(MMC)
24.9
(LMC)

MMC Perfect Form

Boundary

25
(MMC)

24.9
(LMC)
46

Extreme Variations of Form Allowed By Size

Tolerance for Internal Feature of Size
25.1
25

25
(MMC)

25.1
(LMC)
25.1
(LMC)

25
(MMC)

MMC Perfect Form

Boundary

25.1
(LMC)
47

Rule #2

All Applicable Geometric Tolerances

RFS applies, with respect to the individual

tolerance, datum reference, or both, where no
modifying symbol is specified. MMC or LMC must
be specified on the drawing where it is required.
(i.e)
RFS (Regardless of Feature Size) is the default,
if no modifier is given.
The tolerance zone is not affected by the actual
size of the feature.
48

Effect of RFS:

Where a geometric tolerance is applied on an

RFS basis, the specified tolerance is
independent of the actual size of the considered
feature.
The tolerance is limited to the specified value
regardless of the actual size of the feature.
Likewise, referencing a datum feature on an
RFS basis means that a centering about its axis
or center plane is necessary, regardless of the
actual size of the feature.
49

RFS means . . .

50

Effect of MMC:

Where a geometric tolerance is applied on an

MMC basis, the allowed tolerance is dependent
on the actual size of the considered feature.
The tolerance is limited to the specified value if
the feature is produced at its MMC limit of size.
Where the actual size of the feature has
departed from MMC, an increase in the
tolerance is allowed equal to the amount of such
departure. (BONUS TOLERANCE)

51

Form tolerances:

52

Straightness:

A straightness tolerance specifies a

tolerance zone within which the
considered element or derived
median line must lie.

Straightness can be applied to axes as well as

surface elements.

Demo
53

Straightness
Applied to Plane Surface:

54

Straightness 2 different possibilities

Straightness Applied to Cylindrical Surface

55

Straightness 2 different possibilities

Straightness Applied to the axis

56

Measuring Straightness of a plane

surface:

57

How to measure ?

Or in a CMM . . .
58

How to measure ?

59

Straightness - applications

60

Straightness - applications

61

What is Bonus tolerance ?

It is a additional tolerance, added to the given
geometrical tolerance, based on the actual size of the
feature.
As the feature size departs from MMC, an increase
in the geometrical tolerance is permitted equal to the
departure. This departure is called bonus tolerance.
Bonus tolerance is applicable only when MMC or
LMC is indicated in the feature control frame.

62

Bonus tolerance in Straightness . . .

63

Bonus tolerance in Straightness . . .

64

Flatness:

A flatness tolerance specifies a tolerance

defined by two parallel planes within
which the surface must lie.

Demo
65

Flatness:

66

Flatness example:

Means what ?
67

Meaning of Flatness tolerance:

Surface must lie between two parallel planes 0.2 mm

apart and must be within the limits of size.
Therefore, the limits of size must be greater than the
flatness tolerance.
68

Meaning of Flatness tolerance

0.1

The entire surface

must lie within a
tolerance zone
defined by two parallel
planes separated by
the specified tolerance
value.
All points on the
surface must lie within
the limits of size and 24.75 min
the flatness limit.

25 +/-0.25

0.1 Tolerance Zone

0.1 Tolerance Zone

25.25 max

69

How to measure ?

Or in a CMM . . .
70

How to measure ?

71

Flatness - applications

72

Circularity

A circularity (roundness) tolerance specifies a

tolerance zone bounded by two concentric circles
within which each circular element of the surface
must lie, and applies independently at any plane.

Demo
73

Meaning of Circularity tolerance

Means what ?

74

Meaning of Circularity tolerance

Each circular element of the surface in any plane perpendicular to a

common axis must be within the tolerance of size.
Circular elements must also lie between two concentric circles, one
having a radius 0.05 larger than the other.

75

Meaning of Circularity tolerance:

76

Meaning of Circularity tolerance

77

How to measure ?

Using calipers is a common sight.

But is it right?

78

How to measure ?

Circularity error = Full Indicator Movement (FIM) / 2

79

The accurate method is

80

Circularity Applications . . .

81

Circularity Applications . . .

82

Cylindricity:

A cylindricity tolerance specifies a tolerance zone

bounded by two concentric cylinders within which the
surface must lie.

Cylindricity is a composite control of form which includes

circularity (roundness), straightness, and taper of a
Demo
cylindrical feature.
83

Meaning of Cylindricity tolerance

Means what ?

84

Meaning of Cylindricity tolerance

The cylindrical surface must be within the specified tolerance of size

and must lie between two concentric cylinders, one having a radius
0.05 larger than the other.
85

Meaning of Cylindricity tolerance

86

Cylindricity Applications . . .

87

Measuring cylindricity . . .

88

Orientation tolerances (related

features):

89

Orientation tolerance zones

90

Parallelism

Parallelism is the condition of a surface, axis or

centre plane exactly parallel to the given datum.

Demo

91

Parallelism Applied to a Plane Surface

The tolerance zone in this

example is defined by two
parallel planes oriented
parallel to the datum
reference plane.

92

Parallelism Applied to axis from Plane

Surface

The tolerance
zone in this
example is
defined by two
parallel planes
oriented parallel
to the datum
reference plane.

93

Parallelism Applied to axis from Plane

Surfaces:

The tolerance zone in

this example is
defined by a cylinder
equal to the length of
the feature, oriented
parallel to the datum
reference planes.

94

Parallelism Applied to feature axis from

datum axis:

The tolerance zone in this example is defined by a cylinder

equal to the length of the feature, oriented parallel to the datum
reference axis.
95

How to inspect parallellity . . .

96

Perpendicularity

Perpendicularity is the condition of a surface, center plane, or

axis at right angle (90) to the given datum.

Demo
97

Meaning of Perpendicularity

98

Perpendicularity tolerance zone

99

Perpendicularity tolerance zones

(Applied to a surface):

The tolerance zone in this

example is defined by two
parallel planes oriented
perpendicular to the datum
reference plane.

100

Perpendicularity tolerance zones

(Applied to a median plane):

The feature center plane must fall

between parallel planes 0.25 apart
which are perpendicular to datum
plane A regardless of feature size.
101

Perpendicularity tolerance zones

(Applied to a feature axis @ RFS):

The feature axis must fall

between two parallel planes 0.25
apart, which are perpendicular to
the axis of datum feature A. Both
the tolerance of 0.25 and the
datum feature apply RFS.
102

Perpendicularity tolerance zones

(Applied to a feature axis @ RFS):

The feature axis must lie

within a cylinder 0.3 in
diameter which is
perpendicular to datum plane
A irrespective of its
diameter.
103

How to inspect perpendicularity . . .

104

Angularity:

Angularity is the condition of a surface,

center plane, or axis at a specified angle
(other than 0 or 90) to the specified
datum plane or axis.

Demo
105

Meaning of Angularity . . .

106

Comparison between conventional

method and GD & T method
conventional method :

The tolerance zone is

wedge shaped.
Approaching the vertex,
the width of the wedgeshaped tolerance zone
approaches zero.
The width of tol. zone
increases as the length
increases.
107

Comparison between conventional

method and GD & T method:
GD & T method :

The tolerance zone

is uniform and
doesnt vary based
on the length.

108

Angularity tolerance zones

(Applied to feature surface from datum
surface)

The tolerance zone in

this example is defined
by two parallel planes
oriented at the specified
angle to the datum
reference plane.

109

Angularity tolerance zones

(Applied to plane surface from datum plane)

Meaning is

The toleranced surface must fall

between parallel planes 0.35 apart
when located on datum planes A
and B. Vertex must be within the
limits of location.

110

Angularity tolerance zones

(Applied to an axis - Feature RFS):

Meaning is

The feature axis must fall

between parallel planes 0.35
apart when located
on datum plane A. Axis must be
within the tolerance of location.

111

How to inspect Angularity . . .

112

What is Bonus tolerance ?

It is a additional tolerance, added to the given
geometrical tolerance, based on the actual size of the
feature.
As the feature size departs from MMC, an increase
in the geometrical tolerance is permitted equal to the
departure. This departure is called bonus tolerance.
Bonus tolerance is applicable only when MMC or
LMC is indicated in the feature control frame.

113

Parallelism Applied to feature axis from

datum axis:

Means what ?
114

How to calculate Bonus tolerance ?

In this case, the

maximum bonus
tolerance can be
0.022 mm

115

Perpendicularity tolerance zones

(Applied to a feature of size axis @ MMC ):
The feature axis
must lie within a
cylinder 0.3 in
diameter which is
perpendicular to
datum plane A,
when the feature
size is at MMC.

116

Perpendicularity tolerance zones

(Applied to a feature axis @ RFS):

Thus the size of the

tolerance zone is
dependent upon
the feature size and
varies from 0.3 to
0.6

117

Perpendicularity tolerance zones

(Applied to a feature axis @ MMC):

Is it really 0.0 ???

Thus the size of the tolerance
zone is dependent upon the
feature size and varies from 0.0 to
0.03 mm
118

119