Military of the European Union

This article is about the totality of military cooperation

between member states of the European Union, as well
as national capabilities. For a more narrow presentation
of the present structure of cooperation within the legal
framework of the union, see Common Security and
Defence Policy.

by EU commission president Jean-Claude Juncker and by

other European leaders and policy makers like the head of
the German parliaments foreign policy committee Norbert Rttgen, saying an EU army was a European vision
whose time has come.[6][7]

The military of the European Union comprises the var- 1 History

ious cooperative structures that have been established between the armed forces of the member states, both in- Further information: Military history of Europe
tergovernmentally and within the institutional framework
of the union; the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) branch of the Common Foreign and Security Following the end of World War II and the defeat of the
Axis Powers, the Dunkirk Treaty was signed by France
Policy (CFSP).
and the United Kingdom on 4 March 1947 as a Treaty of
The policy area of defence is principally the domain of Alliance and Mutual Assistance against a possible German
nation states, and the main military alliance in Europe attack in the aftermath of World War II. The Dunkirk
remains the intergovernmental North Atlantic Treaty Or- Treaty entered into force on 8 September 1947. The 1948
ganisation (NATO), which includes 22 of the EU mem- Treaty of Brussels established the military Western Union
ber states together with four non-EU European coun- Defence Organisation with an allied European command
tries, Albania, Iceland, Turkey and Norway, as well as structure under Field Marshal Montgomery. Western Euthe United States and Canada. The development of the ropean powers, except for Ireland, Sweden, Finland and
CSDP with regard to the existing role of NATO is a con- Austria, signed the North Atlantic Treaty alongside the
tentious issue. The military form of European integration United States and Canada which only created a passive
has however intensied in the beginning of the 21st cen- defence association until 1951 when, during the Korean
tury, bringing about the deployment of numerous CSDP War, the existing and fully functioning Western Union
operations and the establishment of EU battlegroups. The Defence Organisation was augmented to form the North
latter have however never been engaged in operations, and Atlantic Treaty Organisation, NATO.
other, recent examples of military integration, such as
the European corps, gendarmerie force and air transport
command, are intergovernmental, and outside the insti- 1.1 Western European Union
tutional framework of the union.
Further information: Western European Union

Article 42 of the Treaty on European Union provides

for substantial military integration within the institutional
framework of the union.[2] Complete integration is an option that requires unanimity in the European Council of
heads of state or government. For now it remains politically gridlocked considering the critical stance of the
United Kingdom in particular.

In the early 1950s, France, Germany, Italy and the

Benelux countries made an attempt to integrate the militaries of mainland western Europe, through the treaty
establishing the European Defence Community (EDC).
This scheme did however not enter into force, as it failed
to obtain approval for ratication in the French National
Assembly, where Gaullists feared for national sovereignty
and Communists opposed a European military consolidation that could rival the Soviet Union. The failure to establish the EDC resulted in the 1954 amendment of the
Treaty of Brussels at the London and Paris Conferences
which in replacement of EDC established the political
Western European Union (WEU) out of the earlier established military Western Union Defence Organisation
and included West Germany and Italy in both WEU and
NATO as the conference ended the occupation of West

Article 42 does also provide for a permanent structured

cooperation between the armed forces of a subset of
member states. As of 2015 this option has not been used,
despite calls by prominent leaders such as former French
President Nicolas Sarkozy, German Chancellor Angela
Merkel, former Italian Foreign Minister Franco Frattini
and former Belgian Prime Minister Guy Verhofstadt for
a common defence for the Union.[3][4][5] However the debate has intensied by the stando between the EU and
Russia over Ukraine. With new calls for an EU military

HISTORY

Germany and the defence aims had shifted from Germany The EU currently has a limited mandate over defence isto the Soviet Union.
sues, with a role to explore the issue of European defence
agreed to in the Amsterdam Treaty, as well as oversight of
the Helsinki Headline Goal Force Catalogue (the 'Euro1.2 Common Security and Defence Policy pean Rapid Reaction Force') processes. However, some
EU states may and do make multilateral agreements about
Further information: Common Security and Defence defence issues outside of the EU structures.
Policy
Out of the 28 EU member states, 22 are also members

1.3 Initiative of the four

The European Defence Initiative is a proposal for
enhanced European Union defence cooperation presented by France, Germany, Belgium and Luxembourg in
Brussels on 29 April 2003. It was based on the reinforced
cooperation principle and aimed for better reactivity under the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP).

Map showing European membership of the EU and NATO

EU member only
NATO member only
Member of both

of NATO. Another 3 NATO members are EU Applicants and 1 is solely a member of the European Economic
Area. In 1996, the Western European Union (WEU) was
tasked by NATO to implement a European Security and
Defence Identity within NATO, which later was passed
over to the EU Common Security and Defence Policy as
all Western European Union functions were transferred
to the European Union through the Lisbon Treaty. The
memberships of the EU and NATO are distinct, and some
EU member states are traditionally neutral on defence issues. Several of the new EU member states were formerly
members of the Warsaw Pact. The Berlin Plus agreement
is a comprehensive package of agreements made between
NATO and the EU in 2002; it allows the EU to draw on
some of NATOs assets in its own peacekeeping operations, subject to a right of rst refusal in that NATO
must rst decline to intervene in a given crisis.
Following the Kosovo War in 1999, the European Council agreed that the Union must have the capacity for autonomous action, backed by credible military forces, the
means to decide to use them, and the readiness to do so, in
order to respond to international crises without prejudice
to actions by NATO. To that end, a number of eorts
were made to increase the EUs military capability, notably the Helsinki Headline Goal process. After much
discussion, the most concrete result was the EU Battlegroups initiative, each of which is planned to be able to
deploy quickly about 1500 personnel.[8]

Some critics felt that this intra-European process would

be a source of tension in the transatlantic arena with
NATO and some felt that this was a duplication of existing means with the call for a distinct European headquarters. There were also some concerns about a multi-speed
Europe. Britain was initially opposed to the concept but
subsequently modied its position in favour.[9]
It is sometimes referred to as the Initiative of the Four.

1.4 SAFE
On 20 February 2009 the European Parliament voted in
favour of the creation of Synchronised Armed Forces
Europe (SAFE) as a rst step towards a true European
military force. SAFE will be directed by an EU directorate, with its own training standards and operational
doctrine. There are also plans to create an EU Council of Defence Ministers and a European statute for
soldiers within the framework of Safe governing training standards, operational doctrine and freedom of operational action.[10] EU forces have been deployed on
peacekeeping missions from middle and northern Africa
to Western Balkans and western Asia.[11] EU military operations are supported by a number of bodies, including
the European Defence Agency, European Union Satellite Centre and the European Union Military Sta.[12]
In an EU consisting of 28 members, substantial security
and defence co-operation is increasingly relying on great
power co-operation.[13]
The entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon triggered
member states of the Western European Union (WEU)
to scrap the organisation, which had largely become dormant, but they have kept the mutual defence clause of the
Treaty of Brussels as the basis for the EU mutual defence
arrangement.

2.2

Defence Agency

Common Security and Defence 2.2 Defence Agency

Policy
Main article: European Defence Agency

Main article: Common Security and Defence Policy

The European Defence Agency (EDA) is an agency of
The defence arrangements which have been established
the union based in Brussels. Set up on 12 July 2004, it
is a Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) body
reporting to the Council of the European Union. Its primary role is to foster European defence cooperation.

2.3 Military Committee and Sta

Main articles: European Union Military Committee and
European Union Military Sta

Federica Mogherini is the current High Representative of the

union.

Coats of arms of the Military Committee (left) and Sta

The European Union Military Sta (EUMS) is the body

under the EU institutions are part of the Common Se- of the European External Action Service (EEAS) led
curity and Defence Policy (CSDP), a branch of the by a Director General a General Ocer, Admiral, or
Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). It should Air Ocer of three-star level that supervises operations
be noted that Denmark has an opt-out from the CSDP.[1] carried out by the union. The EUMS is overseen by
the European Union Military Committee (EUMC). The
EUMC is chaired by a General Ocer, Admiral, or Air
Ocer of four-star level.

2.1

Security strategy

Main article: European Security Strategy

The European Security Strategy is the document in which
the European Union claries its security strategy which
is aimed at achieving a secure Europe in a better world,
identifying the threats facing the Union, dening its
strategic objectives and setting out the political implications for Europe.[14] The European security strategy was
for the rst time drawn up in 2003 under the authority
of the EUs High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy, Javier Solana, and adopted by
the Brussels European Council of 12 and 13 December
2003.

2.4 Institute for Security Studies

Main article: European Union Institute for Security
Studies
The European Union Institute for Security Studies
(EUISS) is a Paris-based agency of the European Union.
The EUISS evolved from Western European Union Institute for Security Studies following a gradual transfer of
powers from the Western European Union (WEU) to the
EU. It now operates under the Unions Common Foreign
and Security Policy (CFSP).
The EUISS is an autonomous agency with full intellectual

2 COMMON SECURITY AND DEFENCE POLICY

freedom. As a think tank it researches security issues of

relevance for the EU and provides a forum for debate. In
its capacity as an EU agency, it also oers analyses and
forecasting to the High Representative for Foreign Aairs
and Security Policy, Catherine Ashton.

2.5

Battle groups

Main article: EU Battlegroup

The battle groups adhere to the CSDP, and are based on

Coat of arms of the college

Personnel from the Nordic Battle Group at an exercise in 2010

2.7 Helsinki Headline Goal

Main article: Helsinki Headline Goal

contributions from a coalition of member states. Each

of the eighteen Battlegroups consists of a battalion-sized
force (1,500 troops) reinforced with combat support
elements.[15][16] The groups rotate actively, so that two are
ready for deployment at all times. The forces are under
the direct control of the Council of the European Union.
The Battlegroups reached full operational capacity on 1
January 2007, although, as of January 2013 they are yet
to see any military action.[17] They are based on existing ad hoc missions that the European Union (EU) has
undertaken and has been described by some as a new
"standing army" for Europe.[16] The troops and equipment are drawn from the EU member states under a lead
nation. In 2004, United Nations Secretary-General Ko
Annan welcomed the plans and emphasised the value and
importance of the Battlegroups in helping the UN deal
with troublespots.[18]

The Helsinki Headline Goal Catalogue is a listing of rapid

reaction forces composed of 60,000 troops managed by
the European Union, but under control of the countries
who deliver troops for it.

2.8 Development that is provided for

2.8.1 Complete integration
The Treaty of Lisbon introduced the following in the
founding treaties of the union:
2.8.2 Permanent structured co-operation

Main article: Enhanced co-operation Permanent Structured Cooperation in Defence

The Treaty of Lisbon added the possibility for those
2.6 Security and Defence College
members whose military capabilities fulll higher criteria
and which have made more binding commitments to one
Main article: European Security and Defence College
The European Security and Defence College (ESDC) is another in this area with a view to the most demanding
cooperation
a virtual institution for strategic level training within the missions shall establish permanent structured
[22]
within
the
EU
framework
(PSCD).
area of Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP).
ESDC was created in 2005 by a decision of the Council Those states shall notify their intention to the Council and
of the European Union,[19] and takes the form of a to the High Representative. The Council then adopts,
network of various national institutions of the European by qualied majority a decision establishing permanent
Union member states, such as defence colleges, and the structured cooperation and determining the list of parEuropean Union Institute for Security Studies.[20]
ticipating Member States. Any other member state, that

5
As of October 2010 there is no announcement for PSCD
establishment.

3 Intergovernmental cooperation

In 2009 the Treaty of Lisbon (signing depicted) entered into

force, enabling permanent structured cooperation in defence between a subset of willing member states. As of 2015 this option
remains unused.

fullls the criteria and wishes to participate, can join the

PSCD following the same procedure, but in the voting for
the decision will participate only the states already part
of the PSCD. If a participating state no longer fullls the
criteria a decision suspending its participation is taken by
the same procedure as for accepting new participants, but
excluding the concerned state from the voting procedure.
If a participating state wishes to withdraw from PSCD it
just noties the Council to remove it from the list of participants. All other decisions and recommendations of
the Council concerning PSCD issues unrelated to the list
of participants are taken by unanimity of the participating
states.[22]

This section presents an incomplete list of forces and

bodies established intergovernmentally outside the legal
framework of the union amongst a subset of member
states. The military forces that have been established
are typically dedicated in priority to the European Union
(EU), but may also be deployed either in a NATO environment, acting as part of the European branch of NATO,
acting upon the mandate of the participating countries,
or acting upon the mandate of other international organizations, such as United Nations, the Organization for
Security and Co-operation in Europe, or any other international entity.

3.1 Terrestrial
3.1.1 Finabel
Main article: Finabel

Finabel is an organisation that promotes cooperation and

interoperability between the armies of its participating
nations.[23] Founded in 1953, Finabel has a small permanent secretariat, and is controlled by the army chiefs of
sta of its participating nations. The organisation mainThe criteria established in the PSCD Protocol are the tains working groups that publish studies relating to stanfollowing:[22]
dardisation of equipment, procedures, testing methods
and glossaries.
co-operate and harmonise requirements and pool resources in the elds related to defence equipment ac3.1.2 Eurocorps
quisition, research, funding and utilisation, notably
the programs and initiatives of the European De- Main article: Eurocorps
fence Agency (e.g. Code of Conduct on Defence The European Corps, often shortened as Eurocorps,
Procurement)
capacity to supply, either at national level or as a
component of multinational force groups, targeted
combat units for the missions planned, structured
at a tactical level as a battle group, with support
elements including transport (airlift, sealift) and
logistics, within a period of ve to 30 days, in particular in response to requests from the United Nations
Organization, and which can be sustained for an initial period of 30 days and be extended up to at least
120 days.
capable of carrying out in the above timeframes the
tasks of joint disarmament operations, humanitarian
and rescue tasks, military advice and assistance
tasks, conict prevention and peace-keeping tasks,
tasks of combat forces in crisis management, including peace-making and post-conict stabilisation[22]

Personnel of the European Corps in Strasbourg, France, during

a change of command ceremony in 2013.

is an army corps of approximately 1,000 soldiers stationed in Strasbourg, France. Based in the French city

INTERGOVERNMENTAL COOPERATION

of Strasbourg, the corps had its headquarters established

in May 1992, activated in October 1993 and declared operational in 1995. The nucleus of the force is the FrancoGerman Brigade, established in 1987.[24]
3.1.3

I. German/Dutch Corps

Main article: I. German/Dutch Corps

I. German/Dutch Corps is a multinational formation

Coat of arms of the corps

Forces Schleswig-Holstein and Jutland (LANDJUT) (in

its turn, a part of Allied Forces Northern Europe). From
1962 LANDJUT had been responsible for the defence of
the Baltic Approaches from a headquarters at Rendsburg,
Germany. It comprised the 6th Panzergrenadier Division
and the Danish Jutland Division.
3.1.5 Gendarmerie Force
Coat of arms of the corps

Main article: European Gendarmerie Force

consisting of units from the Dutch and German armies.
The corps headquarters also takes part in NATO Response Force readiness rotations. The Corps headquarters are situated in Mnster (Westphalia), formerly the
headquarters of the German Armys I. Corps out of
which 1 German/Netherlands Corps evolved. The corps
has national and multinational operational responsibilities, and its commanding ocer is the only one in Europe to have OPCON in peacetime.[25] Due to its role
as a NATO High Readiness Forces Headquarters, soldiers from other NATO member states, the United States,
Denmark, Norway, Spain, Italy, the United Kingdom
amongst others, are also stationed at Mnster.

The European Gendarmerie Force (EUROGENDFOR

or EGF) is an intervention force with militarised police functions and specialisation in crisis management,
designed after the French Gendarmerie, the Spanish
Guardia Civil, and the Italian Carabinieri and its Multinational Specialized Units (M.S.U.).[26][27] The force was
created in 2006, and had its status enshrined in the Treaty
of Velsen, signed 18 October 2007.[28]

3.2 Aerial
3.2.1 Air Group

3.1.4

Multinational Corps Northeast

Main article: Multinational Corps Northeast

The Multinational Corps Northeast was formed on 18
September 1999 at Szczecin, Poland, which became
its headquarters. It evolved from what was for many
years the only multinational corps in NATO, Allied Land

Main article: European Air Group

The European Air Group (EAG) an organisation that promotes cooperation and interoperability between the air
forces of its participating nations. It was established in
1995 to promote collaboration between the British and

3.4

Multi-component

French air forces in the rst Gulf War and the subsequent Netherlands that aims to coordinate and optimize the
Balkans operations.
use of airlift, sealift and land movement assets owned or
leased by its participating nations. Established on 1 July
2007 when the earlier European Airlift Centre (EAC)
3.2.2 Air Transport Command
and the Sealift Co-ordination Centre (SCC) merged, the
MCCE was a response to the shortage of aerial and naval
Main article: European Air Transport Command
strategic lift capabilities reported by the EU and NATO
The European Air Transport Command (EATC) is the in 1999. The centre is presently staed by 30 military
and civilians personnel from its participating nations. In
addition to its EU members, the United States and Turkey
participate in the MCCE.
3.4.2 Organisation for Joint Armament Cooperation
Main article: Organisation for Joint Armament Cooperation
The Organisation for Joint Armament Cooperation
The seat of the command, which is under construction and will
be inaugurated in 2016[29]

command centre that exercises the operational control

of the majority of the aerial refueling capabilities and
military transport eets of its participating nations. Located at Eindhoven Airbase in the Netherlands, the command also bears a limited responsibility for exercises, aircrew training and the harmonisation of relevant national
air transport regulations.[30][31]
The command was established in 2010 with a view to provide a more ecient management of the participating nations assets and resources in this eld.

3.3
3.3.1

Naval
Maritime Force

The national acquisitions of the A400M transport aircraft (depicted in 2010) were made jointly made through OCCAR.

(shortened OCCAR; the French acronym) is an organisation that facilitates and manages collaborative armament
programmes through their lifecycle between its particiThe European Maritime Force (Euromarfor or EMF) is pating nations.
a non-standing,[32] military force[33] that may carry out
naval, air and amphibious operations, with an activation
time of 5 days after an order is received.[34] The force 3.4.3 Combined Joint Expeditionary Force
was formed in 1995 to fulll missions dened in the
Petersberg Declaration, such as sea control, humanitarian Main article: Combined Joint Expeditionary Force
missions, peacekeeping operations, crisis response oper- The Combined Joint Expeditionary Force (CJEF) is a
Franco-British military force. It draws upon both the
ations, and peace enforcement.
British Armed Forces and the French Armed Forces to
eld a deployable force with land, air and maritime components together with command and control and support3.4 Multi-component
ing logistics. It is distinct from the similarly named UK
Joint Expeditionary Force.
3.4.1 Movement Coordination Centre
Main article: European Maritime Force

The Combined Joint Expeditionary Force (or CJEF) is

envisaged as a deployable, combined Franco-British military force for use in a wide range of crisis scenarios, up
Movement Coordination Centre Europe (MCCE) is to and including high intensity combat operations. As a
an organisation located at Eindhoven Airport in the joint force it involves all three armed Services: a land
Main article: Movement Coordination Centre Europe

4 NATIONAL MILITARIES

French president Nicolas Sarkozy and British prime minister

David Cameron signing the Lancaster House Treaties in 2010,
establishing the Franco-British Expeditionary Force

and joint procurement of equipment. The European

Unions combined active military forces in 2011 totaled
1,551,038 personnel. According to the European Defence Agency, the European Union had an average of
53,744 land force personnel deployed around the world
(or 3.5% of the total military personnel). In a major operation the EU could readily deploy up-to 425,824 land
force personnel and sustain 110,814 of those during an
enduring operation.[35] In comparison, the US had on average 177,700 troops deployed in 2011. This represents
12.5% of US military personnel.[35]
In a speech in 2012, Swedish General Hkan Syrn criticised the spending levels of European Union countries,
saying that in the future those countries military capability will decrease, creating critical shortfalls.[36]

component composed of formations at national brigade

level, maritime and air components with their associated Guide to table:
Headquarters, together with logistics and support func All gure entries in the table below are provided by
tions.
the European Defence Agency for the year 2012.
The CJEF is not conceived as a standing force but rather
Figures from other sources are not included.
as available at notice for UK-French bilateral, NATO,
European Union, United Nations or other operations.
The operations & maintenance expenditure catCombined air and land exercises commenced during
egory may in some circumstances also include 2011 with a view towards developing a full capability.
nances on-top of the nations defence budget.
The CJEF is also seen as a potential stimulus towards
The categories troops prepared for deployed opergreater interoperability and coherence in military docations and troops prepared for deployed and sustrine, training and equipment requirements.
tained operation only include land force personnel.

3.5

Membership

4.2 Naval forces

National militaries

Six EU states host nuclear weapons: France and the

United Kingdom each have their own nuclear programs,
while Belgium, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands host
US nuclear weapons as part of NATOs nuclear sharing
policy. Combined, the EU possesses 525 warheads, and
hosts between 90 and 130 US warheads. The EU has the
third largest arsenal of nuclear weapons, after the United
States and Russia.

4.1

Expenditure and personnel

Further information:
expenditures

List of countries by military Charles de Gaulle aircraft carrier is the largest commissioned

The following table presents the military expenditures

of the members of the European Union in euros ().
The combined military expenditure of the member states
amounts to just over is 192.5 billion.[1] This represents 1.55% of European Union GDP and is second only
to the 503 billion military expenditure of the United
States. The US gure represents 4.66% of United States
GDP.[35] European military expenditure includes spending on joint projects such as the Euroghter Typhoon

warship in the European Union.

The combined component strength of the naval forces of

member states is some 563 commissioned warships. Of
those in service, 3 are eet carriers, the largest of which is
the 42,000 tonne Charles de Gaulle. However two 70,600
tonne Queen Elizabeth-class carriers are projected to enter service in the Royal Navy starting 2017. The EU also
has 5 amphibious assault ships and 13 amphibious support ships in service. Of the EUs 58 submarines, 21
are nuclear-powered submarines (11 UK and 10 French)

4.4

Air forces

while 37 are conventional attack submarines. Many European Navies do not classify destroyer sized vessels as
destroyers, and instead classify them as frigates regardless of size and role. This would explain the relatively
large dierence between the number of destroyers and
frigates in service.
Operation Atalanta (formally European Union Naval
Force Somalia) is the rst ever (and still ongoing) naval
operation of the European Union. It is part of a larger
global action by the EU in the Horn of Africa to deal with
the Somali crisis. As of January 2011 twenty-three EU
nations participate in the operation.
Britain and France have blue-water navies while Italy,
Spain and the Netherlands have green-water navies.
Guide to table:
Ceremonial vessels, research vessels, supply vessels,
training vessels, and icebreakers are not included.
The table only counts warships that are commissioned (or equivalent) and active.
Surface vessels displacing less than 200 tonnes are
not included, regardless of other characteristics.
The amphibious support ship category includes
amphibious transport docks and dock landing ships.
The anti-mine ship category
minesweepers and minehunters.

includes

Generally, total tonnage of ships is more important

than total number of ships, as it gives a better indication of capability.

4.3

Land forces

The Leopard 2 main battle tank

The table is not exhaustive and primarily includes

vehicles and EU-NATO member countries under
the Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty
(CFE treaty). Unless otherwise specied.
The CFE treaty only includes vehicles stationed
within Europe, vehicles overseas on operations are
not counted.
The main battle tank category also includes tank
destroyers (such as the Italian B1 Centauro) or any
self-propelled armoured ghting vehicle, capable of
heavy repower. According to the CFE treaty.
The armoured ghting vehicle category includes
any armoured vehicle primarily designed to transport infantry and equipped with an automatic cannon of at least 20 mm calibre. According to the CFE
treaty.
The artillery category includes self-propelled or
towed howitzers and mortars of 100 mm calibre and
above. Other types of artillery are not included regardless of characteristics. According to the CFE
treaty.
The attack helicopter category includes any rotary wing aircraft armed and equipped to engage targets or equipped to perform other military functions
(such as the Apache or the Wildcat). According to
the CFE treaty.
The military logistics vehicle category includes
logistics trucks of 4-tonne, 8-tonne, 14-tonne or
larger, purposely designed for military tasking. Not
under CFE treaty.

4.4 Air forces

A Euroghter Typhoon of the Royal Air Force

The air forces of EU member states operate a wide range

Combined, the member states of the European Union of military systems and hardware. This is primarily due
maintain large numbers of various land-based military to the independent requirements of each member state
vehicles and weaponry.
and also the national defence industries of some member
Guide to table:
states. However such programmes like the Euroghter

10

Typhoon and Eurocopter Tiger have seen many European

nations design, build and operate a single weapons platform. 60% of overall combat eet was developed and
manufactured by member states, 32% are US-origin, but
some of these were assembled in Europe, while remaining 8% are soviet-made aircraft. As of 2014, it is estimated that the European Union had around 2,000 serviceable combat aircraft (ghter aircraft and ground-attack
aircraft).[57]
The EUs air-lift capabilities are evolving with the future
introduction of the Airbus A400M (another example of
EU defence cooperation). The A400M is a tactical airlifter with strategic capabilities.[58] Around 140 are initially expected to be operated by 6 member states (UK,
Luxembourg, France, Germany, Spain and Belgium).
Guide to tables:
The tables are sourced from gures provided by
Flight International for the year 2014.
Aircraft are grouped into three main types (indicated by colors): red for combat aircraft, green for
aerial refueling aircraft, and grey for strategic and
tactical transport aircraft.
The two other columns include additional aircraft
according to their type sorted by colour (i.e. the
other category in red includes combat aircraft,
while the other category in grey includes both
aerial refueling and transport aircraft). This was
done because it was not feasible allocate every aircraft type its own column.
Other aircraft such as trainers, helicopters, UAVs
and reconnaissance or surveillance aircraft are not
included in the below tables or gures.

REFERENCES

7 References
[1] Defence Data Portal, Ocial 2012 defence statistics from
the European Defence Agency
[2] Article 42, Treaty on European Union
[3] Italys Foreign Minister says post-Lisbon EU needs a European Army, The Times. 2009-11-15
[4] Merkels European Army: More Than a Paper Tiger? by
Peter C. Glover, World Politics Review, 2007-04-25.
[5] EU military at Bastille Day celebration. Irishtimes.com (7
July 2007). Retrieved on 2011-12-17.
[6] Jean-Claude Juncker calls for EU army , The Guardian.
2015-03-08
[7] , Euractiv. 2015-03-09
[8] Council of the European Union (July 2009). EU BATTLEGROUPS (PDF). Europa web portal. Retrieved 3
June 2013.
[9] Sarkozys bold European defence initiative
[10] Watereld, Bruno (18 February 2009). Blueprint for EU
army to be agreed. The Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 2010-05-12.
[11] Council of the European Union (April 2003). Overview
of the missions and operations of the European Union.
Europa web portal. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
[12] Council of the European Union. CSDP structures and
instruments. Europa web portal. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
[13] The Russo-Georgian War and Beyond: towards a European Great Power Concert, Danish Institute of International Studies". Diis.dk. Retrieved 27 April 2010.

Fighter and ground-attack

[14] European security strategy, SCADPLUS, September 4,

2006

Aerial refueling and transport

[15] http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/
Battlegroups.pdf

See also
Common Security and Defence Policy
European Security Strategy
Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe
NATO
NORDEFCO

[16] New force behind EU foreign policy BBC News 15

March 2007

[17] http://www.economist.com/news/europe/
21569718-europeans-ability-deploy-force-abroad-falling-mali-shows-it-still
Charlemagne: Europe in a foreign eld
[18] Value of EU 'Battlegroup' plan stressed by Annan forumoneurope.ie 15 October 2004
[19] Luxembourg Presidency Press Release June 26, 2005:
The European Security and Defence College has been established
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[21] Treaty of Lisbon. EU.

[22] Article 42(6), Article 43(1), Article 46, Protocol 10 of the
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11

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inventories.

12

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14

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