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SAR Processing With Geomatica v2014
SAR Processing With Geomatica v2014
Training guide
Version 2.1
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Publication history
Version
Released
Revisions
Revised by
2.0
2014 09 30
G. Gosselin
2.1
2014 11 21
Minor edits
G. Gosselin
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Contents
Introduction
10
Course overview
About this guide
Radar-processing workflows
Starting Geomatica
Starting Geomatica Focus
Starting Geomatica SPTA
10
10
11
13
13
14
17
1.1:
1.2:
1.3:
1.4:
47
47
47
55
59
63
63
63
74
80
85
94
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100
108
117
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132
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143
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Contents
Appendix A
151
165
Appendix B
181
Polarimetric discriminators
181
Generating polarimetric discriminators based on coherency matrix eigenvalues182
Generating polarimetric discriminators based on analysis of the Poincar Sphere187
Synthesizing a backscatter SAR image for arbitrary transmit and receive
polarizations
191
Maximizing the contrast between two targets
196
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Introduction
Course overview
Welcome to the SAR processing with Geomatica training course.
The course is designed for experienced users of geospatial software and introduces
you to the radar analysis tools available with PCI Geomatica software.
This guide contains six modules. The lessons in each module are designed for tasks
you are likely to perform in your analysis of radar imagery. They provide instruction
for using the software to carry out key processes while sampling key Geomatica
applications and features.
The data you will use in this course can be found in the Radar Data folder of your
Geomatica installation.
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Introduction
Radar-processing workflows
Geomatica includes a variety of tools for working with radar data. The workflow you
choose depends on several factors:
Figure 1 shows the software available in Geomatica 2014 to ingest, process, and
analyze SAR data.
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Introduction
Figure 2 shows the algorithms available to process detected or complex SAR data.
Most of these algorithms are described and used in this course.
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Introduction
Starting Geomatica
Starting Geomatica varies slightly between Windows and UNIX operating systems.
Windows
With the Windows operating system, you start Geomatica from the Start menu.
To start Geomatica on a Windows system
Click the Start button, and then click All Programs > PCI Geomatics >
Geomatica 2014 > Geomatica.
The Geomatica Toolbar appears, followed by the Focus window.
UNIX
With the UNIX operating system, you start Geomatica from a command prompt.
To start Geomatica on a Unix system
1. Enter the Unix environment.
2. At the command prompt, type geomatica.
The Geomatica Toolbar appears, followed by the Focus window.
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Introduction
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Introduction
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Radarsat-2
Sentinel-1
Cosmos-SkyMed
TerraSAR-X
Kompsat-5
UAVSAR
Alos-PALSAR
ERS1&2
Radarsat-1
Envisat-ASAR
Data acquired from these sensors is diverse and often available for different
acquisition modes, data formats, and processing levels, excluding different
resolution and beam modes. This variety can categorize the data in different ways,
and among them, the Geomatica radar suite uses two basic categories:
Channel type
Transmit/receive configuration
These categories define which algorithms you can use to process your SAR data.
The channel type is divided in two sub-categories:
Complex data
Detected data
1 To verify whether a sensor is supported by GDB, browse the GDB file formats in the
Technical Reference section of the Geomatica online help.
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Complex data, also known as single-look complex (SLC) data, corresponds to the
first processing level after the signal transformation into an image. Each pixel of a
given channel form corresponds to a complex number composed of an imaginary
(Q) and a real (I) part. Complex (coherent) arithmetic is thus possible between
channels of a single image or between channels from different images, which leads
to applications like radar polarimetry, compact polarimetry, Interferometry
(InSAR), and Polarimetric Interferometry (POLinSAR). More information on radar
polarimetry is provided in Module 3.
Detected data corresponds generally to the next processing level in which the real
and imaginary parts are combined. Detected data form layers (images) are easier
to interpret to the human eye, where the only available information for any given
pixel is the backscattered power. Thus, a surface or object that reflects most of the
incident signal toward the sensors will appear bright on the image while a surface
that reflects the most of the incident signal away from the sensor will appear dark.
Table 1.
Channel types
Channel type
Sub-type
Example
Complex channel
Detected channel
Amplitude,
magnitude, decibels
Configuration types
Configuration
Channel type
Details
Single polarization
Complex or detected
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Configuration
Channel type
Details
Dual polarization
Detected
Compact polarization
Complex
Fully polarimetric
(quadpol)
Complex
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Data structure
With Geomatica Focus, you can work with data in a variety of formats through GDB
and the PCIDSK file format. This means that most RADAR data is supported in its
original distribution format and can be opened in Geomatica or SPTA using the keyfile name. Most algorithms can also process data in its raw vendor format.
Radarsat-2, product.xml
TerraSAR-X, *.xml
Cosmos-Skymed, *.h5
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For each sensor, depending on the product and acquisition type, different image
layers and auxiliary segments are available and can be imported.
Figure 4. TerraSAR-X, Single Look Slant Range Complex (SSC) Dual polarization,
August 18, 2007
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Note
Finally, you choose whether to display the file North Up or Raster Up.
To take advantage of all of the features offered in Geomatica, convert your data
files to PCIDSK format (*.pix). Doing so allows you to, in particular, create
overviews faster and store auxiliary layers, such as lookup tables, pseudocolor
tables, bitmaps, and vectors. More information on the PCIDSK format is provided in
Lesson 1.5: Conversion utilities.
Matrix type
Geomatica characterizes SAR data according to a matrix type, which is derived
from the file metadata, the channel type, and the transmit/receive configuration.
Lesson 1.1: Supported SAR data format in Geomatica discussed that channel type
is either complex (indicated by "c") or detected (indicated by "r"). A SAR image can
contain a complex or detected channel or channels only or a mix of both. The
number of channels of each type determines the matrix type. The matrix type is
important because many SAR algorithms require a particular matrix type of input.
The following table describes the matrix types for complex data.
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Table 3.
Symbol
Full name
s4c
S3c
s2c
s1c
c4r6c
10
C3r3c
c2r1c
t4r6c
10
T3r3c
k16r
16
K9r
The following table describes the matrix types for detected data.
Table 4.
Symbol
Full name
c4r
c3r
c2r
c1r
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Figure 10. Radarsat-2, Fine Quad polarization, beam 29 (FQ29), May 7, 2010
opened in Geomatoca 2013
Figure 11. Radarsat-2, Fine Quad polarization, beam 29 (FQ29), May 7, 2010
opened in Geomatoca 2014
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Numeric
Numeric values of the selected applications and the original complex values can
also be viewed using the Numeric Values tool.
To open the Numeric Values window
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Other benefits of the new complex data support in Geomatica 2014 include:
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6. Click Import.
The File Selector window appears.
7. Enter a path and file name.
8. Click Save.
The image is imported (ingested) into a .pix file.
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Note
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Note
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SAR geometry
Most synthetic aperture radars (SAR) used in geoscience application are usually
side-looking. A series of waves, or pulses, are transmitted by the antenna toward
the ground. Between each transmission, the same antenna is used to receive the
transmitted signal.
Each transmitted pulse is carefully controlled; that is, the frequency, polarization,
and phase of the signal are known. After the signal is scattered back to the sensor,
the travel time, backscatter power, and phase is compared to the original pulse.
Typically, over a thousand pulses are coherently averaged together to form a single
pixel.
In a SAR image, the location of each pixel and its resolution is a combination of the
time it took to be reflected back to the sensor (x, range resolution) and the time
between two pulses relative to the platform velocity (y, azimuth resolution). Since
it takes more time for a pulse to reach the far range of the radar swath, the slant
range resolution is coarser at the far range than the near range (Figure 15 and
Figure 16).
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Lx and Ly: Antenna physical dimensions in height (Lx) and width (Ly),
typically in meters, aiming perpendicular to the flight direction (y).
Directed slant-wise toward the ground with an incidence angle 0 .
x: ground-range direction
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y: azimuth direction
X LX
and
Y LY
, where
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The goal of radiometric calibration is to adjust for all of the contributions in the
radiometric values not due to target characteristics, so that the backscatter value of
targets can be compared to one another or to a reference. A proper radiometric
calibration is essential for any quantitative and temporal analysis of SAR data.
Geomatica also has tools for converting from DNs to both beta-0 ( ) and gamma0
0 ( ).
0
"A problem arises if there is a non-zero slope at the local terrain site. In this case,
the projected area is determined by the local incident angle. It follows that the
correct values for cannot be obtained unless one has at hand a reliable estimate
of the local slope (Raney, 1998)".
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0j DN 2j A3 / A2 j
where DN j is the digital number that represents the magnitude of the
the start of a range line in the detected image data, and
value for the
j th pixel from
is given by:
0j (dB) 10 * log10 DN 2j A3 / A2 j
For complex (SLC) single-beam products, the pixel number, j, is related to the LUT
index i, using the same procedure as for detected products. The radar brightness
for the
0j DN I j / A2 j 2 DN Q j / A2 j 2
j th
where DNI j and DNQ j are the digital values of the I and Q components of the
pixel from the start of the range line, and
dependent gain. The offset is not used in SLC product generation. For complex
data, radar brightness in decibels (dB) is given by:
0 using:
0j 0j * sin j
or
using:
0j 0j * tan j
or
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j th range pixel.
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In Figure 17, dR is the Slant range distance entering into the definition of
0.
the radar .
Figure 17. Definition of surface area and incident area used to derive
0 , 0 and
0 3
With newer SAR image formats, such as RADARSAT-2, for example, the calibrated
data is read in on the fly, or calibration is performed during ingest with the
SARINGEST algorithm.
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j
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Whether to meet the specific needs of a workflow or simply for data exploration, it
is sometimes necessary to convert data from one format to another.
Geomatica 2014 includes two conversion algorithms to provide you with such
flexibility: PSIQINTERP and PSCONV.
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You can use the PSCONV algorithm when a specific matrix format is required for a
polarimetric algorithm that does not automatically perform the conversion. Some
decomposition algorithms require a specific matrix representation as input. For
example, the Cloude and Pottier decomposition (PSEBA) requires a filteredcoherency matrix while output from polarimetric filters corresponds to a covariance
matrix.
Because the matrix type is read from the metadata, Geomatica will automatically
convert the covariance matrix to the coherency matrix (matrix type) before
applying the decomposition.
The following table lists the possible matrix conversions.
Conversion s4c
to
s4c
--
S3c
--
s2c
C3r3c
--
c1r
--
--
T3r3c
K9r
c2r1c
c2r
K9r
--
c4r6c
k16r
k16r
--
s1c
t4r6c
t4r6c T3r3c
--
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Radiometric enhancement
The goal of radiometric enhancement is to improve the interpretation of the
radiometric information in an image using speckle and spatial filters. These filters
can reduce speckle, detect edges, analyze texture, and visually enhance the image.
Image variance, or speckle, is a granular noise that is inherent to SAR imagery.
Speckle gives a grainy, salt-and-pepper appearance and tends to be a dominating
factor in radar imagery. Speckle filters are used primarily with radar data to
remove high-frequency noise (speckle), while preserving high-frequency features
(edges).
Non-adaptive, or template
Adaptive
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Non-adaptive filters apply to the parameters of the whole image. They do not take
into account the local properties of terrain backscatter or the nature of the sensor.
Examples of non-adaptive filters are the Mean, Median, Edge Detection, and Sieve
filters.
Adaptive filters accommodate changes in local properties of the terrain backscatter.
They modify the image based on statistics extracted from the local environment of
each pixel. The main advantage of adaptive filters is that they maintain an accurate
estimate of the backscattering coefficient inside homogeneous (stationary) areas,
while preserving edge and texture structure in nonstationary scenes. Examples of
adaptive filters are the Frost, Lee, Gamma, and Touzi filters. Adaptive filters are
designed specifically for SAR images.
The ideal speckle-reduction filter reduces the speckle, but has minimal loss of
information. The filter should preserve radiometric information in homogeneous
areas, and preserve radiometric information and spatial-signal variability (textural
information) in textured areas.
With the FSPEC algorithm, which is a SAR-speckle filter, you can select which SAR
speckle filter you want to apply to your data. From a single panel, you can select
from many SAR speckle filters to apply.
The filter algorithms require that the signal represents power. If the input image is
in amplitude format, each gray level will be squared to derive power, and then the
square root will be applied to the filtered result.
In this lesson, you will apply and compare several adaptive SAR-speckle filters.
Data preprocessing
Using the concepts learned in Lesson 1.4: Ingesting and extracting a calibrated
backscatter image from SAR data and Lesson 1.5: Conversion utilities and the
Vancouver scene located in
~\SAR_Training\Radar\Vancouver_RS2_FQ2_SLC, do the following:
1. Ingest the product.xml file into a PCIDSK file using sigma as the
calibration type.
Name the file Van_RS2_FQ02sig.pix.
2. Use the PSIQINTERP algorithm to convert the complex data to detected
data.
Convert the HH and the HV channel to Intensity. Name the file
Van_RS2_FQ02sig_HH.pix.
This creates a simulated dual pol image.
To open the FSPEC algorithm
1. In Focus, on the Tools menu, click Algorithm Librarian.
2. In the Algorithm Librarian window, click Find.
The Find Algorithm window appears.
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3. In the Find what box, type FSPEC, and then click Find Next.
4. Double-click the FSPEC algorithm.
The FSPEC Module Control Panel window appears.
To set up the parameters for FSPEC
1. Under Input Ports, expand the Input: Unfiltered Layers entry.
The tree expands to show the array segments.
2. Click Browse, open the ~\SAR_Training\Radar\Vancouver_RS2_FQ2_SLC
folder, select the Van_RS2_FQ02sig_HH.pix, and then select the HH
channel for this file.
3. Under Output Ports, click the Output: Filter Layer(s) entry, click
Untitled.pix, and then click Browse.
The File Selector window opens.
4.
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9. In the Filter X list and the Filter Y list, respectively, select 11.
The filter kernel size will be 11x11 pixels.
10. In the Number of Looks box, enter 1.
11. In the Contour Threshold box, type 0.5.
12. In the Edge Threshold box, type 0.5.
13. In the Gradient Threshold box, type 0.1.
14. Click Run.
The Touzi filter runs and the results appear in Focus.
The two SAR speckle filtered images can now be compared in Focus.
Exercise 1: With FSPEC, run the enhanced Frost filter again on the same file
(Van_RS2_FQ02sig_HH.pix). Specify a window size of 11. Specify the following
name in the Output: File Layer (s) port:
Van_RS2_FQ02sig_HH_FFrost11.pix.
Run the Average filter to get another comparison basis to evaluate the results
obtained from the SAR adaptive filters.
Compare the results to the original HH SLC channel (Van_RS2_FQ02sig_SLC.pix),
both visually and numerically.
Stats: HH SLC
Water: 0.3430.35
(med: 0.226)
Forest: 0.1990.24
(med: 0.12)
H-D. Urban:
2.1595.56
(med: 0.50)
L-D. urban:
0.2120.32
(med: 0.11)
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Touzi 11x11
Average 7x7
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Stats: Average
11x11
Water: 0.3310.03
(med:0.330)
Forest:
0.1960.03
(med:0.190)
H-D. Urban:
2.1845.56
(med:1.39)
L-D. urban:
0.2280.32
(med:0.05)
Average 11x11
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Lesson summary
In this lesson, you:
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For input data in all other matrix formats, the output-matrix type and the number
of channels in the output are the same as those in the input. The physical quantity
of output pixel values (sigma-0, beta-0, or gamma-0) is always the same as in the
input data set.
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SLC
3x3
5x5
7x7
9x9
11x11
15x15
21x21
31x31
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Lesson summary
In this lesson, you:
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The PSPOLFIL algorithm applies a speckle filter to the fully polarimetric SAR data
set. Unlike the boxcar filter, this filter preserves the edges. Edge-detection and
homogeneity parameters are estimated from the local power image.
The input image must represent a non-symmetrized or symmetrized fully
polarimetric (quad-polarization, complex) data set in the scattering (s4c or S3c),
covariance (c4r6c or C3r3c), coherency (t4r6c or T3r3c), or Kennaugh (k16r or
K9r) matrix format.
Input data sets in the scattering-matrix format are converted to the covariancematrix format before filtering. For such data, the output-matrix type and the
number of channels in the output file depend on the input-matrix type, as follows:
For input data in all other matrix formats, the output-matrix type and the number
of channels in the output file are the same as in the input file.
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SLC
3x3
5x5
7x7
9x9
11x11
15x15
21x21
31x31
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Lesson summary
In this lesson, you:
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Module 3: Polarimetric
decompositions
Polarimetry fundamentals
The study of polarimetry refers to the science behind, and the techniques relating
to, the analysis of the polarimetric properties of electromagnetic waves, and the
scattering of these waves.
When orthogonal polarization combinations are used, the complete scattering
properties of a radar target can be determined for a specific frequency, incidence
angle, and azimuth direction. The extraction of information, such as terrain
classification, is an important component of polarimetry.
In single-polarized images, the return is proportional to the target cross-section.
The amount of backscattering the radar system measures is dependent on the
target, the relative orientation of the target and radar system, and the polarization.
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With a monostatic (that is, the T X and R X antennas are co-located) polarimetric
T
R
X
) and the receiving antenna ( X ) can be
radar, the transmitting antenna (
S ).
H
H
TX , R X
V
V
TX R XT S ,
S SHH
VH
S HV
SVV
Canonical targets
Canonical targets correspond to simple geometric structures whose interpretation
of diffusion is facilitated by the presence of symmetry plane in the matrices used to
represent them. Interpretation of polarimetric responses, like that of the
parameters from a polarimetric decomposition, is often based on a comparison with
the canonical targets.
Target
Scattering matrix
(H-V basis)
Sphere = S
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Co-pol polarimetric
response
1 0
0 1
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Target
Scattering matrix
(H-V basis)
Trihedral =
1 0
S
0 1
Dihedral = S
1 0
0 1
Co-pol polarimetric
response
cos 2
S
sin 2
sin 2
cos 2
Horizontal Dipole
1 0
S
0 0
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Target
Scattering matrix
(H-V basis)
Co-pol polarimetric
response
Vertical Dipole
0 0
S
0 1
Oriented
Dipole
2
cos
S
1 sin 2
2
1 2
sin
2
2
sin
Left Helix
1 j
S
j 1
Right Helix
1 j
S
j 1
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Figure 24. Canonical targets representation (in H-V basis), (Source: van Zyl et
Ulaby (1990), p.33-45.)
The sphere and the trihedral are both characterized by an odd number of bounces,
which results in a 0 phase difference in the backscatter alignment (BSA)
convention. Each produces a uniform scattering for all linear polarizations (=0),
which results in HH = VV. For an even number of bounces, (dihedral, for example)
the target introduces a 180 phase difference between the HH and VV polarization
and HH = -VV.
However, the HH and VV channels are still equal in intensity. If the dihedral in a
plane perpendicular to the radar line of sight (LOS) is rotated, it introduces a
depolarization of the signal, and the HV and VH channels are no longer equal to
zero. For a pure canonical dihedral, the signal is repolarized more than depolarized.
If the value of the angle is found, it is possible to cancel out its effect and retrieve
a pure dihedral scattering.
A dipole will produce a strong scattering in only one polarization channel according
to its orientation. Like the dihedral, it is possible to cancel out the effect of the
orientation angle for the case where it is not equal to 0 (HH) or 90 (VV).
Finally, the helix is an abstract construction, because it does not correspond to a
real physical target. This kind of scattering can occur in an urban environment
where multiple scattering is common. One way to produce a pure-helix scattering is
to place two dihedrals, oriented at 45 from each other. The phase difference
between the HH and VV channel will be 180.
If a pixel, or a small group of pixels, corresponds to a canonical target, it will
generally produce a highly polarized and strong scattering. These pixels are called
point targets or coherent point targets.
Backscattering mechanisms
The reality, however, is often more complex and only a small fraction of an image
pixel corresponds to a coherent point target. The scattering mechanisms tend to be
horizontally and vertically superposed. In such a case, it is necessary to average
(multilook) several pixels, to estimate the dominant scattering mechanisms, if any,
and the degree of polarization.
For example, a "forest stand can be broken down into individual components that
drive radar backscatter, these components are (Lo, 1998):
(b) Volume scattering from foliage, shrub canopy, and leaf litter if present
(c) Direct backscattering from big branches and trunks if they are rough
or at normal incidence
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With the same area, depending on the characteristics of the sensor (incidence and
orientation angle, spatial resolution, and wavelength), different scattering
mechanisms might dominate the scattered signal. Several polarimetric
decompositions have been proposed to facilitate the interpretation of the scattered
mechanism of a full-polarimetric image.
Pol
olarimetric decomposition
There are two families of polarimetric decomposition: the coherent and the
incoherent decomposition.
The coherent target decompositions are applied only on single-look complex
(SLC) images and generally pixel-by-pixel for the characterization of a point
target. Although a dominant scattering mechanism can be found for each pixel of
an image, a coherence test is generally applied on each before the decomposition
to ensure a meaningful result. This topic will be covered in Lesson 4 of this course.
As mentioned previously, most natural targets, called extended targets, are
incoherent; that is, they cover more than one pixel, are partially polarized, and in
most cases have more than one scattering mechanism for any given pixel. The
complex-scattering matrix ([S]) is no longer appropriate to represent an incoherent
target, and a second-order representation is needed. Several matrices can be used
to represent an incoherent target: the Mueller ([M]), Kennaugh ([K]), the
coherency ([T]) and the covariance ([C]) matrices are used commonly:
T
kc S hh , 2 Shv , Svv
5 Source: Lo (1998)
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C3 kc kcT
Shh
*
2 Shv S hh
*
Svv Shh
*
2 Shh S hv
Shh Svv*
2 Shv
2 Shv Svv*
2 Svv Shv*
Svv
Covariance matrix
1
T
kt
Shh Svv , Shh Svv , 2Shv
2
T3
kt kt*T
S hh Svv
1
*
S hh Svv S hh Svv
2
*
2 S hv S hh Svv
S hh Svv
2 S hv S hh Svv
*
2 S hh Svv S hv
*
2 S hh Svv S hv
4 S hv
Coherence matrix
Where
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Mathematical-incoherent decomposition
The mathematical decompositions are not based on a physical model; however,
they can be applied to the analysis of all kinds of land-use and land-cover classes.
The current mathematical decompositions are based on an eingenvector
decomposition of the coherency matrix, which is analogous to a principalcomponent analysis (PCA).
The eigenvector decomposition, while mathematically unique, is not necessarily a
straightforward interpretation (when compared to a physical decomposition). This is
because there is no guarantee that the eigenvectors will represent any known
physical scattering mechanism directly (van Zyl and Kim, 2011).
In this module, the results of two mathematical incoherent decompositions will be
examined: the Cloude-Pottier and the Touzi decomposition.
The Cloude and Pottier eigen decomposition proposes an unsupervised
classification of the coherency matrix. Many parameters representing the scattering
characteristics of a distributed target are derived from the resulting eigenvectors
and eigenvalues. Among the parameters, the average alpha ( ) and Beta ( )
angles are the most used. While corresponds to the average scattering
mechanism of an extended target,
radar line of sight (LOS).
Derived from the eigenvalues, the entropy (H), and the Anisotropy (A) complete
the description of the scattering type. The entropy (H) is used to characterize the
scattering randomness. A low entropy value (H <0.3) indicates the presence of a
dominant and deterministic scattering mechanism (dominant eigenvalue), which
means that only one scattering mechanism is contributing significantly to .
As H increases, the randomness of the scattering increases, which indicates a
greater mix between different kinds of scattering mechanisms. At H=1, the
scattering is random (completely depolarized) corresponding to pure white noise.
The polarimetric anisotropy (A) measures the relative importance of the second and
third eigenvalues. A high anisotropy value indicates the presence of a second
significant scattering mechanism, along the dominant scattering mechanism.
The average alpha angle and the Entropy are often combined to form the H /
plane, which leads to an unsupervised classification of a polarimetric image into the
following nine zone classes:
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Zone 7: Low-entropy multiple scattering events. Corresponds to lowentropy double, or even-bounce scattering events, such as those provided
by isolated-dielectric and metallic-dihedral scatterers. These are
characterized by > 47.5.
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6 Source: Cloude, S.R., Pottier, E. (1997). An Entropy based Classification scheme for Land
Applications of Polarimetric SARs. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.
Vol.35, no.2, p.6878.
7 Source: Lee et Pottier, 2009
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The Touzi decomposition uses the Touzi scattering-vector model to represent each
coherency eigenvector with unique target characteristics. Each coherency
eigenvector is uniquely characterized by five independent parameters. Scattering
type is described with a complex entity, whose magnitude ( si ) and phase ( si )
characterize the magnitude and phase of target scattering. The helicity ( i )
characterizes the symmetric-asymmetric nature of target scattering.
The Touzi decomposition is similar to the Cloude-Pottier decomposition except that:
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Apply a boxcar filter on the ingested SAR data with the PSBOXCAR
algorithm
Use Focus EASI Modeling to create a normalized version of the FreemanDurden parameters
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Open the
~\SAR_Training\Radar\Flevoland_RS2_SLC\FQ29_20100507
folder.
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Exercise 2: Locate and examine some features that are producing a strong
scattering in only one of the components, in two components, or in all components.
For example, locate the bright area centered on 1789P, 3073L (671 036E, 5 823
936N). This industrial area produces a strong double-bounce scattering, as
predicted by the theory, but many buildings seem also to be characterized by a
stronger volume-scattering compared to the surrounding forest, which is less
intuitive. This is because the Freeman-Durden decomposition directly uses the HV
channel to calculate the volume contribution of the total backscattered signal.
In urban areas, many scattering processes can create a strong return in HV, which
are not volumic by nature. Among these are multiple scattering (the addition of
many scattering mechanisms in one cell of resolution), a building not aligned with
the radar line of sight (orientation effects), or a non-symmetric object.
Interpreting the Freeman-Durden decomposition can be easier by normalizing the
radiometry to calculate the fraction of the total scattered power associated with
each component.
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4. Click Run.
Both versions can now be compared; each has its own utility. The power version is
often preferred if the components are to be used in a classification, while the
normalized version helps to better understand the composition of backscattered
power in mixing of scattering mechanisms.
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% Double
% Surface
% Volume
Power, Double
Power, Surface
Power, Volume
HH
VV
HV
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Lesson summary
In this lesson, you:
Used Focus EASI Modeling to create a normalized version of the FreemanDurdens parameters
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55 U A 0.8 and
55 U A< 0.8?
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Alpha angle ( )
Beta angle ( )
Entropy (H)
Anisotropy (A)
Red = 55
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Lesson summary
In this lesson, you:
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hh vv phase difference
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s1
-90
90
-45
45
s1
90
s1
s1
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s2
s1
(in pseudo-colors)
s3
s 2
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1 (pseudo-colors)
(in pseudo-colors)
(min:0.37, max:0.99)
(min:0.23, max:0.48)
(min:0.10, max:0.29)
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Note
s1
s1
Calculate the global Touzi alpha angle ( s ). Do you still observe differences with
the Cloude-Pottier
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? If yes, why?
PCI Geomatics
Touzi
Touzi
s1
Touzi
s1 , detail
Touzi
sg
sg
Cloude
Cloude
, detail
s1 , sg
and Cloude
, detail
Exercise 6: Find areas where 1 is low or high. What kinds of land use and land
cover are characterized by high-and-low helicity values? Use EASI Modeling to
create bitmaps containing high helicity with different thresholds, such as 5, 10
and 25.
Tip
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In theory,
and
in
2 1
Both are also sensitive to bare-soil roughness. Bare soil with a high roughness
tends to produce higher
(or
(or
Exercise 8: Locate the urban or industrial areas on the Flevoland image, and
observe the main street orientation from the radar line of sight (LOS). What are the
1 and
average 1 and
average
values when the streets are parallel to the LOS? What are the
values when the main streets orientation departs from the LOS?
The following vector file can help to locate the urban area and interpret the relation
between 1 , and the LOS:
~\SAR_Training\Vectors\Flevoland_Streets.pix.
Exercise 9: Find some bare fields and observe the
1 and
values.
TOUZI PHASE s1
The Cloude-Pottier decomposition does not include a phase parameter, as does the
Touzi decomposition with s1 . This phase is similar, but not equivalent, to the
hh vv
hh vv
phase
hh vv
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hh vv
phase difference.
hh vv
phase
difference was sometimes used as a (crude) way to identify the main scattering
mechanisms (see Ulaby et al., 1987). Single-bounce scattering occurs around 0 ([15, 15], while double-bounce scattering occurs at both ends of the hh vv
distribution ([-180,100] U ([-100,180]).
The Touzi phase s1 is similar, but not equivalent to
hh vv . The main
differences are:
For example, if the signal hit a tilted surface or an object with a complex geometry,
the phase of the maximum polarized (backscattered) component will no longer be
in the HH-VV basis. The hh vv will still provide information about the target
structure, but this information might be biased and not be representative of the
targets real structure. Since the departure of the backscattered signal from the HV basis (satellite transmitting antenna) is registered in 1 (or ) angle, it is
possible to use this information to retrieve an unbiased phase to characterize the
targets structure.
Exercise 11: Explore the differences between s1 and
absolute value of
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hh vv
using the
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Touzi
Touzi
s1
s1 , detail
hh vv
hh vv , detail
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hh vv ,
hh vv ,
Blue: single bounce
scattering
Red: Double-bounce
scattering
hh vv
phase difference
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Lesson summary
In this lesson, you:
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hh vv phase difference
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With Geomatica SPTAthe SAR polarimetry target analysis toolyou can select
targets in a polarimetric SAR scene, draw a target (or load an existing target),
perform a variety of polarimetric operations on it, and display the results
numerically and graphically.
You can use SPTA to analyze all types of SAR data products. However, to use the
full functionality of SPTA, a fully polarimetric SAR data set in complex format is
required.
To start the SPTA tool
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) or brightness (
). Selecting a different enhancement or
(
modifying the image brightness and contrast will not change the
computed statistics for a particular target.
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Pan (
) and zoom (
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Pixel plus clutter estimation region: you can choose a single target
pixel at the cursor position and four clutter-estimation regions at the
corners of an overall square region that it is centered on, but excludes,
the target pixel and the sidelobe pixels. The Overall size and the Gap
size option can be modified to estimate the properties of the coherent
target against a larger clutter.
Square neighbor: you can choose a target that includes all pixels within
a square region that is centered on the cursor position.
The selection mode determines the target type and, therefore, the polarimetric
parameters that can be computed. For example, Pixel plus clutter estimation
region determines a point target (you are analyzing the response of the center
pixel in relation to the clutter pixels). Square neighborhood and Arbitrary
region delineate surface targets.
Depending on the type of target, several polarimetric parameters are available. For
example, the symmetric scattering parameters are only applicable for point targets,
whereas parameters that are applicable to surface targets or require an averaging
of the data (such as entropy) are only enabled when surface targets (Square
neighborhood or Arbitrary region) are enabled.
The polarimetric parameters that can be computed also depend on the data set.
Polarimetric parameters that require multilook will be disabled for a single-look
complex image and, similarly, the ones that require a fully polarimetric data set
(such as polarimetric decompositions) are disabled for single or dual polarimetric
data.
To draw a target in SPTA
1. In the Target Selection window, pan or zoom to the area of interest, as
applicable.
2. In the SAR Polarimetry Target Analysis window, select a target-selection
mode.
3. With the mouse, drag to draw your target over the desired area.
If the Arbitrary region polygon option is selected, double-click to
close the shape.
The new target is added to the list in the Target Manager window.
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B) Overall size: 11 (
Gap size:3 (
)
C) Overall size: 11
Gap size: 1
D) Overall size: 11
Gap size:3
E) Overall size: 11
Gap size: 5
F) Overall size: 17
Gap size: 1
G) Overall size: 17
Gap size: 3
H) Overall size: 17
Gap size: 5
Figure 35. Target selection mode: pixel plus clutter estimation region
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The incoherent target analyses are restricted to single-look matrix type. Here, you
will use the s4c format (single-look, non-symmetrized scattering matrix).
To select a coherent target
1. In the Target Selection window, use the Pan and Zoom toolbar buttons to
locate a point target.
2. In the SAR Polarimetry Target Analysis window, under Target Selection
Mode, click Pixel plus clutter estimation region.
The default values will suffice for this lesson.
3. In the SAR Polarimetry Target Analysis window, do the following:
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Figure 37. Target Selection Mode, Coherent Target Decomposition, and Symmetric
scattering parameters
A second target, located at 1585.5P, 4437.5L can be selected. If the default
Overall size (=3) and the Gap size (=1) are used, the target does not appear to
be coherent or symmetric. Set the Overall size to 9 and the Gap size to 3, select
the target again, and then click Compute.
The target is now defined against a larger clutter corresponding to a flat ground
surrounding what appears to be a pylon. The scattering characteristics can now be
estimated.
Exercise 1: Compare the statistics of the two selected targets (see Figure 38)
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Target 1
Target 2
=========================
C:\PCIGeomatics\Geomatica2014\TrainingData\SAR\R
adar\Flevoland_RS2_SLC\FQ29_20100507sig.pix
=========================
=========================
C:\PCIGeomatics\Geomatica2014\TrainingData\SAR\R
adar\Flevoland_RS2_SLC\FQ29_20100507sig.pix
=========================
0.000000 deg
170.485611 deg
Target is coherent
Eigenvalues:
Target is coherent
Eigenvalues:
Eigenvectors:
Eigenvectors:
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Target 1
Target 2
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Configuration
Target 1
Target 2
No. 1
Parameters
WS=9
CWOW=15
CWCW=3
DST=0.8
DCH=0.8
SCRT=12
No. 2
Parameters
WS=15
CWOW=25
CWCW=15
DST=0.8
DCH=0.8
SCRT=12
Figure 40. Coherent targets detection using PSSSCM (HH channel in background)
Parameters
Target 1
Target 2
WS=9
DT=12
Figure 41. Coherent targets detection using PSWHITE (HH channel in background)
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Lesson summary
In this lesson, you:
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Exercise 3: You are now ready to select some regions. From the results obtained
in Module 3 and Lesson 4.1 and Lesson 4.2, the major land-use and land-cover
classes present in the Flevoland region are readily apparent. For this analysis, you
will select regions corresponding to the following land-use and land-cover classes:
Open water
Forested areas
To select regions
1. In the Target Selection window, use your mouse to digitize a polygon over
an open water area in the image.
2. In the Target Manager window, in the Description box, type
a_OpenWater.
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4. Browse to the folder in which you want to save the file, and then enter
a_OpenWater.pix as the name of the output file.
The region will be saved as a vector file.
5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 for the remaining land-use and land-cover classes.
Tip
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After selecting a target and checking the output, click Compute (box F) to get the
numerical results.
To save the numerical-output results to disk
1. In SPTA, on the File menu, click Save Numerical Output.
2. In the File Name box, enter a name for the file and specify a location
where you want to save the file, and then click Save.
The results can be saved to disk by copying them from the Results box to a
document of your choice (*. txt, *. doc, *. docx).
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Note
Exercise 4: Select open water and forested areas and compare their scattering
characteristics by selecting some of the available numerical-output options. You will
use the targets defined in the previous lesson.
Figure 43. SAR Polarimetry Target Analysis window, Numerical Output options
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Scatter plot: examine the relationship between two (2-D) or three (3-D)
elements
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LL
VV
VV
HH
VV
RR
b_UrbanArea_DB_LOS
response plot
d_Forest
response plot
b_UrbanArea_DB_LOS
HH-VV scatter plot
d_Forest HH-VV
HH-VV scatter plot
Figure 45. Examples of polarimetric response and scatter plot for an urban and a
forest target
Note
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Lesson summary
In this lesson, you:
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Figure 46. High-level workflow for polarimetric data classification using supervised
or unsupervised classifications
The Geomatica radar suite includes algorithms that are designed specifically for
classifying polarimetric SAR-data sets. The PSSWIS and PSUWIS (supervised and
unsupervised Wishart classification) algorithms use customized classes distances
measures for polarimetric data. The training classes are derived from an existing
polarimetric decomposition result or based on polygons and bitmaps provided by
the user representing different land-use or land-cover classes. This topic will be
covered in Lesson 5.2 and Lesson 5.3.
Figure 47. High-level workflow for polarimetric data classification using supervised
or unsupervised Wishart classifications
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6. Click Run.
To set up the PSUSWIS parameters
1. Under Input Ports, expand the Input: Input polarimetric SAR image
entry.
2. Click Browse, and open the
~\SAR_Training\Radar\Flevoland_RS2_SLC\FQ29_20100507
folder.
3. Select the FQ29_20100507sig_PSBOXCAR_7.pix file, and then select
each raster in the file.
4. Expand the Input: Input Freeman-Durden or Cloude-Pottier
classified raster entry.
5. Click Browse, and then open the
~\SAR_Training\Radar\Flevoland_RS2_SLC\FQ29_20100507
folder.
6. Select the FQ29_20100507sig_PSBOXCAR_7_PSEABA.pix file, and
then select each raster in the file.
7. Under Output Ports, expand the Output: Output Wishart classified
raster entry, select Untitled.pix, and then click Browse.
The File Selector window appears.
8. In the File Name box, type
FQ29_20100507sig_PSBOXCAR_7_PSEABA_WIS.pix, and then click
Save.
The new path and file name appear in the PSUSWIS Module Control Panel
window.
9. Click the Input Params 1 tab.
10. In the Number of iterations list, click 10.
11. Click Run.
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Lesson summary
In this lesson, you:
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Pre-classification tasks
The supervised Wishart classifier (the PSSWIS algorithm) requires as input a series
of bitmaps representing each class to be classified. These bitmaps can be imported
or created in Geomatica Focus. Alternatively, a series of polygons (vectors) can be
imported and then converted into bitmaps.
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Unsupervised Wishart
Supervised Wishart
(PSSWIS)
HH-HV-VV
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Lesson summary
In this lesson, you:
References
Ulaby, F.T., Held, D., Dobson, M.C., McDonald, K.C., Senior, T.B.A (1987). Relating
Polarization Phase Difference of SAR Signals to Scene Properties. IEEE Transactions
on Geocience and Remote Sensing. Vol. GE-25, no.1, p.83-92.
Lee, Jong-Sen., Pottier, Eric (2009). Polarimetric Radar Imagining: from basics to
applications. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, Florida, USA. 398
pages.
Lo, C.P. (1998). Applications of Imaging Radar to Land Use and Land Cover
Mapping. Published in: Manual of remote sensing: principles and applications of
imaging radar. R.A. Ryerson (ed). John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. 896 pages.
van Zyl, J.J., Ulaby, F.T (1990). Chapter 2: Scattering Matrix Representation for
simple targets. Publi dans: Radar Polarimetry for Geoscience Applications. F.T.
Ulaby. C. Elachy, editors. Artech House, Norwood, MA, USA. 388 pages.
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2. Seasonal (cyclic) changes, crop growth and rotation, leafs cycle in forests.
The success of a change-detection application depends on the adequacy between
the nature of change to be detected and the sensor spatial, spectral, radiometric
and temporal resolution. Obviously, the selected change-detection techniques also
have a strong impact on the results.
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There are many techniques for detecting change with remote-sensing data. At one
end of the spectrum there is hard-change detection based on comparison of landuse or land-cover classification and the resulting changes in discrete (qualitative)
categories.
At the other end, it is possible to directly compare two images using a band or ratio
technique, or a principal component analysis, for example. These techniques reveal
the magnitude of change, but give little information on the nature of the changes.
Between these two types, a multitude of hybrid techniques exists, with varying
levels of sophistication 8 .
The Geomatica radar suite has three coherent change-detection algorithms that can
extract the magnitude of change between two images (Table 5).
Table 5.
Change-detection algorithm
Input type
Description
CCDINTEN
Detected or complex
Filtered or not
Single, dual or fullypolarimetric
(symmetrized or not)
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Change-detection algorithm
Input type
Description
CCDWISH
Complex
Complex
Not filtered
Fully-polarimetric
(symmetrized or not)
CCDPHASE measures
change based on the
average coherence (over a
specified window size)
between two coregistered
single-look complex SAR
images. Coherence values
will range between zero and
one, where areas of change
will have coherence values
close to zero (that is, they
are incoherent) while
unchanged areas will have
higher values (that is, will
be coherent).
The total number of
channels to process must be
less than or equal to four.
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Image quality in the context of change detection using SAR data refers to the
comparability of the source data. As far as possible, source images should have the
same calibration applied, the same georeferencing, pixel size, viewing geometry,
and polarization. Image quality also refers to the quality of the coregistration of
each pair of images to be processed by the change-detection algorithm.
Note
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Lesson summary
In this lesson you:
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CCDINTEN measures the change in total radar backscattering between the test and
reference SAR images by comparing the sum of the intensities of the input
channels. Given two registered detected or single-look complex SAR images,
CCDINTEN determines the overlap area, normalizes the intensity values based on
the total span of intensity values, and calculates the change (as a percentile).
If the image is single-look complex, the intensity is derived and output to the
specified output file. CCDINTEN is NoData-aware, meaning that pixels that contain
a value defined as NoData in the metadata of the input file are excluded from
processing. The input and reference layers must be comparable on a corresponding
basis; that is, the first layers from each image must have the same polarizations.
To open the CCDINTEN algorithm
1. In Focus, on the Tools menu, click Algorithm Librarian.
2. In the Algorithm Librarian window, click Find.
The Find Algorithm window appears.
3. In the Find what box, type CCDINTEN, and then click Find Next.
4. Double-click the CCDINTEN algorithm.
The CCDINTEN Module Control Panel window appears.
To set up the CCDINTEN algorithm
1. Under Input Ports, expand the Input: Input complex or detected
SAR image entry, click Browse, and then open the
FQ29_20100507sig.pix file.
2. Select the HH channel.
3. Under Input Ports, under Reference: Reference complex or detected
SAR image, click Browse, and then open FQ29_20100531sig.pix.
4. Select the HH channel.
5. Under Output Ports, click Browse.
6. In the File name box, enter
FQ29_20100507_0531sig_CCDINTEN_15x15_HH.pix as the name of
the output file.
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7. Click the Input Params 1 tab, and then in the Window size list, click
15.
8. Click Run.
Exercise 1: Repeat steps 1 to 7, by selecting the HV channel instead of HH.
Specify FQ29_20100507_0531sig_CCDINTEN_15x15_HV.pix as the name of
the output file.
Repeat steps 1 to 7, by selecting the VV channel instead of HH. Specify
FQ29_20100507_0531sig_CCDINTEN_15x15_VV.pix as the name of the
output file.
Repeat steps 1 to 7, by selecting all the raster channels instead of HH. Specify
FQ29_20100507_0531sig_CCDINTEN_15x15_span.pix as the name of the
output file.
Exercise 2: Interpret and compare the results of the CCDINTEN change detection
for HH, HV, VV, and the span.
HH/R: 0507
/G:0531/B:0507
HH
Change metric 15x15
HH
Ranked change 15x15
HV/R: 0507
/G:0531/B:0507
HV
Change metric 15x15
HV
Ranked change 15x15
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VV/R: 0507
/G:0531/B:0507
VV
Change metric 15x15
VV
Ranked change 15x15
Span
/R: 0507 /G:0531 /B:0507
Span
Change metric 15x15
Span
Ranked change 15x15
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Lesson summary
In this lesson, you:
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FQ29_20100531sig.pix, located in
~\SAR_Training\Radar\Flevoland_RS2_SLC\FQ29_20100531\
CCDWISH measures change between two single-look complex SAR images, based
on modified Wishart statistics. The statistical probability of the area of interest
being "the same" is computed in the defined analysis window. Areas with a high
probability are considered to be unchanged, while areas with a low probability are
considered to be changed; that is, they have a low probability of being the same.
The Wishart test statistic is much more sensitive to the differences than test
statistics based only on the intensity; that is, CCDWISH can indicate changes not
detected by CCDINTEN.
To open the CCDWISH algorithm
1. In Focus, on the Tools menu, click Algorithm Librarian.
2. In the Algorithm Librarian window, click Find.
The Find Algorithm window appears.
3. In the Find what box, type CCDWISH, and then click Find Next.
4. Double-click the CCDWISH algorithm.
The CCDWISH Module Control Panel window appears.
To set up the CCDWISH algorithm
1. Under Input Ports, under the Input: Input complex or detected SAR
image, click Browse, and then open FQ29_20100507sig.pix.
2. Select each raster in the FQ29_20100507sig.pix file.
3. Under Input Ports, under the Reference: Reference complex or
detected SAR image, click Browse, and then open
FQ29_20100531sig.pix.
4. Select each raster in the file FQ29_20100531sig.pix.
5. Under Output ports, click Browse, and then in the File Name box enter
FQ29_20100507_0531sig_CCDWISH_15x15_span.pix as the name
of the output file.
6. Click the Input Params 1 tab, and then in the Window size list, click
15.
7. Click Run.
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Exercise 4: Compare the change-detection results for the span obtained using
CCDINTEN and CCDWISH. Which type of land use and land cover shows the most
difference, and which one shows the least difference?
R: CCDINTEN ranked
G: CCDWISH ranked
B: CCDINTEN ranked
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Correlation coefficient
magnitude
(2010-05-07)
Correlation coefficient
magnitude
(2010-05-31)
R: PSCC 05-31
G: PSCC 05-07
B: PSCC 05-31
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Lesson summary
In this lesson, you:
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FQ29_20100531sig.pix, located in
~\SAR_Training\Radar\Flevoland_RS2_SLC\FQ29_20100531\
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Span
Change metric
Span
Ranked change
HH
Change metric 15x15
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HH
Ranked change 15x15
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HV
Change metric 15x15
HV
Ranked change 15x15
VV
Change metric 15x15
VV
Ranked change 15x15
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6. Click Run.
Repeat steps 1 to 5 using FQ29_20100531sig_PSBOXCAR_7.pix in step one
and specifying FQ29_20100531sig_PSBOXCAR_7_PSPHDIFF_HHVV.pix in
step 2.
2010-05-07,
HH-VV phase
2010-05-31,
HH-VV phase
R:05-07 / G:05-31
B:05-07
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Data preparation
To complete this lesson you will need:
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As a reminder, the change metric from CCDWISH (and CCDPHASE and CCDINTEN)
does not consider the direction of change; therefore, the higher the number, the
stronger the change is according to the metric. Based on a visual inspection of the
histogram, the majority of pixels are distributed between 24.1 and 31 with a mean
of 25.52. The shape of the histogram suggests that a value of approximately 26
may be a good starting point for setting the threshold value.
Using Focus EASI Modeler to set threshold value and extract areas of change
The change metric will be thresholded and the result stored in a bitmap layer.
1. If not open already, in Focus, open
FQ29_20100507_0531sig_CCDWISH_15x15_span.pix.
2. Click the Files tab, and then select the
FQ29_20100507_0531sig_CCDWISH_15x15_span.pix file.
3. Right-click, point to New, and then click Bitmap Layer.
4. Load the (empty) bitmap.
5. Right-click the bitmap, and then click View.
The bitmap is displayed automatically at the top of the tree list on the
Map tab.
6. On the Tools menu, click EASI Modeling.
You are now ready to extract the areas of change.
7. Using the following script, extract all the pixels that are above 26 and
output the results in the new bitmap (%%2).
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A) CCDWISH >26
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B) CCDWISH >27.5
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Area (sq m)
Perimeter (m)
In the following procedure, the boxes in the Area (sq m) column will be used to
remove all polygons of area inferior to 3000 sq m that correspond to approximately
110 pixels.
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4. In the New statement box, enter 3000, and then click Add.
5. Click Apply.
All polygons with an area less than 3000 sq m (4458 of 6116 polygons)
will be selected (Figure 62).
6. In the Attribute Manager window, on the Field menu, click Delete.
All selected polygons are removed.
7. On the Layer menu, click Save.
8. Rename the vector file
polygons_CCDWISH_15_Change_sup27.5_sup3000sqm.pix.
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Figure 62. Polygons >3000 sq m (white) superposed on the original bitmap layer in
red (CCDWISH>27.5)
To continue this exercise, you will need to apply the Touzi decomposition
(PSTOUZIDEC) to the Radarsat-2 Flevoland data set. Remember to add extra 32R
channels to each file and compute the normalized version of the first eigenvalue
(see Lesson 3.3).
You will now use the Geomatica Overlay Wizard to compute the mean of each
parameter of each polygon in
polygons_CCDWISH_15_Change_sup27.5_sup3000sqm.pix. This example
will calculate the mean of the dominant scattering type ( s1 ) of the May 7 image.
To use the Overlay Wizard
1. In Focus, on the Analysis menu, click Overlay.
The Overlay Wizard window appears.
2. Under Select type of overlay, click the Statistical - Computes
statistics by virtually overlaying them option button, and then click
Next.
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3. Under Primary Input, under Layer, click the File list, and then select
the vector file to add the new attributes (statistics); that is, select
polygons_CCDWISH_15_Change_sup27.5_sup3000sqm.pix.
4. Under Secondary Input, under Layer, click the File list, and then select
the file containing the layer of interest; that is, select
FQ29_20100507sig_PSBOXCAR_7_PSTOUZIDEC.pix.
If the file is already open in Focus it will be available in the list; otherwise,
to open the file, click Browse.
5. Click the Layer list, select (3 [32R] Dominant Touzi Alpha_S
Parameter, and then click Next.
6. In the table, select one or more attributes to compute (you may need to
click Advanced to see all of them), and then click Finish.
The selected attributes will be calculated.
7. Repeat steps 1 to 7 for each layer of interest.
After all of the statistics have been collected, the vector file should contain
1663 Records (polygons) and 10 fields. This file can be found in
~\SAR_Training\Radar\Vectors\
(polygons_CCDWISH_15_Change_sup27.5_sup3000sqm.pix ).
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Tip
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A)
B)
type
C) Span (intensity)
s1
situation is fields occupied by row crops where the combination of the plant growth
and rows increase s1 (from surface toward dipole or a week double-bounce
scattering) while the span has decreased due to soil drying between May 7 and May
31 (Figure 63, A and B), Figure 64 A and B vs. C).
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Figure 65 and Figure 66 show changes associated with moving targets over land or
water. Those targets produced generally to the most dramatic changes in the
scattering type, the span and the purity of the backscattered power represented
here by 1N .
You can see in Figure 65, E) that the workflows presented in this section worked
well in urban areas in filtering out the few changes which were associated to small
differences in the viewing geometry between the two images. On the other end, in
the same figure, you can also see the effect of the use of a large window size
(15x15) for CCDWISH, where changes associated with small targets have been
expanded to their surrounding areas.
s1 ,
A) May 7, 2010,
dominant symmetric
scattering type
D) May 7, 2010,
1N , first
eigenvalue
s1 ,
B) May 31, 2010,
dominant symmetric
scattering type
C) Span
(R: May 7, G: May 31, B:
May 7)
1N , first
eigenvalue
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s1 ,
A) May 7, 2010,
dominant symmetric
scattering type
s1 ,
B) May 31, 2010,
dominant symmetric
scattering type
D) High-resolution imagery
(from Google Earth)
E) CCDWISH, original
change-detection bitmap in
red.
C) Span
(R: May 7, G: May 31, B:
May 7)
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s1 ,
A) May 7, 2010,
dominant symmetric
scattering type
s1 ,
B) May 31, 2010,
dominant symmetric
scattering type
C) Span
(R: May 7, G: May 31, B:
May 7)
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Lesson summary
In this lesson you:
References
Masroor Hussain, Dongmei Chen , Angela Cheng , Hui Wei , David Stanley (2013).
Change detection from remotely sensed images: From pixel-based to object-based
approaches. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol.80, p.91106.
Jensen, J. R (2005). Introductory Digital Image Processing: A Remote Sensing
Perspective. 3rd ed. Prentice-Hall Series in Geographic Information Science.
Pearson/Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J., USA, 526 pages.
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Appendix A
The goal of this appendix is to show how Geomatica Focus can increase the
information content of a detected single or dual polarization image. This appendix
uses a detected dual-polarization image (simulated) acquired over the Flevoland
region of the Netherlands.
You can use various strategies to extract the changes or differences between two
images or channels. First, you can use a pixel-by-pixel ratio or difference, and then
filter the result using an average (or median) filter. You can also compute the mean
(or other statistics) over a window, return the result to the central pixel, and then
proceed to the ratio or difference. Another strategy is to first filter the data, and
then proceed to a pixel-by-pixel comparison between the two channels or images.
Data preprocessing
Using the concepts learned in Lesson 1.4, Lesson 1.5, and the Flevoland scene
located in ~\SAR_Training\ Radar\Flevoland_RS2_SLC\FQ29_20100507:
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Appendix A
1. Ingest the product.xml file into a PCIDSK file using sigma as the
calibration type.
Name the file FLE_FQ29_20100507sig.
2. Use the PSIQINTERP algorithm to convert complex data to detected data.
Convert the HH channel to intensity.
Name the file FLE_FQ29_20100507sig_HH-HV.
To preprocess an image when applying a speckle filter
1. In Focus, on the Tools menu, click Algorithm Librarian.
2. In the Algorithm Librarian window, click Find.
The Find Algorithm window appears.
3. In the Find what box, type FSPEC, and then click Find Next.
4. Double-click the FSPEC algorithm.
The FSPEC Module Control Panel window appears.
5. Under Input Ports, open the ~\SAR_Training\Radar\Flevoland_RS2
folder, and then select the FLE_FQ29_20100507sig_HH-HV file.
6. Under Output Ports, select Untitled.pix, and then click Browse.
The File Selector window appears.
7. In the File name box, type FLE_FQ29_20100507sig_HHHV_FEfrost_7.pix.
8. Click the Input Params 1 tab.
9. In the Image Units list, click Power, in the Filter Type list, click
Enhanced Frost, in the Filter X Size list and Filter Y Size list,
respectively, click 7.
Leave the other options set to the default values.
10. Click Run.
To perform a channel ratio and a channel difference using EASI modeling
1. Add two new raster layers: in Focus, click the Files tab, right-click the
FLE_FQ29_20100507sig_HH-HV_FEfrost_7.pix. file, point to New,
and then click Raster Layer.
The Add Image Channels window appears.
2. Add two (2) 32 bit real channels, and then click Add.
3. On the Tools menu, click EASI Modeling.
The EASI Modeling window appears.
4. In the Input File list, click the FLE_FQ29_20100507sig_HHHV_FEfrost_7.pix file.
5. Enter the code to perform the ratio and difference (the comments can be
omitted), as shown in Error! Reference source not found..
Note
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Appendix A
Exercise 1: Compare the ratio and difference results to the original HH and HV
channels.
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Appendix A
Lesson summary
In this lesson you:
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Appendix A
The CHDET algorithm detects changes in SAR imagery. Given two registered
amplitude or intensity SAR images, CHDET calculates a difference image, removes
the speckle noise, and generates bitmap overlays, which display changes greater
than a specified threshold and the number of pixels.
CHDET is intended to detect changes between two single-channel images acquired
on different dates. However, you can use this program to detect changes between
two channels of a dual-pol image.
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Appendix A
8. Click Run.
Exercise 2: For which kind of land use and land cover is HH higher than HV? For
which kind of land use and land cover is HH similar to HV?
Compare the results from the previous lesson (ratio). What are the main
differences that can be observed between these two techniques? Are some
differences related to type of filter used?
To facilitate the interpretation of the results, a Landsat-5 image mosaic of the
region is provided. Select the Flevoland_L5_20100906_p198_r23r24.pix file
located in the ~\SAR_Training\Landsat folder.
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Appendix A
HH (non-filtered)
HV (non-filtered)
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Appendix A
Lesson summary
In this lesson you:
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Appendix A
The SARTEX algorithm creates a set of texture images from a single channel in an
input image. The radar-specific measures are based on pixel-value statistics in a
window surrounding each pixel. In SAR images, a single pixel conveys very little
information about the underlying ground cover. Only by looking at the values of
many pixels can some interpretations be made. The statistics that apply best to a
given area depend on the actual image formation process.
The extracted texture measures may be used as input features to classification
algorithms.
The SAR-specific texture measures in this module account for radar-image
formation and statistical properties of radar speckle. Therefore, it is essential that
no prior filtering has been performed on the input channel.
Texture measures extracted by SARTEX are based on SAR-specific statistics of pixel
values in the rectangular window of user-specified dimensions. They complement
measures extracted in the module TEX, based on a gray-level co-occurrence matrix
(GLCM), and in the module HISTEX, based on the histogram of pixel values in a
window. The three types of measures can be combined for further analysis, such as
segmentation and classification of the image.
The optimal window size depends on image characteristics (terrain roughness,
land-cover type, imaging parameters). With large windows, some blocky artifacts
can appear in texture images, if a small, bright target is fully enclosed by the
window. Therefore, a small-to-moderate window size is recommended.
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Appendix A
3.
7. Under Basis of SAR Texture Measurement, select all four of the check
boxes.
8. In the Horizontal Filter Size list, click 7.
9. In the Vertical Filter Size list, click 7.
10. In the Image Units list, click Power.
Note: It is important to select the correct image format for the input
layer. Any required conversions are performed internally to use the
correct values for each computed texture measure.
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Appendix A
Table 6.
Texture measure
Explanation
Normally distributed
intensity (VI)
Normally distributed
amplitude (VA)
Lognormal distributed
intensity (VL)
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VI, detail
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Appendix A
VA, detail
VL, detail
U, K-distributed intensity
U, detail
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Appendix A
Creating texture
texture images based on co-occurrence matrices using
TEX
The TEX algorithm calculates a set of texture measures for all pixels in an input
image. The measures are based on second-order statistics computed from the
gray-level co-occurrence matrices. Either texture measures for a specific direction
or directional-invariant measures can be computed. The texture measures can be
used as input features to classification algorithms.
To open the TEX algorithm
1. In Focus, on the Tools menu, click Algorithm Librarian.
2. In the Algorithm Librarian window, click Find.
The Find Algorithm window appears.
3. In the Find what box, type TEX, and then click Find Next until the TEX
algorithm is selected.
4. Double-click the TEX algorithm.
The TEX Module Control Panel window appears.
To set up the parameters for TEX
1. Under Input Ports, expand the Input: Image Layer entry.
2. From the Fle_FQ29_20100507sig_HH-HV.pix file, select the HH
channel.
3. Under Output Ports, expand the Output: Output texture measure
Layer(s) entry, select Untitled.pix, and then click Browse.
The File Selector window appears.
4. Open the Radar Data folder.
5. In the File name field, type Fle_FQ29_20100507sig_HHHV_TEX_11.pix and click Save.
6. Click the Input Params 1 tab.
7. Under Texture Measure PARAMETERS, select the Homogeneity,
Variance, Entropy, Angular Second Moment, and the Correlation
Texture check boxes.
8. In the Filter X Size list, click 11.
9. In the Filter Y Size list, click 11.
10. In the Number of Gray Levels list, click 32.
11. Click Run.
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Appendix A
Homogeneity, details
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Appendix A
Entropy, details
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Appendix A
Lesson summary
In this lesson you:
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Appendix B
Polarimetric discriminators
Polarimetric decompositions are useful for identifying the scattering mechanisms
characterizing a point or a distributed target. However, they only characterize a
part of the polarimetric information available for a given target. It is possible to
deepen the characterization of a target by analyzing its eigenvalues ( i , i=1, 2, 3)
produced by a polarimetric decomposition (Module 3).
The polarimetric response plots introduced in Module 3 and Module 4 can also be
used to identify the backscattering mechanisms characterizing a target. These
responses also provide an analysis of the backscattered power that is often
overlooked with the polarimetric decompositions.
Analysis of the peaks and valleys of a polarimetric response plot is particularly
interesting: "the polarization plots have peaks at polarizations that give rise to
maximum received power, and valleys where the received power is smallest, in
agreement with the concept of Huynen's polarization fork in the Poincar sphere
(CCRS, 2007, Boerner, et al. 1998, fig.5-3-9)".
The polarimetric response plot corresponds to a projection of the Poincare sphere,
where the orientation angle ( ) represent the longitude and the ellipticity angle
( ) represents the latitude. Using an increment of 1, there are more than 16,000
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Appendix B
The entropy and the anisotropy are calculated from the three eigenvalues of the
coherency matrix. Several parameters can be derived from these eigenvalues to
perform an in-depth analysis of the scattering properties of the examined scene. In
this lesson, you will use EASI modeling to calculate a series of polarimetric
discriminators.
Data preprocessing
Before you can calculate polarimetric discriminators, you must preprocess your
data.
To preprocess the data
1. Ingest into a pix file the
~\SAR_Training\Radar\Flevoland_RS2_SLC\FQ29_20100507 file
using product.xml as the key name file.
Select sigma as the calibration type, and then name the file
Fle_FQ29_20100507sig.pix.
2. Filter the ingested image using the PSBOXCAR algorithm.
Select a filter size of 7 x 7, and then name the file
Fle_FQ29_20100507sig_PSBOXCAR_7.pix.
3. Using Fle_FQ29_20100507sig_PSBOXCAR_7.pix as input file, apply
the Cloude and Pottier decomposition (PSEBA).
4. Click the Input Params 1 tab, and then select the Retrieve
eigenvalues and eigenvectors option.
5. Name the output:
Fle_FQ29_20100507sig_PSBOXCAR_7_PSEABA.pix
From Fle_FQ29_20100507sig_PSBOXCAR_7_PSEABA.pix, extract
channels 5, 6 and 7. Name the output:
Fle_FQ29_20100507sig_eigen.pix.
6. This new file should contain only three channels.
To calculate a series of polarimetric discriminators
1. In Focus, on the File menu, click Open, open the
~\SAR_Training\Radar\Flevoland_RS2_SLC\FQ29_20100507
folder, and then open the Fle_FQ29_20100507sig_eigen.pix file.
2. Right-click the Fle_FQ29_20100507sig_eigen.pix file, point to New,
and then click Raster Layer.
The Add Image Channels window appears.
3. Add seven (7) 32-bit real channels, and then click Add.
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Appendix B
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Appendix B
Table 7.
%2
%6
%7
%8
%9
%10
%11
-0.28
-0.86
-0.19
0.80
0.73
0.37
0.29
0.81
-0.59
0.18
0.79
-0.78
-0.46
-0.89
-0.35
-0.89
0.61
0.65
0.84
0.15
-0.96
0.89
-0.61
-0.65
-0.84
-0.15
0.96
-1.00
0.88
-0.49
-0.70
-0.76
-0.05
0.89
-0.98
0.98
%2
%6
%7
%8
%9
%10
%11
%12
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Appendix B
%10,polarization fraction
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Appendix B
Lesson summary
summary
In this lesson, you:
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Appendix B
Coefficient of variation
Fractional polarization
The orientation and ellipticity angles for the extrema of the completely polarized
component are also written to the output file.
Because PSPOLDIS searches for the extrema of the response at every pixel, the
processing can take a long time, depending on the number of lines and pixels in the
image, and the step-size values. Reducing step-size values for orientation and
ellipticity increases the processing time, but makes the results more accurate. For
example, changing STEPPSI and STEPCHI from the default values of 10 degrees
to 5 almost quadruples the processing time, but the determined extrema are
accurate to within plus or minus 2.5 degrees.
Table 8.
PSPOLDIS parameters
No.
Parameters
Min
Max
Unit
1.
N/A
2.
N/A
3.
N.A
intensity
-90
90
Degree
-45
45
Degree
4.
5.
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Appendix B
No.
Parameters
Min
Max
Unit
6.
N.A
Intensity
-90
90
Degree
-45
45
Degree
7.
8.
9.
N.A
Intensity
10.
N.A
Intensity
11.
N.A
Intensity
12.
N.A
Intensity
13.
N.A
Intensity
14.
N.A
Intensity
15.
Coefficient of variation
Unitless
16.
Unitless
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Appendix B
% 4,
at max. C.P.P
% 5,
at max. C.P.P
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Appendix B
Lesson summary
In this lesson, you:
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Appendix B
The PSPOLSYN algorithm creates a synthesized backscatter SAR image for arbitrary
transmit and receive polarizations, from a fully polarimetric SAR (POLSAR) data set.
Creating an image with polarizations that are different from the original ones may
reveal information that is not apparent in the input data set. The input file must
represent a non-symmetrized, or a symmetrized, fully polarimetric (quadpolarization) SAR data set in the scattering (s4c or S3c), covariance (c4r6c or
C3r3c), coherency (t4r6c or T3r3c), or Kennaugh (k16r or K9r) matrix format.
In Figure 73, an urban target, corresponding to a building not aligned with the
radar line of sight, has been selected. This misalignment has created a stronger
backscattering in HV, but the backscattering in HH might be lower than what you
would normally expect for this kind of target.
Target
coordinates
538'08.9''E;
5233'57.8N
HH=0.307
(-5.12dB)
HV=0.193
(-7.14 dB)
VV=0.246
(-6.09 dB)
Nb. pixels = 44
R: HH, G:HV, B:VV
Target in red
(R=HH, G=HV, B=VV)
Description
Ellipticity angle ( ) at the maximum of the
completely polarized component
Orientation angle ( ) at the minimum of
the completely polarized component
PCI Geomatics
Mean ()
Med ()
S-D ()
46.1
44.9
11.8
12.5
10.0
5.9
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Appendix B
Description
Ellipticity angle ( ) at the minimum of the
completely polarized component
Ellipticity angle ( ) at the maximum of the
completely polarized component
Mean ()
Med ()
S-D ()
-57.0
-60.0
18.4
-12.9
-10.0
13.4
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Appendix B
In step 9, specify -57.0 and -12.9 for the Received orientation angle
and Received ellipticity angle boxes, respectively
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Appendix B
T1
T :46.1
T :12.5
R :46.1
R :12.5
Mean = 1.25
(0.96 dB)
T2
T :46.1
T :12.5
R :-57.04
R :-12.95
Mean = 0.12 (9.2dB)
T3
T :-57.0
T :-12.9
R :-57.0
R :-12.9
Mean = 0.22
(-6.57dB)
Figure 74. Synthesized backscatter SAR images for various transmit and receive
polarization configurations
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Appendix B
Lesson summary
In this lesson you:
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Appendix B
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Appendix B
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Appendix B
Details
Red: Target 1,
urban
0.464 (-3.33dB)
Blue: Target 2,
forest
0.054 (-12.7dB)
Figure 76. Synthesized backscatter image maximizing the contrast between the two
targets
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Appendix B
Lesson summary
In this lesson you:
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