Pak Studies English Notes 2nd Year PDF

9/23/2015
PakStudiesEnglishNotes2ndYear
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Culture may be defined as behaviour peculiar to human beings,together with material objects
used.Culture consists of languge ,ideas,beliefs,customs,codes,institution,tools,techniques,works of
arts,ceremoniesandsoon.AccordingtoAllamaIqbal:
"Cultureencompassesallthemental,spiritualandphysicalactivitiesofanation.Itincludesthe
basic beliefs and faith,values and literature,art and architecture,music and mode of
dress,mannersandcustomsprevalentinagivensociety."
PAKISTANICULTUREISAISLAMICCULTURE
PakistanisanIdeologicIslamicState.ItsveryexistenceisduetoIslam,sothePakistanicultureis
primarily based on the Islamic way of life.All other ingredients of culture are inspired by
Islam.Pakistanicultureishighlightedbyitsgrandeure,simplicity,firmconvictionsandnobledeedsand
ideas.
ARCHAELOGICALHERITAGE
Pakistan has been the cradle of civilization that dates back more than five millenium.Over the
centuries,through successive waves of migrations from the North West,as well as by internal
migrationsacrosstheSubContinent,Aryans,Persians,Greeks,ArabsandMughalscameandsettledin
theregionandhaveleftbehindthearchaelogicalsitesinPakistanwhichisnowbeingpreserved.A
briefreviewofthedifferentcivilizationswhichflourishedandthenperishedwiththepassageoftimeis
asunder:
MoenjoDaro
MoenjoDaroissituatedatadistanceofsomekilometersfromLarkana.Acivilizationfourishedthere
some4000yearsago.ItwasdiscoveredbySirJohnMarshallin1922.MoenjoDarostandsasmost
spectacularofalltheexcavatecitiesoftheIndusvalleycivilization.Itisstrangethatatitsglory,itwasa
beautiful city with brick walled houses,pillared halls,markets,baths,lanes,streets and public
places.Everyhousehadwalls,drainsandbathroomsinsideit.
Harappa
Harappa is situated in the city o Sahiwal.Scientist and archaelogists believe that Harappa also
belongstotheIndusvalleycivilization.Remainsofthiscitywereexcavatedinthe1920.
Gandhara
Itiscomparrativelyanewcivilization,theregionscomprisingNorthernPunjab,Peshawarvalleyand
Eastern Afghanistan was known as Gandhara.For a long time it remained the meeting place of
variousancientcultures,asitwasrulebymanyrulers.AdistinctiveartwhichisknownasGandharaArt
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variousancientcultures,asitwasrulebymanyrulers.AdistinctiveartwhichisknownasGandharaArt
took place from here and flourished during the 2nd and 3rd century of Christian era.Thousand
monastriesandstupaswerewidelybuilthereBuddha'sfigures,shapesandmonastriesallmade
prominentfeaturesofGandharaArts.
BuddhistRemains
The Buddhist era ushered in some 500 years B.C.The Buddhist monastery TakhtiBahi is in
N.W.F.P.Itdates25centuryold.SomemoundswerealsofoundnearPeshawarwhichrepresent
Kanishka'smightyPakistan.AnimpressivecomplexofChapels,Stupas,quadranglesandmonk'scells
Notes:PakistanStudiesbyMuhammadRamzanMughal,M.AHistory&
M.APoliticalScience
LecturerPoliticalScienceF.G.PostGraduateCollegeH8,Islamabad
are also found.The great Buddhist civilization now forming the heritage of the present Pakistan
culture.
Taxila
ItwasexcavatedinrecenttimesnearRawalpindi.Taxilaisthemostpopularnameinhistory.Itcame
intoprominenceduringthePersianoccupation.Atitszenith,thecitywasthenucleusofreligiousand
culturalactivities.
Thatta
The main town of Thatta is famous for specimens of IndoMuslim architecture in the Sub
Continent.NoteableamongthemisthegreatmosquebuiltbyShahJahan.Theprinciplemonuments
ofThattaarelocatedontheMakliHill.
ARCHITECTURALHERITAGE
LahoreFort
ItisalsoknownasShahiQila.ItwasbuiltbyAkbar.ThemainstructureinsidethefortaretheMoti
Masjid,DiwaneAam,MaktabKhana,theShishMahalandNawlakha.TheHathiandAlamgirgatesare
alsoremarkableconstructions.
BadshahiMosque
ItwasbuiltbyAurangzeb.ItsarchitectureissimilartotheJamiaMasjidDelhi.Themosquehasbeen
builtwithredstoneswhilethedomesareinmarble.
JahangirTomb
ThistombwasbuiltbyShshJahan.ItisknownasafinebuildingofLahore.
ShalimarGarden
ItissituatedontheGrandTrunkRoadandisamagnificentremnantofMughalGrandeur.Thegarden
constitutes of three terraces,one above the other.Besides there is an elobrate and beautiful
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constitutes of three terraces,one above the other.Besides there is an elobrate and beautiful
reservoir,waterchannelsandfountains.
MasjidWazirKhan
ItissituatedinKashmirBaazarinsidethewallsoftheoldcity.ItwasbuiltbyNawabWazirKhanwho
wasaviceroyofPunjabunderShahJahan.
GoldenMosque
ItissituatedneartheMasjidWazirKhan.ItwasbuiltduringtheruleofMohammadShahanditisalso
averybeautifullpieceofarchitecture.
MahabatKhanMosque
ThisMosquewasbuiltbyaGovernmentofPeshawar.MahabatKhan,duringShahJahan'sregion.It
hasafinemassivestructuredwithloftyminarets.
TheFortofBalaHasar
Thisfortwasbuiltonraisedplateform92feetfromthegroundlevel.Therearetwogardensnearthe
fort.
M.APoliticalScience
HERITAGEINFINEARTS
Paintings
TheartofpaintinghasdevelopedslowlyintheMuslimofSouthAsia.Inthebeginningdecorative
paintingsandembroideryweremadeonthewallsandceilingsofbuildings.TheMughalrulerswere
veryfondofpaintings.Thetraditionalartofpaintingoccupiesaprominentplaceinthepeopleof
Pakistan.AbdulRehmanChughtai,HajiMohammadSharif,JamilNagsharearethemostdistinguished
painters.
Calligraphy
TheMuslimtookakeenintrestinthepromotionofcalligraphy.Itsmainreasonistheirdeeplovewith
Holy Quran.During this period many kinds of calligraphy progressesd.The mosques constructed
duringearlyandmedievalperiodsofIslamweredecoratedwithmasterpiecesofcalligraphy.
Music
TheMughalcontributedagreatdealtothepromotionofmusicandPakistanhasinheritedmusical
traditiosthatgofarbackinhistory.AmeerKhusroandTansainarefamousmusiciansofthehistorical
era.
ArchitectureandSculpture
TheMuslimartofarchitecturewasuniqueineveryaspects.Thearchitectureandalltheminiaturearts
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including carving,sculpture,mosaic works,tile works and paintings were called upon to build new
mosquesandplaces.
CONCLUTION
InthedevelopementofPakistansociety,itsculturalheritagehasplayedavitalrole.Pakistaninationis
justlyproudofthehistoricalperiodwhichbringswithnearly4thcenturyB.Candcontinuedwiththe
adventofIslaminSubContinentin8thcenturyA.D.
"Ourculturalheritageexpressescourage,patientsandhardlife.Theyallareinconnectionwith
lifewhichisafundamentalpartofIslamicteachings."
M.APoliticalScience
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