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Cell Signaling I
Cell Signaling I
Extracellular signal molecules can act over either short or long distances
Signaling and target cells are usually distinct cell types
Figure 15-2. Molecular Biology of the Cell 6e ( Garland Science, 2015).
(water soluble)
(Diffuses through lipid bilayer)
Most signal molecules are hydrophilic and unable to cross the plasma membrane of the target
cell. They bind to cell surface receptors, which generate intracellular signals within the target.
programmed
cell death
Signal molecules differentially affect distinct target cells. The effect of a signal molecule on a cell
is regulated by the intracellular molecules which respond to the receptor, downstream effector
proteins and genes activated. These are dictated by the cells predetermined state which
depends on the cells developmental history.
B) G-Protein-Coupled Receptors
Receptor is a 7 pass
transmembrane protein
which activates a
membrane bound
(usually trimeric)
GTPase (G-protein)
C) Enzyme-Coupled Receptors
GTPase
Intrinsic
GTPase
activity
Kinase
(ser/thr
phosphatase
or tyr)
-activated by GTP
-monomeric trimeric
Scaffold proteins
serve as a strategy for enhancing
specificity of interactions between
signaling molecules by localizing them.
9
Figure 15-10. Molecular Biology of the Cell 6e (Garland Science, 2015).
activated
insulin
receptor
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Phosphotyrosine binding
SH2
SH3
PH
Adaptor
Protein
Chains or Branching
Networks
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internalization
internalization &
in appropriate phosphorylation
degradation
12
GPCRs
large family of
receptors which mediate
cellular responses to
extracellular signals
Adenylate cyclase
Cyclic AMP
(cAMP)
13
14
controls activity
and subcellular
localization
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16
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(DAG)
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