Lech Kaczyski

Lech Aleksander Kaczyski (Polish pronunciation: [lx 3 Political activity since 1989

alksandr katski];
18 June 1949 10 April 2010)
was a Polish lawyer and politician who served as the Kaczyski was elected senator in the elections of June
President of Poland from 2005 until 2010 and as Mayor 1989, and became the vice-chairman of the Solidarity
of Warsaw from 2002 until 22 December 2005.
trade union. In the 1991 parliamentary election, he was
Before he became a president, he was also a member of elected to the parliament as a non-party member. He was,
the Law and Justice party. He was the identical twin however, supported by the electoral committee Center
brother of the former Prime Minister of Poland and cur- Civic Alliance, closely related but not identical to the porent Chairman of the Law and Justice party, Jarosaw litical party Centre Agreement (Porozumienie Centrum)
Kaczyski.[2][3] On 10 April 2010, he died in the crash led by his brother. He was also the main adviser and supof a Polish Air Force Tu-154 that occurred on a landing porter of Lech Wasa when the latter was elected President of Poland in December 1990. Wasa nominated
attempt at Smolensk-North airport in Russia.[4][5]
Kaczyski to be the Security Minister in the Presidential
Chancellery but red him in 1992 due to a conict concerning Jan Olszewski's government.

Early life

Kaczyski was the President of the Supreme Chamber

Kaczyski was born in Warsaw, the son of Rajmund (an of Control (Najwysza Izba Kontroli, NIK) from Februengineer who served as a soldier of the Armia Krajowa in ary 1992 to May 1995 and later Minister of Justice and
World War II and a veteran of the Warsaw Uprising),[6] Attorney General in Jerzy Buzek's government from June
and Jadwiga (a philologist at the Polish Academy of Sci- 2000 until his dismissal in July 2001. During this time he
ences).[7] As a child, he starred in a 1962 Polish lm, The was very popular because of his strong stance against corTwo Who Stole the Moon (Polish title O dwch takich, co ruption.
ukradli ksiyc) with his twin brother Jarosaw.
Lech Kaczyski was a graduate of law and administration of Warsaw University. In 1980 he was awarded his
PhD by Gdask University. In 1990 he completed his
habilitation in labour and employment law. He later assumed professorial positions at Gdask University and
Cardinal Stefan Wyszyski University in Warsaw.

3.1 Law and Justice

In 2001 he founded the political party Law and Justice
(Prawo i Sprawiedliwo PiS), usually labelled 'conservative' by media, with his brother Jarosaw. Lech
Kaczyski was the president of the party between 2001
and 2003. His brother Jaroslaw is its current chairman.

Opposition to Communism

3.2 Mayor of Warsaw

In the 1970s Kaczyski was an activist in the prodemocratic anti-Communist movement in Poland, the
Workers Defence Committee, as well as the Independent
Trade Union movement. In August 1980, he became an
adviser to the Inter-Enterprise Strike Committee in the
Gdask Shipyard and the Solidarity movement. After the
communists imposed martial law in December 1981, he
was interned as an anti-socialist element. After his release, he returned to trade union activities, becoming a
member of the underground Solidarity.

3.2.1 Achievements

In 2002, Kaczyski was elected mayor of Warsaw in a

landslide victory. He started his term in oce by declaring a war on corruption. He strongly supported the construction of the Museum of the Warsaw Uprising and
in 2004 appointed a historical panel to estimate material
losses that were inicted upon the city by the Germans in
the Second World War (an estimated 85% of the city was
destroyed in the Warsaw Uprising) as a direct response to
When Solidarity was legalized again in the late 1980s, heightened claims coming from German expellees from
Kaczyski was an active adviser to Lech Wasa and his Poland. The panel estimated the losses to be at least 45.3
Komitet Obywatelski Solidarno in 1988. From Febru- billion euros ($54 billion) in current value. He also supary to April 1989, he participated in the Round Table ported the construction of the museum of Polish Jews in
talks.
Warsaw by donating city land to the project.
1

2
3.2.2

4 PRESIDENCY
Human rights violations

Kaczyski banned the Warsaw gay pride parade (Parada

Rwnoci) twice in 2004 and again in 2005, locally
known as the Parada Rwnoci (the Equality Parade),
stating that the application of the parade organizers had
not been properly led,[8] and also that he did not respect
homosexuals right to demonstrate, I respect your right
to demonstrate as citizens. But not as homosexuals.[8]
Additionally, he feared the parade would promote a homosexual lifestyle and complained that police did not
use enough force in breaking it up by stating Why was
force not used to break up an illegal demonstration?.[8][9]
Kaczyski referred to the organizers of the gay pride parades as perverts.[10] In 2004 his opponents called his
actions unconstitutional and he was repeatedly criticized
by the Mazowieckie Voivodeship administration, which
ocially supervises the Mayor of Warsaw.

that entire, great rush to obtain unjust enrichment, a

rush that is poisoning society, [and preventing the state
from ensuring] elementary social security, health security, basic conditions for the development of the family
[and] the security of commerce and the basic conditions
for economic development.[15]
During his inauguration he stated several goals he would
pursue during his presidency. Among those concerning internal aairs were: increasing social solidarity in
Poland, bringing justice to those who were responsible
for, or were aected by communist crimes in the Peoples
Republic of Poland, ghting corruption, providing security in economy, and safety for development of family.
Kaczyski also stated that he would seek to abolish economic inequalities between various regions of Poland. In
his speech he also emphasized combining modernization
with tradition and remembering the teachings of Pope
John Paul II.

In 2005, Kaczyski allowed a counter-demonstration, the

On 21 December 2008, Kaczyski became the rst PolParade of Normality,[11] organized by the All-Polish
ish head of state to visit a Polish synagogue and to attend
Youth, a Catholic nationalist organization opposed to
religious services held there. His attendance coincided
liberalism, tolerance, and relativism.
with the rst night of Hanukkah.[16]
In 2007, Poland, represented by Kaczyski, was found
Kaczyski memorialized many of Polands national
guilty by the European Court of Human Rights of violatheroes known as cursed soldiers who perished at the
ing the principle of freedom of assembly under Article 11
hands of the Polish secret police, the Soviet NKVD,
of the European Convention on Human Rights.[12][13][14]
the SMERSH, and other repressive organs of communist
rule.

4
4.1

Presidency
Presidential election

Main article: Polish presidential election, 2005

4.3 Presidential pardons

From 20052007, in accordance article 133 of the
Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Kaczyski pardoned 77 people and declined to pardon 550.

On 19 March 2005, he formally declared his intention to

4.4
run for president in the October 2005 election.

Foreign aairs

In the rst round of the elections he polled only 33% of

the vote, taking second place behind Donald Tusk. By
the second round, however, he had gained the support of
Radio Maryja, as well as of two other political parties
besides his own: Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland,
and the Polish Peoples Party.
Elected President of the Republic of Poland (he defeated
the runner-up Donald Tusk by polling 8,257,468 votes,
constituting 54.04 percent of the vote), Kaczyski assumed oce on 23 December 2005, taking an oath before the National Assembly.

4.2

Domestic policy

In his rst public speech as president-elect, Kaczyski

said that his presidency would pursue the task of ameliorating the Republic, a process which he said would consist of purging various pathologies from our life, most
prominently crime (...), particularly criminal corruption

Meeting with his Lithuanian counterpart, Dalia Grybauskait, in

Vilnius at the Presidential Palace, 2010-04-08. This was to be
Kaczyskis last meeting with a fellow head of state.

In foreign aairs, Kaczyski noted that many of Polands

problems were related to the lack of energy security

3
and this issue would have to be resolved to protect Polish interests. Strengthening ties with the United States
while continuing to develop relations within the European
Union are two main goals of Polish foreign aairs, as well
as improving relations with France and Germany despite
several problems in relations with the latter. Aside from
those issues, his immediate goals were to develop tangible strategic partnership with Ukraine and greater cooperation with the Baltic states, Azerbaijan and Georgia.
He was greatly admired in Israel, because he promoted
educating Polish youth about the Holocaust. There was
widespread grief in Israel over his death.[17]

5 Marriage and family

Defense Minister Radosaw Sikorski compared the

planned Russia to Germany gas pipeline to the
Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact and Foreign Minister Anna
Fotyga stated that the pipeline was a threat to Polands
energy security.[18]
In November 2006 in Helsinki, at a European Union
Russia meeting, Poland vetoed the launch of EU-Russia
partnership talks due to a Russian ban on Polish meat and
plant products imports.[19]

Polish President Lech Kaczyski with his wife Maria Kaczyska

Kaczyski married economist Maria Kaczyska in

1978.[23] They had one daughter, Marta KaczyskaDubieniecka, and two granddaughters named Ewa and
Martyna. His brother is Jarosaw Kaczyski, the former
Prime Minister of Poland.[24]

6 Death
Lech Kaczyski and president of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev, 2008.

Main article: 2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash

On 10 April 2010, a Tupolev Tu-154M plane was carry-

As a reaction to claims by a German exile group

Preussische Treuhand, which represents post-1945
German expellees from Eastern Europe, the Polish
Foreign Minister Fotyga mistakenly threatened to reopen
a 1990 Treaty xing the Oder and Neisse rivers as
the border between the two countries instead of the
Neighborhood Treaty signed in the same year.[20][21]
Following the military conict between Russia and Georgia in 2008, Kaczyski provided the website of the President of Poland for dissemination of information for
blocked by the Russian Federation Georgian internet portals.
Lech Kaczyski lies in state in the Presidential Palaces chapel
During a state visit to Serbia in 2009, Kaczyski said that
the Polish government, on the basis of its constitutional ing Lech Kaczyski, his wife Maria Kaczyska, and other
competences, decided to recognize Kosovo and empha- members of a Polish delegation (top public and military
sized that he, as the President of the state, did not agree gures of Polish state) from Warsaw to commemorate the
Katyn massacre. The plane crashed while approaching
with that.[22]

REFERENCES

Saudi Arabia : Collar of King Abdul Aziz (25

June 2007)

Croatia : Knight Grand Cross of the Grand Order of King Tomislav (10 January 2008)

Georgia : St. Georges Order of Victory (23

November 2007)

Ukraine : The First Class of the Order of

Prince Yaroslav the Wise (6 December 2007)

Portugal : Collar of the Order of Prince Henry

(2 September 2008)

Dmitry Medvedev signs a book of condolence at the Polish embassy in Moscow.

Malta : National Order of Merit of the Republic of Malta, First Class (26 January 2009)

Smolensk Air Base in Russia. The governor of Smolensk

Oblast conrmed to Russia 24 news channel that there
were no survivors of the crash.[25] 96 people were killed
in the crash, including many of Polands highest military
and civilian leaders.[26][27]

Slovakia : Grand Cross (or 1st Class) of the

Order of the White Double Cross (21 February
2009)[36]

Czech Republic : Order of the White Lion,

First Class (21 January 2010)

Hungary : Grand Cross of the Order of Merit

of the Republic of Hungary (18 March 2009)

Lithuania : Grand Cross with Golden Chain of

the Order of Vytautas the Great (16 April 2009)

Azerbaijan : Heydar Aliyev Order (Azerbaijan

2 July 2009)

Romania : Grand Cross with Collar of the

Order of the Star of Romania (7 October 2009)

Georgia : Order of National Hero of Georgia

(posthumously, 10 April 2010)[37]

Russian President Dmitry Medvedev ordered a government commission to investigate the crash. Russias Prime
Minister, Vladimir Putin, was placed in charge of the
investigation.[28]

6.1

State funeral

Main article: Death and state funeral of Lech and Maria

Kaczyska
On 11 April 2010, President Kaczyskis body was returned to Poland,[29] where he and his wife lay in state
at the Presidential Palace in Warsaw.[30] The state funeral was held in Krakw on 18 April 2010. After
a Roman Catholic mass at St. Marys Basilica,[31] the
presidential couple were laid to rest in a sarcophagus,
which was placed in the antechamber of the Crypt Under the Tower of Silver Bells beneath the Wawel Cathedral,[32][33][34] A signicant number of foreign dignitaries
were unable to attend the funeral as a result of air travel
disruption in Europe following the eruption of the volcano Eyjafjallajkull in Iceland.[35]

Honorary doctorates from the Tbilisi State University in Georgia (16 April 2007), Hankuk University
of Foreign Language in Seoul (6 December 2008),
Catholic University of Lublin (1 July 2009)
Honorary citizen of Warsaw (15 April 2010)

8 References
7

Honours and awards

Poland : Order of the White Eagle, Grand Master

[1] Polish president killed in plane crash. CNN. 10 April

2010. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
[2] Kaczynski Often a Source of Tension Within E.U. Obituary New York Times, 11 April 2010; page A12.

Poland : Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia

Restituta, Grand Master

[3] Polish leader known as a feisty battler Obituary Los Angeles Times, 11 April 2010; page A13.

Malta : Collar of Order of Merit of Malta (14

May 2007)

[4] Polish President Lech Kaczynski dies in plane crash.

BBC News. 10 April 2010. Retrieved 10 April 2010.

[5] Polish President Lech Kaczynski Killed When Plane

Crashed on Approach To Smolensk Airport in Russia.
Sky News. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
[6] Rajmund Kaczyski h. Pomian: genealogia (Potomkowie Sejmu Wielkiego)" (in Polish). Sejm-wielki.pl.
14 December 2004. Retrieved 11 April 2010.

[27] Poles to pay tribute to lost President Lech Kaczynski.

BBC News. 12 April 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
[28] President of Poland Died ( )".
Vesti.ru. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
[29] President Lech Kaczynskis body returns to Poland.
BBC News. 11 April 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2010.

[7] Jadwiga Jasiewicz h. Rawicz: genealogia (Potomkowie

Sejmu Wielkiego)" (in Polish). Sejm-wielki.pl. Retrieved
11 April 2010.

[30] Polish President, Wife Lie in State. CBS News. 13

April 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2010.

[8]

[31] Kaczynski to rest among Polands kings, heroes. CBC

News. 18 April 2010. Retrieved 18 April 2010.

[9] BBC News: Gay marchers ignore ban in Warsaw. 11

June 2005. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
[10] Two for the price of one, in the shape of Tweedledum and Tweedledee | April 2007 | New Internationalist.
Newint.org. Retrieved 26 May 2010.
[11] Pinknews: Anti-gay Warsaw Mayor, Lech Kaczynski,
wins Polish Presidential election.
[12] Polish gay activists win human rights case. Poland.pl. 4
May 2007. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
[13] ""CASE OF BCZKOWSKI AND OTHERS v.
POLAND, Verdict. Page 31. Retrieved 24 July 2009.
[14] whole text of the judgement (en)". Retrieved 24 July
2009.
[15] Speech of the president-elect on his ocial webpage.
[16] Associated Press. Polish president visits synagogue for
Hanukkah. accessed and written 21 December 2008.

[32] Presidential resting place. Polskie Radio. 16 April

2010. Retrieved 19 April 2010.
[33] Polands President Will Be Buried in State Funeral on
Sunday. Fox News. 13 April 2010. Retrieved 14 April
2010.
[34] State funeral for Polish president Lech Kaczynski and
wife. The Guardian (UK). 13 April 2010. Retrieved 14
April 2010.
[35] Poland holds state funeral for President Lech Kaczynski.
BBC News. 18 April 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2010.
[36] Slovak republic website, State honours : 1st Class in 2009
(click on Holders of the Order of the 1st Class White
Double Cross to see the holders table)
[37] Saakashvili: Kaczynski Played Amazing Role in Fight
for Georgias freedom". Civil Georgia. 10 April 2010.
Retrieved 14 January 2015.

[17]
[18] ENERGY DELIVERIES Gas Diplomacy. The Warsaw Voice. 7 June 2006. Retrieved 16 January 2006.
[19] EU Divided After Polands Veto Hosts Russias Putin at
Summit. MosNews. 24 November 2006. Retrieved 16
January 2006.
[20] Poles Angered by German WWII Compensation
Claims. Der Spiegel. 18 December 2006. Retrieved 16
January 2006.
[21] Furious Poland Threatens to Re-Open German Border
Treaty. Der Spiegel. 19 December 2006. Retrieved 16
January 2006.
[22] Talks Tadic Kacinsky. Glassrbije.org. 14 May 2009.
Retrieved 11 April 2010.
[23] Biography.
April 2010.

Notablebiographies.com.

Retrieved 11

[24] Dempsey, Judy (10 April 2010). Kaczynski often a

source of tension with E.U. The New York Times. Retrieved 26 May 2010.
[25] Polish president feared dead in Russian plane crash.
Reuters. 10 April 2010. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
[26] Senior Polish gures killed in plane crash. BBC News.
11 April 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2010.

9 External links
(Polish)/(English) ocial website of the President of
the Republic of Poland
Full text of the speech that President Lech
Kaczyski would have delivered at Katyn
Full Genealogy
The Death of a President: Countdown To the Crash
of Flight PLF 101 by Leszek Misiak, Grzegorz
Wierzchoowski
Lech Kaczyski at the Internet Movie Database

10

10
10.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Lech Kaczyski Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lech_Kaczy%C5%84ski?oldid=674665625 Contributors: The Anome, Deb, Jtdirl,

Gdarin, Gabbe, 172, Paul Benjamin Austin, Evercat, Chelman, Przepla, WhisperToMe, Kaal, Nv8200pa, LMB, Gutsul, Slawojarek, Dimadick, Aleph4, Naddy, Timrollpickering, Halibutt, Cautious, HaeB, Lysy, Jacoplane, Fennec, Tom harrison, Folks at 137, Ausir, Everyking, Henry Flower, Kpalion, Gugilymugily, Avala, Sesel, Geni, ConradPino, Juntung, Piotrus, Mikko Paananen, Balcer, PolishPoliticians,
Gscshoyru, Demiurge, D6, Jpg, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Leibniz, C12H22O11, Randee15, Jbou, Kwamikagami, Hayabusa future,
Shanes, Myszodorn, Stesmo, Sicherlich, Wisdom89, Vegalabs, Elipongo, Darwinek, Timecop, Nsaa, Erri4a, Ranveig, Pwelleman, PaulHanson, Hektor, Hippopha~enwiki, Goldom, SlimVirgin, Bart133, Max rspct, ProhibitOnions, Ilse@, Lapinmies, Sciurin, Kober, AN(Ger),
Kaiser matias, Souk, Jason L. Gohlke, Gene Nygaard, Ghirlandajo, Tainter, KTC, Panchurret, Richwales, Japanese Searobin, Bastin, Angr,
FeanorStar7, Kosher Fan, Chochopk, Maartenvdbent, Electionworld, Rjwilmsi, Vegaswikian, Mikedelsol, Brighterorange, Ucucha, A Man
In Black, FlaBot, Cjosefy, Q11, Krzysiu, Witkacy, Russavia, Physchim62, Visor, Jared Preston, Jpfagerback, YurikBot, Noclador, Vuvar1, Brandmeister (old), RussBot, Kilowattradio, Splette, Gaius Cornelius, Wimt, Nivik77, NawlinWiki, Edinborgarstefan, Wiki alf,
Joshdboz, Ejdzej, Renata3, Molobo, BOT-Superzerocool, Khalid!, Ejl, Emesik, Eric278, Sandstein, Emijrp, Trilemma, Divide, Esprit15d,
Jogers, Lendu, Arthuc01, Carabinieri, Curpsbot-unicodify, Cromag, Appleseed, New European~enwiki, Mjroots, Elliskev, Prvc, Sycthos,
Harthacnut, Zanoni, Silar, Attilios, SmackBot, Unschool, Skurczysyn, Karkachev, Griot~enwiki, Unyoyega, Jacek Kendysz, Eskimbot, Doc
Strange, Goethe~enwiki, Juliusross~enwiki, Valley2city, Xa!, Marcin.sobczyk, Timbouctou, Dahn, Pietaster, KiloByte, Ksenon, Xx236,
Ajdz, OrphanBot, Zvar, Stevenmitchell, Ianmacm, Decltype, Eran of Arcadia, THD3, Ofrc3, Airwolf, Seba148, Bejnar, Unomano, Ged
UK, Ohconfucius, JLogan, SashatoBot, Checco, Tymek, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, SilverStar, Harryboyles, John, Mathiasrex, Robosh,
Slasher-fun, Slakr, Waggers, Mets501, Ryulong, Eastfrisian, Norm mit, Ft93110, Bartekfm, ES Vic, Kozlorf~enwiki, Swis~enwiki, Chickenmonkey, Atomobot, Andylepper, The Haunted Angel, JForget, Sveter, CmdrObot, Iuio, Asdf01~enwiki, Kowalmistrz~enwiki, Umedard,
inn, Darthbob100, Bocianski, Karenjc, Simeon, Cydebot, Kanags, Slp1, KarolS, Meno25, Gogo Dodo, Vinyanov, DBT, Lugnuts, M.K,
Mirekmarut, Doug Weller, DumbBOT, Usnerd, Abecadlo, Maziotis, Aldis90, 0lorenzo0, Thijs!bot, Biruitorul, Qwyrxian, Warrenagraham,
SeNeKa, Gralo, Bobblehead, SGGH, I don't tell that., Therequiembellishere, Lajsikonik, Natalie Erin, Escarbot, Sidasta, RobotG, Glentamara, Mr. Unknown, Camptown, Grzegorz Dbrowski, Richiez, Pawel z Niepolomic, Bogger, MER-C, JamesGregory, Skruee, Siemowit,
Demon Duck of Doom, Hut 8.5, DePortau, Beaumont, .anacondabot, SiobhanHansa, Reindall, Connormah, VoABot II, Becksguy, Jatkins,
Hekerui, Kukanotas~enwiki, Animum, Grzegorz Wysocki, Alex Spade, AsgardBot, Exiledone, Pawelek, Gun Powder Ma, S3000, STBot,
D.massey, Whiteman, Rettetast, CommonsDelinker, Ignacy nowopolski, AndrzejCC, Plasticup, DarthSmee, NewEnglandYankee, Newtman, Lukedpotter, Shoessss, Walworth, Gtg204y, Poyeb, RVJ, Yakatz, Idioma-bot, Black Kite, VolkovBot, Piersons Puppeteer, Je G.,
Haddiscoe, Af648, Bashy91, JuneGloom07, TXiKiBoT, BuickCenturyDriver, Kww, Sankalpdravid, Predavatel, Pimpek, Abdullais4u,
RiverStyx23, Mimich, Kasnie, Malick78, Happyme22, Yk Yk Yk, Synthebot, Tamer of hope, Karol Ossowski, AlleborgoBot, Swimming swan, PokeYourHeadO, Ponyo, Botev, Romuald Wrblewski, Itzig Goldman, SieBot, Ostap R, Psbsub, Legia King16, Marcinmarzec, Matthew Yeager, Ulysses54, Keilana, Chell Hill, Rabon~enwiki, Arbor to SJ, Monegasque, Yerpo, Darth Kalwejt, Targeman,
Lightmouse, Sliwers, Hobartimus, BenoniBot~enwiki, Presidentman, Duy2032, Denisarona, Explicit, Faithlessthewonderboy, Martarius,
Cziesielki, ClueBot, Foxj, The Thing That Should Not Be, All Hallows Wraith, Icarusgeek, Supertouch, Ron whisky, Jacurek, Mild Bill
Hiccup, WarsawBoy, Nytimes19992000, Niceguyedc, Estevoaei, TarzanASG, RYueli'o, Amnon s, Masterpiece2000, Walterbau, Ktr101,
Alexbot, Jusdafax, Tomeasy, Gtstricky, Muhandes, MacedonianBoy, Kmaster, MickMacNee, Iohannes Animosus, Rechaxx, Architect
JDF, DumZiBoT, Templarion, Eik Corell, Nathan Johnson, Zimin.V.G., Kei Jo, Addbot, Manuel Trujillo Berges, Shorty23sin, AkhtaBot,
Leszek Jaczuk, NjardarBot, Cambalachero, Chzz, Lightbot, Llakais, 1j1z2, Mohsenkazempur, User0529, Jim, Teysz Kamieski, DK4,
Faustbanana, , Luckas-bot, Yobot, II MusLiM HyBRiD II, Stevenford, Reenem, Bbb23, MJM74, AnomieBOT, AdjustShift, Homoatrox, Mikolaj Sobczak, Ulric1313, Flewis, Nolik~enwiki, Hixteilchen, X30x, ArthurBot, Orbmc101, Zariquiegui, Xqbot,
Drilnoth, TracyMcClark, Ukussa, Almabot, TheIntersect, C+C, Hami1804, MerlLinkBot, Miyagawa, Harry Brsen, Hamoooddd, Misortie, Erik9bot, Thehelpfulbot, Cekli829, Hillsbro, Rolandasp, Dan5700, FrescoBot, LucienBOT, Misiekuk, Masterknighted, Robert Warren,
KEdE52, VOBO, DrilBot, Winterst, Fat&Happy, Rownosci, TongueTyper, Aardvarkzz, Graoe, Samuel Salzman, Kgrad, Chris5858, TobeBot, Wotnow, Atomicarrow, Slijk, Podagrycznik, RjwilmsiBot, Lilly granger, Beyond My Ken, Lamignat, EmausBot, Reader85, China
Dialogue News, Ismukhammed, Dominus Vobisdu, NotAnonymous0, Jim Michael, Tommy2010, Ashot Arzumanyan, Sultan-232, Attafei,
Number10a, Mark.skora, Umumu, Dougcweho, Illegitimate Barrister, Vibrating-goats, Movieguruman, Imperial Monarch, Lady mary98,
Apachhesnowmen, Rocalisi, Small Boss, Wojgniew, KarlHeintz, CrimsonBot, DraxXx, SporkBot, Djallal~enwiki, L Kensington, Captain
Assassin!, Atwardow, Gwen-chan, ClueBot NG, Baseball Watcher, Deathsblood, W.J.M., DarthDave, Asalrifai, Doro1984, StellaKing,
BG19bot, Vkreso, Limakewicz, Base, Azerbek, Mayast, 220 of Borg, BattyBot, Tomh903, Solntsa90, Vanished user lt94ma34le12, DemirBajraktarevic, EuroCarGT, Pultusk, Charles Essie, VIAFbot, ArmbrustBot, Kbabej, Park narodowy, , K9re11, ,
Hubert.miga, Peter238, DannyJobss, KasparBot and Anonymous: 415

10.2

Images

File:Coffin_of_Lech_Kaczyski_in_the_Presidential_Palace{}s_chapel.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/b/bf/Coffin_of_Lech_Kaczy%C5%84ski_in_the_Presidential_Palace%27s_chapel.jpg License: GFDL 1.2 Contributors:
Polish Presidents website (prezydent.pl) Original artist: Chancellery of the President of the Republic of Poland
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Dalia_Grybauskait_and_Lech_Kaczyski_2010-04-08_(2).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/
7e/Dalia_Grybauskait%C4%97_and_Lech_Kaczy%C5%84ski_2010-04-08_%282%29.jpg License: GFDL 1.2 Contributors: [1] Original artist: President chancellery
File:Dmitry_Medvedev_2_-_2010_Polish_Air_Force_Tu-154_crash.ogv Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
d/d1/Dmitry_Medvedev_2_-_2010_Polish_Air_Force_Tu-154_crash.ogv License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: http://kremlin.ru/video/375
Original artist: Press Service of the President of Russia
File:Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: http://www.elibrary.az/docs/remz/pdf/remz_bayraq.pdf and http://www.meclis.gov.az/?/az/topcontent/21 Original
artist: SKopp and others

10.2

Images

File:Flag_of_Croatia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg License: Public domain

Contributors: http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=4317 Original artist: Nightstallion, Elephantus, Neoneo13, Denelson83, Rainman,
R-41, Minestrone, Lupo, Zscout370,
<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:MaGa' title='User:MaGa'>Ma</a><a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:
Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png' class='image'><img alt='Croatian squares Ljubicic.png' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/7/7f/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png/15px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png' width='15' height='15' srcset='https:
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png/23px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png
1.5x,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png/30px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png
2x' data-le-width='202' data-le-height='202' /></a><a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MaGa' title='User
talk:MaGa'>Ga</a> (based on Decision of the Parliament)
File:Flag_of_Georgia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work based on File:Brdzanebuleba 31.pdf Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Hungary.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
Flags of the World Hungary Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Lithuania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: SuKopp
File:Flag_of_Malta.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Poland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://jorgesampaio.arquivo.presidencia.pt/pt/republica/simbolos/bandeiras/index.html#imgs Original artist: Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro (1910; generic design); Vtor Lus Rodrigues; Antnio Martins-Tuvlkin (2004; this specic vector set: see sources)
File:Flag_of_Romania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: AdiJapan
File:Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg License:
CC0 Contributors: the actual ag Original artist: Unknown
File:Flag_of_Slovakia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work; here, colors Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: 4512:2006 - .
SVG: 2010
Original artist:
File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.
svg License: Public domain Contributors:
-x-'s le
-x-'s code
Zirlands codes of colors
Original artist:
(of code): SVG version by cs:-x-.
File:Herb_Polski.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg License: Public domain Contributors: From Polish Wikipedia. Originally uploaded at pl:Grafika:Godo Polski.svg Original artist: pl:User:Follow by white rabbit
File:Lech_Kaczynski_Ilham_Alijew_(07).jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Lech_Kaczynski_
Ilham_Alijew_%2807%29.jpg License: GFDL 1.2 Contributors: www.prezydent.pl Original artist: Archiwum Kancelarii Prezydenta RP
File:Lech_Kaczyski_Signature.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Lech_Kaczy%C5%84ski_
Signature.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Traced in Adobe Illustrator from http://www.leadersautographs.com/images/
Lech-Aleksander-Kaczynski.jpg Original artist: Lech Kaczyski
File:POL_Warszawa_COA.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/POL_Warszawa_COA.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Own work (copy of ocial COA) Original artist: Original COA: Uknown, (svg copy) Poznaniak
File:P_vip.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/69/P_vip.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Para_Prezydencka_RP.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Para_Prezydencka_RP.JPG License:
GFDL 1.2 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Proporzec_Prezydenta_Rzeczypospolitej_Polskiej.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/
Proporzec_Prezydenta_Rzeczypospolitej_Polskiej.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Poznaniak, godo:
Image:Herb Polski.svg
File:Speaker_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg License:
CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:
Wiki_letter_w.svg Original artist: Wiki_letter_w.svg: Jarkko Piiroinen

10

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Wikinews-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0

Contributors: This is a cropped version of Image:Wikinews-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Simon 01:05, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Updated by Time3000 17 April 2007 to use ocial Wikinews colours and appear correctly on dark backgrounds. Originally uploaded by
Simon.
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

10.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0