Health and Safety

The key to employee productivity is to keep them motivated. Employees can remain
motivated if they feel safe and healthy at their workplace. This says a lot about the
importance of workplace safety. Workplace safety is immensely important for the very
reason of improved productivity. Its only when the employees feel safe at work that
they can invest the fullest of their capacities and exploits the best of their potentials to
work. Workplace safety is the management responsibility. It involves the formation
and implementation of safety and health programs. Employee insurance schemes and
employee safety policies help cover the risk an employee might suffer at work. Jobs,
which put the safety of their employees on stake, should also provide the employees
with the safety costs. Workplace safety and health involves training programs that are
meant to teach the employees to handle risks. The employees need to be trained to
react to impending dangers, if any; they should be trained to face risks and deal with
accidents at work. Its important for the management of a company to heed the safety
needs of its employees through risk covers as well as training programs intended to
minimize the cost of risks. The management should ensure the health and safety of the
employees by the means of safety education programs. The importance of office
safety can be promoted through the formation of safety committee that is assigned the
responsibility to employee safety. Safety committees are helpful in increasing
employee involvement. Violence at workplace gives rise to serious issues pertaining to
office safety. Acts of violence eclipse the atmosphere in the organization and can leave
a permanent scar on the companys image. Violence at the workplace is sure to lead
to frustrated employees in turn leading to a decline in their productivity. The
management should implement strict measures to prevent acts of violence at work. It
should implement policies that safeguard the employees against harassment, torture or
ill-treatment from other employees. Safety and health is important at a workplace also
because human resource is the most important resource of an organization. Safety at a
workplace, also known as office safety refers to the safety of this valuable resource of
an organization. Satisfied employees can earn for a company what money cant buy. I
am sure; you will agree with me, that human life is priceless. It cannot be replaced by

monetary compensations. An employer might be able to replace an employee by

another. This makes it extremely important for an employer to cater to workplace
safety, and moreover, to the lives of the employees.

Importance of health and safety

There are sound economic reasons for reducing work-related accidents and ill-health,
as well as ethical and regulatory reasons.
Economic Reasons:
Besides reducing costs, effective safety and health management promotes business
efficiency. Thousands of work-related accidents, resulting in more than three days off
work are reported to the Health and Safety Authority each year. Work-related diseases
and ill-health are more difficult to measure due to their long latency period but result
in excess of one million days lost at work each year. These accident and ill-health
cases are due to failures and deficiencies in the occupational safety and health
management in organisations.
Legal Reasons:
The Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005 (the 2005 Act) requires you to
ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the safety, health and welfare of your
employees and to manage and conduct your work activities in such a way as to ensure
their safety, health and welfare. This requires you to be proactive in managing your
safety, health and welfare responsibilities and deal with them in a systematic way. This
guidance should help organisations to improve their safety and health performance by
providing advice on how safety and health should be managed, and in the process help
them to comply with their legal requirements.
Moral and Ethical Reasons:
The proactive management of safety and health in the workplace helps organisations
prevent injuries and ill-health at work. This guidance should help organisations reduce
the personal loss caused as a result of accidents and ill-health at work.

Introduction
Larsen & Toubro (L&T), headquartered in Mumbai (Maharashtra) is a technologydriven engineering and construction organisation and one of the largest companies in
Indias private sector. It has further interests in manufacturing, services and
Information Technology. The evolution of the company into the countrys largest
engineering and construction organisations is among the more remarkable success
stories in Indian industry. It was founded in 1938 by two Danish engineers, Henning
Hock-Larsen and Siren Kristian Toubro - both of whom were strongly committed
to developing Indias engineering talent and enabling it to meet the demands of
industry. Beginning with the import of machinery from Europe, L&T rapidly took on
engineering and construction assignments of increasing sophistication. Today, the
company sets engineering benchmarks in terms of scale and complexity.
A strong, customer-focussed approach and the constant quest for top-class quality
have enabled the company to attain and sustain leadership in its major lines of
business. It has established an international presence, with a global spread of offices.
A thrust on international business across the last few years has seen overseas earnings
growing to 18 per cent of total revenue. With factories and offices located around the
country, further supplemented by a comprehensive marketing and distribution
network, L&T enjoys an image and equity in virtually every district of India. Its
signature of excellence is evident on several projects:

World's largest coal gasifier made in India and exported to China

Indias first indigenous hydrocracker reactor
Oil and gas platform projects executed to global benchmarks
Worlds largest Continuous Catalyst Regeneration reactor
Simultaneous execution of clean fuel projects at eight refineries around India
Worlds biggest Fluid Catalytic Cracking regenerator
Worlds longest product splitter
Asias highest viaduct built for the Konkan Railway
Worlds longest gas pipeline
Worlds longest coal conveyor
Building an international class football stadium in260 days

The companys shareholding is fairly diverse. The largest stake of 37.14 per cent is
held by the domestic banks, financial institutions, mutual funds and insurance
companies. The foreign institutional investors hold a stake of 18.05 per cent while
3.62per cent of the shares are held by custodians, against which Depository Receipts
have been issued. Corporate bodies hold a 3 per cent stake; L&T Employees Welfare
Foundation holds 13.37per cent and the individual public shareholding amounts to
24.82 per cent.

Products

The companys business can be primarily divided into the following segments:
Engineering & Construction Projects (EPC):
L&Ts

engineering

and

construction

track

record

consists

of

successful

implementation of turnkey projects in major core and infrastructure sectors of the

Indian industry .L&T has integrated its strengths in process technology, basic and
detailed engineering, equipment fabrication, procurement, project

management,

erection and construction and commissioning, to offer single-point responsibility

under stringent delivery schedules. It is the only Indian EPC company pre-qualified
for executing large, process-intensive projects for oil and gas, refinery, petrochemical
and fertiliser sectors.
Heavy Engineering:
L&T is acknowledged as one of the top five fabrication companies in the world, with
engineering and manufacturing capabilities that are among the most sought after in
industry. Operating at the higher end of the technological spectrum, L&T has led the
way in introducing new processes, products and materials in manufacturing. It has the
logistics capabilities of fabricating and supplying over-dimensional equipment to tight
delivery schedules.
Ship building:
Shipbuilding represents a new thrust for L&T in the high technology manufacturing
space and is in line with its strategic growth objectives. L&T is developing a ship yard
capable of constructing vessels of up to 150 metres in length and displacement of
20000 tonnes at its heavy engineering complex at Hazira near Surat on Indias west
coast. The focus will be on construction of commercial vessels, warships for the navy
and the coast guard.

Construction:

The Engineering Construction &Contracts (ECC) division of L&T is Indias largest

construction organisation. Its leading edge capabilities cover every discipline of
construction civil, mechanical, and electrical and instrumentation. L&T has also
expanded its focus to the Middle East, South East Asia, Russia, CIS, Mauritius,
African and SAARC countries. It also has keen interest in the markets of Indian
Ocean rim countries, Africa and Latin America.
Electrical & Electronics:
L&T is a major international manufacturer of a wide range of electrical and electronic
products and systems. In the electrical segment, the Company holds leadership
position in low tension switchgear inIndia, and is rapidly establishing itself in
international markets. Its products are widely sold in markets in Europe and
Australia.Recently, L&Tset up a new manufacturing base for high-end air circuit
breakers in China. It joined hands with Saudi Arabias reputed house of Kanoo to offer
a range of high-end intelligent electrical systems to Saudi Arabian market.L&T also
manufactures custom-engineered switchboards for industrial sectors likepower,
refineries, petrochemical and cement. In the electronic segment, L&T offers a wide
range of meters and provides complete control and automation systems for industries.
Medical equipment and systems manufactured by it include advanced ultrasound
scanners and patient monitoring systems.
Information Technology:
Larsen & Toubro Infotech Limited, a 100 per cent subsidiary of L&T, offers
comprehensive, end-to-end software solutions and services with a focus on
Manufacturing, BFSI and Communications &Embedded Systems. It provides a cost
cutting partnership in the realm of offshore outsourcing, application integration and
package implementation.

Machinery & Industrial Products:

L&T manufactures, markets and provides service support for critical construction and
mining machinery surface miners, hydraulic excavators, aggregate crushers, loader
backhoes and vibratory compactors.

The Health and Safety at Work Act (1974)

The Health & Safety at Work Act 1974 (HASAWA) details that we all as individuals
have a responsibility towards health & safety. The Health & Safety at Work Act
(1974) is law and any infringement may result in legal action carried out by the Health
& Safety Executive (HSE).This act places a strict duty on employers to ensure, so far
as is reasonably practicable, safe working conditions and the absence of risks to health
in connection with the use, handling storage and transport of articles and substances.
The Act places a statutory duty on employers to have a declared safety policy for a
business in which more than five people are employed.
Employers must offer employees:
safe place of work
safe working practices
safe equipment e.g. tools etc
personal protective equipment to be supplied free of charge (where
necessary)
safe accesses to and from (egress) your place of work
risk assessments
an emergency procedure, to include the evacuation from gas & fire
exposure and what to do if asbestos is found on site etc
general safety policy
Employees must:
take care and not to injure yourself and others
not misuse or break any equipment, tools and health & safety equipment
co-operate with their employer with regards to health & safety
refrain from using any piece of equipment that they are not trained to
use correctly and safely.

Work locations

Employers are required to operate within the requirements of HASAWA and this
typically means that several people within an organisation may have some level of
direct responsibility towards health and safety, such as:

Company Health & Safety Advisor.

Company Health & Safety Committees.
Work area supervisors.
HR & education departments.
The Managing director.

The specific requirements in certain areas are that:

accommodation must be adequately lit and ventilated

fittings, furnishings and flooring must be durable and easily cleanable
changing and washing facilities must be adequate and available
a staff room with appropriate facilities should be available.

There are several identifiable areas of risk that an employer should address. These
include:
chemical: any chemicals that may be hazardous, poisonous, flammable or toxic
electrical: all electrical equipment should be regularly checked leads and plugs
should be safe and sockets should not be overloaded
biological: this is particularly important in a clinical laboratory
physical: lifting and handling training should be available and is usually
mandatory
fire
Company Health & Safety Advisor
A specific person employed with responsibility to ensure that the company is kept up
to date with all new and current legislation and best practice codes of conduct in
relation to Health & Safety. The advisor may also be responsible for the formation of
Health & Safety assessments and procedure guides for the undertaking of any specific
required task.
Company Health & Safety committees

Some companies may have a committee that meets once or several times a year to
discuss Health & Safety. This committee may also individuals the chances to voice
their own opinion with regards to specific tasks and potential new areas of risk. The
committee may also advise the Health & Safety Advisor of any new business change
that may be due and the impact that any new role may cause the operation of
company. Health & Safety committees may also discuss any items that could be
classed as a near miss, where an accident was avoided at the last minute or any items
that may fall under RIDDOR regulations.

Work area supervisors

It may be required within some companies that a work area supervisor undertakes
specific role training for an individual on how to perform certain tasks which may
include the use of machinery or power tools. No employee should ever be asked to use
a piece of machinery or equipment unless they are trained to do so by a competent
person. If work place training is to be given by a work place supervisor that training
must include notification of first aid areas and qualified first aid staff. If any chemicals
are to be used with any type of work the individual should be explained the
requirements of the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH)regulations.

Human resources and education departments

It is important that every employee be it a full time member of staff, part-time or self
employed is given adequate advice and guidance on the importance of Health &
Safety. Most companies operate an induction course that you are required to attend,
and it is here that the company policy on Health & Safety is explained. The human
resources and / or the education department will then offer any training that is required
for an individual to perform a task, following the guidelines put in place by the Health
& Safety manager.

The managing director

The chairman or managing director of any organisation takes on the responsibility of
Health & Safety because, ultimately, they are the person with overall total
responsibility of Health & Safety for every visitor and employee who their business
comes into contact with, no matter if they contact is direct or indirect.

Health and Safety at Larsen and Tuobro

L&T is committed to providing a safe and healthy environment at the workplace. The
company has ensured this through various initiatives, safeguards and precautions.
L&T have invested in various improvements with the objective of achieving zero

accidents. The management strongly feels that human life is valuable. Company has
well-equipped training centres to conduct safety training for workmen and staff in a
classroom setting. These are organized regularly for contractor's employees as well.
The training topics include use of protective gear, first aid, emergency evacuation and
preventive practices for specific high-risk activities.

Training at site:
Introduction
An effective accident prevention and occupational health hazard control program is
based on proper job performance. When people are trained to do their job properly,
they will do them safely. Also training is the only way to influence human behavior.

Training Needs
A training program is needed

For new and redesigned employees

When new equipment or processes are introduced.
When Procedures have been revised or updated.
When new information must be made available and
When Employees performance needs to be improved.

Here are some indications of a need for a good training program.

Proportionally more accidents and injuries

High labor turn over
Excessive waste and scrap
Company expansion of plant and requirement

Program Objectives
Training programs should be based on closely defined objectives that determine the
scope of the training and guide the selection and preparation of the training materials.
Objective should be planned carefully and written down. They should indicate what
the trainee is to know or do by the end of the training period. The general topics
covered by SCD in its training program are as follows:

Safety philosophy
Building and other construction work act
Safety in working at height
Material handling
Crane safety
Safety in welding and gas cutting
Fire safety
Personal Protective Equipment
Video films and discussions
Electrical safety (Optional)
Safety in Chemical handling at Construction Site

Apart from the conventional training program covered in there are other types of
training program. Some of the important programs are listed below:

 On the job training

Conference method of watching like problem solving Conferences.
Group training techniques (encouraging participants to share ideas)

Accident Prevention
Any accident prevention Programme is based on Hazard Control Programme. The
Hazard Control Programme must be carefully planned and be logical. Programme
objectives and safety policies need to be established. Responsibility for the hazard
control Programme needs to be determined. Specific steps to identify and control
hazards need to be performed.
Accidents and Hazard Control
Hazards are a major cause of accidents. A workable definition of hazard is any
existing or potential condition in the work place which, by itself or by interacting with

other variables, can result in deaths, injuries, property damage, and other losses. This
definition carries with it two significant points.
A condition does not have to exist at the moment to be classified as hazard, only when
total condition is considered then hazardous condition is to be taken in to account.
Hazard may result not only from independent failure of work place components but
also from one work place component acting upon or influencing another.
Effects of Hazard on the Work Process:
In a well-balanced operation, workers, equipment, and material interact within the
work environment to produce a product or perform a service. When all these function
smoothly the productivity is the highest. But if one of the components does not
function to the desired level then there would be disruption resulting in loss of
productivity.
Hazard Control and Productivity Improvement:
The process of identifying and eliminating or controlling hazards in the work place is
one way of optimising a companys human, financial, technological, and physical
resources. Hazard Control, like productivity improvement, is a strategic process. To be
effective, it must be integrated into the day to day activities and management systems
of the organisation and must become institutionalised an operating norm and a
strategic part of the companys culture.
Determining Accident Factors:
In order to set realistic goals for its process, the company should first determine the
major factors likely to cause loss of control. It should determine where these factors
are, their importance and their damage causing potentials so as to evolve control
measures, which could be in the form of process/ work innovation etc.
Hazard Control and Management:

Controlling hazard is a team effort involving all the departments. To co ordinate the
departmental activities, a Programme of Hazard Control is necessary. Those involved
in establishing hazard control Programme must take into cognisance the inter
relationships between the Worker Equipment Environment system.
The worker performs three basic functions as Sensor, Information Processor and
Controller. Equipment should conform to all the norms. Special consideration must be
given to environment factors, such as layout, maintenance and house keeping, proper
illumination, temperature etc that might detract from the comfort, health and safety of
the worker.
Accident Causes and their Control:
Accidents are caused. Close examination of each accident situation shows that it can
be attributed, directly or indirectly to one or more of the following:

Oversight or omissions or malfunction of the management system.

Situational work factors like tools etc.
Human Factor, worker or other person.
Environmental Factors like noise etc.

Human Factor is the unsafe act of the injured or other person resulting in the accident.
The unsafe act of a person may be due to several factors such as physical deficiency,
lack of knowledge or skill, mental deficiency like lack of concentration, aptitude to
the particular job etc.
Human error is eliminated by:

Giving correct job method and procedure

Providing proper training
Considering worker performance with his physical characteristics and fitness
Correcting potentially dangerous situation and
Providing proper and effective supervision.

Situational factors are another major cause of accidents. These factors are those
operations, tools, equipment, facilities and materials that contribute to accidents
situation. These may be defect in design, poor sub standard construction, improper
storage of hazardous material and inadequate planning, layout and design.
Environmental factor includes physical category like noise, temperature, radiation,
etc. chemical category like toxic release etc and biological category like contact with
bacteria etc. Situational and environmental hazards enter the work place from many
sources like procuring material and employees negligence in following safety norms
and rules.

Safety At Stores
The handling, storage and transportation of hazardous materials are dealt
at the appropriate chapters.
In general the following should be adhered to:
In case of storage of flammable or toxic substances, adequate ventilation
should be provided.
Illumination should be proper and should confirm to the relevant rules and
standards.
Adequate draining facility should be provided to avoid flooding.

 There should be sufficient passage provided for easy movement of material and
lifting machinery.
In addition to above requirements, the provisions under Rule 51 of the Building and
Other Construction Workers ( Regulation of Employment and conditions of Service )
Central Rules, 1998 should be complied with.
Since it covers the stacking of all construction material, this rule is given below:
Stacking of materials- The employer shall ensure, at a construction site
of a building or other construction work that All building materials are stored or stacked in a safe and orderly manner to
avoid obstruction of any passageway or place of work;
Material piles are stored or stacked in such a manner as to ensure stability;
Material or equipment is not stored upon any floor or platform in such quantity
as to exceed its safe carrying capacity;
Material or equipment is not stored or placed so close to any edge of a floor or
platform as to endanger the safety of persons below or working in the vicinity.

Safety in working at Height

Several factors and serious accidents are caused yearly to persons engaged in
working at height such as building construction where men have to go at heights &
unless adequate safety precautions are taken serious accidents can happen.
Investigations reveal that these accidents are caused by improvised & make shit
arrangements instead of providing proper means of access.
Ramps & Runs
At the beginning of construction excavations are made to provide proper
foundations. As the depth increases the means of access to the bottom will be
through ramps & runs and to cross the cuttings, gangways are to be provided. The

Ramps and Runways should be constructed and maintained in such a way to

comply with the provisions under rules 82 to 85 of The Building and other
Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Condition of Service)
Central Rules, 1998. The slope to the ramps & runs should be as far as possible,
max.15 to horizontal i.e. one in four and the total rise of a continuous ramp does
not exceed 3.7 meters, unless broken by horizontal landing of at least 1.2 meters in
length or as provided in relevant standards / codes.
Cleats not more than 40 cm apart should be provided on ramps with steep slopes.
The width should be adequate for traffic. Toe boards should be provided where
ramps extend over a workplace or passage. The open sides should be protected by
railings as required.
When the construction is started at some stage or other the gangways or any other
means or access should have to be provided to reach higher levels.

At the top level where the work is to be undertaken, there are certain precautions to
be taken.
Unprotected floors situated at a height and openings, pits etc. in platforms
should be protected by railings and toe boards or otherwise guarded
suitably.
Toe board should not be less than 15 cm.
There should also be an intermediate rail between floor and top rail.

Ladders

Ladders should conform to the provisions given under Rules 172 to 174 of The
Building and other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Condition
of Service ) Central Rules, 1998.
Ladders may be classified under two broad categories Portable and Fixed.
Since the portable ladder is a hazardous piece of equipment every effort should be
made to replace it with fixed ladders and scaffolds. It not only prevents the accident
but also saves time for carrying ladder from one place to other.
However we may have to resort to portable ladders for work to be carried out at height
for short period.
Scaffoldings :
Whenever construction or maintenance work above floor level can not be safely
carried out from the ground, from any part of the building or permanent structure from
a ladder or any other means of support, suitable scaffold should be provided. The
scaffold serves 2 purposes. One is to provide convenient platform to perform work at
heights. The other is to provide safe means of access to all places where any person is
required to work at any time. Accidents at scaffolds are generally caused either due to
direct collapse of the scaffold or as a result of person or material falling of the
scaffold.
General Safety Practices
1. Competent person should inspect scaffolds after erection and before use.
2. A common cause of failure in a scaffold is the removal of structural parts while
in use. This should be strictly prohibited.
3. Periodic treatment against deterioration due to weather conditions should be
carried out.
4. There should be sufficient gap between hoisting equipment and scaffold to
prevent material from hoist getting entangled with scaffold.
5. People should not be allowed to work in bad weather condition such as storm.

Safety of Machinery & their Movement at the Site

At the construction site number of mobile machinery are used apart from cranes. They
cause a large number of accidents. Hence it is imperative to use them safely.
Trucks and other mobile equipment:
Contractors working at the site should take great care to prevent their trucks and other
mobile equipment from colliding with pipelines, power lines, and other equipment. In
this way, they will avoid interrupting the operations at the site. Before mobile
equipment is moved, contractors should survey the area in which it is located to check
for overhead wires, pipelines excavations, invisible ground conditions, and similar

hazards. Timber mats may have to be provided for providing firm footing. Equipment
with high clearances, such as cranes, should not be moved into or out of, or operated
in, any area containing electric power lines until the approval of the superintendent
has been obtained. No part, including the load, may reach within 10-ft (3 m) of
electric lines carrying up to 50 kV and an additional 4-in. for every 10 kV above 50
kV, unless power in the lines is shut off. Details have been given under chapters
captioned Cranes and Electrical hazards.
Powered Trucks:
One method of handling construction deliveries by trucks is to have a signaller serve
as the eyes for the truck driver. If there is no signaller, install reverse alarms on all
heavy mobile equipment and trucks. Also be sure barricades, guard-rails, and warning
signs are in place to assure maximum safety. When trucks, bulldozers, powered
wheelbarrows, and other mechanised construction equipment are to be operated within
a plant, the contractor and the plant's management should agree upon the traffic flow.
In that way, the areas in which the construction equipment is to be operated will be
known and isolated where possible. The contractors key personnel and the plant's
designated personnel should receive drawings of these areas. To avoid extra handling
and vehicle movement, contractors should be notified by the site officials about the
exact location to make deliveries.
Sometimes it may be necessary to transport employees in trucks from one location to
another within the work area. Unless this is controlled, this operation can become a
major source of serious injuries.
In tractors and trailers, the coupling mechanism must be carefully safeguarded and
loads secured to the trailer. Motorised hand trucks must be safeguarded.
Automated guided vehicles must have some means of stopping should someone step
in front of them. Such trucks should be equipped with flexible bumpers that shut off
power on contact. Operators of industrial trucks can prevent accidents by using the

same safe driving techniques they employ on the highways. They need to observe
speed limits, exercise care in backing up, stop at blind corners and doorways, keep
trucks a safe distance apart, avoid driving trucks into elevators unless authorised, and
exercise caution at railroad crossings.
Loading and unloading trailers require careful procedures to avoid accidents.
Operators should make sure the brakes are on, wheels are blocked, loads are neatly
stacked and stable, and the load is fastened to the trailer securely. Industrial trucks
should not be used for any purpose other than the one for which they were designed.
Operators are responsible for the care of trucks and should never leave a truck
unattended, park in an aisle or doorway, idle engines for too long, or ignore
mechanical problems.
When driving, they should keep arms and legs inside the truck's guard or operating
station, keep passengers off the truck, and watch out for pedestrians.
Industrial powered trucks should be inspected and overhauled regularly.
Operators should inspect their trucks before and after each shift. Repairs,
replacements, or other work should be performed only by trained mechanics wearing
proper protective equipment, particularly when handling electrically powered trucks.
Repairs or re-fuelling of gasoline and liquefied petroleum trucks should be done as per
norms/instructions to avoid health hazards and burns and explosions. Only authorised
fuel and fuel tank equipment should be used on these trucks.
Operators must have a valid driver's license, good driving record, and few, if any
traffic violations. Contractors must carefully select trainees to meet certain physical
and mental qualifications required by safety standards. Training programs should
centre on company policies, operating conditions, and types of trucks used.
Management should maintain records of each employee's driving performance.

Secure all equipment being towed not only with a regular hitch or drawbar but also
with a safety chain attached to the pulling unit. A drawbar failure can result in a
serious accident.
When towing a scraper from one job to another, the operator should use a scraper
bowl safety latch, or place a safety bolt in the beam to give maximum clearance for
road projections such as at crossings. This precaution prevents the bowl from striking
the ground or pavement and injuring persons or damaging equipment.

Health & Hygiene at Site

Work Environment:
The work environment at any construction site can cause discomfort to the personnel
working at the site due to any of the following reasons. While elaborating these actors
in the following chapters care has been taken to give proper guidance either to
completely eliminate them, if not, to minimise their effect.
Noise and vibration:

Construction sites are noisy places. Excessive exposure to loud noise can cause
permanent damage to hearing of the workers. Noise at work can cause stress, making
it difficult to sleep. Very high levels of noise caused, for example, by using cartridge
tools can cause instantaneous hearing damage.
The levels of noise produced in operations such as piling, tunnelling and cleaning
operations may be such that unprotected persons will exceed their maximum
recommended daily dose in a matter of seconds. Even a few minutes' exposure every
day to very noisy machines can be enough to start permanent hearing damage. Loud
noise can cause a temporary partial loss of hearing, with recovery time varying from
15 minutes to several days depending on the noise level. There may also be a
"ringing" in the ears which should be regarded as a warning temporary loss may
become permanent with repeated exposure. Deafness develops very gradually but
cannot be cured once the damage has been done.
Noise also makes it difficult to hear sounds that you need to hear such as work signals
and warning shouts.

Safety Equipment
SAFETY HELMET
Fibre glass HDP etc should weigh 400 to 450 gms and be moisture shock and fire
resistant. It should withstand 20 deg and plus 50 deg. C. If a plumb bob of 500 gms
weight with conical steel point is dropped from a height of 3M there should be no
piercing or denting.
SAFETY BELT

General purpose harness safety belt consists of one body belt and two shoulder straps
made from strong closely woven approximately 50 mm wide 6 ply cotton webbing
with 3 mm long 12 mm dia tested quality polypropylene rope. All iron fittings be
galvanised and jointless cut from solid. A special Dring to be provided at the back of
safety belt and life line is directly spliced (minimum 9) from back of D-ring.
GOGGLES
For chippers / grinders / hammer men clear glass 50 mm dia with shatterproof
toughened glass preferable panoramic view. Face shield with headband may
also be used.
For welders / gas cutters heat proof unbreakable zero power smoke colour glass
of suitable shade according to the type of hob with protective clear glass. The
fibre frame should have provision for side ventilation padded cup edge, leather
covered nosepiece, fitted with elastic headbands and conformable to use.
Over head grinding panorama goggles moulded PVC frame, unbreakable flame
proof with wide flexible and replaceable plastic highly transparent full view
O optically correct visor deep frame to fit over power spectacle indirect
ventilation fitted with elastic headband.

GLOVES
All leather made of chrome / calf leather 450 mm long with five fingers double
stitching for joints. The fit of gloves should be such that the fingers have ample
room and the bridge connecting the thumb to the gloves should be sufficiently
deep so that the thumb will not cause strain on the palm of the gloves. Stitching
should be done with good quality thread.
For Electricians gloves made of rubber 380 mm / 450 mm long tested to 15000
volts.
For material handling leather cum canvas 304 mm long double leather for palm
single leather for five finger type, double stitching with stitches spaced 1 mm
from each other with good quality thread. The cloth should be of thick cotton

canvas. The gloves should be comfortable to use so that fingers have ample
room and the bridge connecting the thumb to the gloves should be sufficiently
deep so that the thumb will to cause strain on the palm of the gloves. Stitching
done should not be too near the edge.
DUST MASK
Cloth dust mask flannel type made from netting cloth outside and fine canvas cloth
inside sandwiched with 3 mm foam padding, enclosing the mouth and the nose, with
elastic head strap ensuring safe breathing in dusty atmosphere.
SAFETY NET
6 mm dia with twin rope inside for 50 mm x 50 mm meshing with provision for
intermediate rope of 12 mm dia every 1M and 20 mm dia rope on all four sides, with
provision for tying the net at every one meter. All ropes should be made of tested
quality polypropylene rope. There should not be any joint in the mesh. The safety net
should withstand a load of 500 kg on 2.5 m span. The safety net should pass through a
drop test which specifies that the deflection should not be more than 2 M or half the
length of shortest side when a sand bag of 140 kg mass is dropped successively three
times on to the centre of the net from a height of 50 feet.
WELDING FACE SHIELD (HELMET TYPE)
Shield made of vulcanised fibre swivel type with adjustable sponge padded head gear.
Centre metal frame aperture to accommodate glass of 107 x 82 x 3 mm size dark
green colour of shade 11 DIN sandwiched with a pair of clear protective glass of same
size.
EAR MASK
When noise level exceeds 85 to 90 decibels, ear muffs / earplugs are to be used.

First Aid at Construction Site

Serious or minor injuries are often occur at construction site. Therefore first aid
becomes essential to control the condition of injured to avoid further deterioration. In
order to give first aid immediately at accident spot, some trained first-aid personnel
should be available at the Occupational Health Center which also monitors the health
of the personnel working at the site
This procedure gives information about the following:

a) Duration of training: The duration of training shall be of one full day to first
aider and / or nominated persons at the site.
b) Frequency of training: The frequency of training shall be six months from the
date of commencement of project or six months from the date of issue of this
procedure.
c) Responsibility and arrangement of first-aid training program: The
responsibility to train the persons in first aid leis with RCM/RCE. RCM/RCE
shall arrange training program by engaging services of agencies such as St.
John Ambulance or other local agencies like Hospitals, Govt. bodies etc.
d) Maintenance of records: The record of each first aid treatment case shall be
recorded in a register, titled as "First Aid Register". This record should be
maintained and be made available for the audit team. In addition to first aid
treatment cases, record of training given to personnel should also be kept in a
separate register, titled as "Training Register".
e) Placement of first aid boxes: Over every 50 workers a first-aid box shall be
provided at work site or at distance of 500 meters. One more box for every
additional 100 persons shall also be provided.
f) Minimum No. of trained first aiders: At any time of work at least 5 trained
first-aiders shall be available at site.

Conclusion
Health and safety at work place is very important and it is the responsibility of the
employer as well as the employee.
In short the new dynamic between HSE and other key players has to be about
making the market work and creating effective synergies between the work of the
regulator and other H&S actors, be they internal like professional H&S advisers
and safety reps or external such as consultants, trainers or specialist service
providers. With the demise of the Health and Safety Commission and its
replacement by an Executive Board, there also needs to be a revisiting of options
for bring key players together at a national level, including, for example, the idea

of a national implementation group of key organisations, keeping the focus on

innovation and partnership working.
Finally, closer working with others in the H&S safety field is not a cheap option or
a means for HSE to cope with its current shortfall in resources. To deliver their full
potential the approaches being advocated in this submission will require significant
extra work and additional resources. The prize to be won however is not only a
significant reduction in needless harm and easily preventable suffering but
significant saving of wasted resources for both businesses, Government and the
wider community.
The main motto of Larsen and Toubro is Every single worker deserves to
go home to his family in the same condition he arrived in.

Bibliography
http://www.ficci.com/events/20682/ISP/SMishra-Larsen-Toubro.pdf
http://www.worldcement.com/asia-pacificrim/24052013/India_Larsen_Toubro_Health_Safety_Courses_44/
https://www.scribd.com/doc/47443113/HR-practices-L-T-1
https://www.scribd.com/doc/98845631/Larsen-Toubro

Acknowledgement
I owe a great many thanks to many people who helped and supported me during this Project.
My deepest thanks to Lecturer, Mr. Vijay Savkare, the Guide of the project for guiding and
correcting various documents of mine with attention and care. She has taken pain to go
through the project and make necessary correction as and when needed.
I would also thank my Institution and my faculty members without whom this project would
have been a distant reality. I also extend my heartfelt thanks to my family and well wishers.

Methodology
The data used in this project has been collected from secondary sources. There are those data
which have already been collected by someone else and have panel through statistical power.
When the researcher utilizes secondary data, he has to look into various sources from where
he can obtain data usually published data is available in:

Technical and trade journals.

Books, Magazines & newspapers.

Public records & statistics.

Historical Documents and other resources.

Website journals, etc.