HIST 1003 Test 2

113 terms by theeviltree

Cardinal Mazarin

ruled until 1661 over Louis XIV even though Louis XIV
was technically king at the time. Upon his death, Louis
XIV declares "I am my own first minister" to proclaim
himself absolute ruler.

The Fronde

Louis XIV was not ruler during the Fronde, but it still
made a large impact on him. At one point a mob
passed through his bedroom to make sure the king
was still in Paris and Louis XIV never forgot the
experience.

Kings must preserve order and control those who

cause disorder

Louis XIV realizes to prevent the event during the

Fronde from ever happening again, he must make
certain his role as absolute leader and also keep the
high nobles nearby and in check.

People (and states) respect kings with power

Louis XIV learns from the Fronde that he must have an

air of superiority about him to keep threats from both
outside states and domestic uprisings in check.

Contract system (colonels)

up to this point, king didn't raise an army, he paid a

colonel to raise 1,000 men. So they'd get 500 good
soldiers, then hundreds of weak, injured, mentally
deranged people. Also bred dissent and disobedience
from different houses within the system. Louis XIV
replaces this system with a clearly defined military
ranking system.

Uniforms

Without uniforms, desertion was common. Blue

became the uniform color for the French army. By
1700, all major powers in Europe wore color uniforms,
taking after Louis XIV.

Recruiting standards

Minimum height, weight, and strength. King's men in

charge of recruiting

Training

Louis XIV set up constant training and drills for army.

Discipline

They'll live in barracks and will act as gentlemen

outside the barracks. "My subjects are more afraid of
my own army than my enemy, that will end." (Louis XIV
early in his reign)

Clear order of ranks

in the colonel system, one might get an order from a

general, but if his family was of higher nobility than
general's, order sometimes got ignored. This was
instituted to prevent dissent. Current day military
ranks are French ranks.

Army of 400,000 by 1715

When Louis XIV became ruler in 1661, army was

disorganized rabble of 100k. When he died, well
disciplined army of 400k

Resistance from Parlements

Parlements, law courts of the time, had laws

restricting how much taxes the king could raise. As an
absolute monarch, Louis XIV had to respect the laws of
the land, so he had to go to the Parlements to get the
laws changed. They could not rule against the king as
long as he was physically present.

King appointed officials; Intendants

Louis XIV kept the old governing positions as

honorary, but set up his own king appointed officials
to raise taxes, recruit soldiers, and guarantee justice.

Nobility were undertaxed

Nobility under Louis XIV were under taxed, but Louis

XIV decided to let it be, as it would be more trouble
than he was ready for to fix it and he wanted absolute
support.

Economic development

Louis XIV employed economic development (colonies,

internal tariffs, building canals and roads, granting
monopolies, encouraging business).

Sold gov't offices

Louis XIV sold judge positions in Parlement to raise

money.

"Gloire"

Louis XIV believed a king is supposed to pursue glory

through war. Of the 54 years he is in power (16611715), France is at war for 35 of them. Most of these
wars took place in North East in Spanish Netherlands /
Belgium, nearby Paris. Louis XIV would sometimes go,
taking friends and family with him to watch the war as
spectacles, though he did not lead. He did not conquer
much. War of the time was siege and trench warfare,
which had relatively low casualty counts.

Enemies: England, Holland, Austria, Spain, various

German states

Enemies fought Louis XIV because they were scared of

him and the power he represented.

War of the Spanish Succession 1700-1715

The last war Louis XIV fought, this one was different
from the others which were mainly siege warfare. War
of the Spanish Succession did have large battles with
large numbers of casualties, and Louis XIV nearly lost.
Emergence of the great powers of Europe
Also showed Louis XIV's pursuit of glory

"If a king does not win wars, he should at least build

great buildings"

Louis XIV builds palace of Versailles. He wanted to

build a palace so spectacular even the biggest of
nobles (overmighty subjects) would be awed by it,
knowing even they didn't have the wealth to build
something like that.

Stage away from Paris

Palace built roughly 15 miles from Paris to avoid the

events of the Fronde (people coming through his
bedroom) ever happening again. He wanted to be
away from the "stinking, common people."

Routine of being king

Louis XIV would get dressed by entire group of people

with different roles, watched by a hundred. Would eat
alone at lunch on a big stage, but people would stand
behind a rope to watch him eat.

Time to ask for favors

When someone is putting on his right slipper, that is

the time to ask for favors.
When someone is asking for
favors, others would turn away and pretend not to
hear, except for one person taking notes. Louis 14
might sometimes ask who the father or person
needing a favor, and would say "I don't know him." if
he has not been at the palace watching louis. If a
nobleman is coming to the palace to watch, he's not
out in the countryside plotting.

Greatest absolute monarch

Louis XIV was the model of how to be an absolute

monarch, the other rulers of the time copied him and
his methods. His changes accelerated the growing
power of central government.

French became the language of civilized people

everywhere

After Louisx XIV, diplomats all the way up until WW2

had to know French, replacing Latin, much like most
diplomats today know English.

European state system

Great powers are France, Britain, Austria, Russia,

Prussia. France is politically dominant state during
18th century (see Louis XIV)

Britain

comprised of Scotland, England, Ireland, and Wales.

Act of Union

Scotland agrees to become a single state with England,

Ireland, and Wales in 1707

British Naval Power

Since it's an island, army isn't as important, so Britain

builds the greatest navy in the world, which lasts as
the greatest until 1930s

British commercial wealth

Britain gets rich. They institute national debt as an

instrument of credit in 1693 and the Bank of England
in 1694 to manage currency. Louis XIV couldn't do this
because France always defaulted on their debts, but
Britain always paid, as many of its chief politicians and
lawmakers were also investors in British bonds.

James II

King of Britain from 1685-1688. He was determined to

establish absolutism and Catholicism in Britain.
Overthrown in 1688 in "Glorious Revolution"

Glorious Revolution

James II overthrown in 1688. Called glorious because

there was little bloodshed relative to the recent civil
war that had ended in 1660. William of Orange and
Queen Mary take over, and end any attempt at
absolutism. King and Parliament cooperated with one
another.

Austria

become a great power in 1660-1715 because of their

wars.

Absolutism in Austria

created as a result of wars with France and the Turks

to reform army and bureaucracy.

Austrian war with Turkey

1683-1699, Austria drove the Turks back to the

Balkans. This war makes the big difference for Austria
becoming a great power. Austria in 17th century
conquered more than any nation in Europe. After
1699, Turks are in fear of Austrians, who had
modernized their army to be like that of Louis XIV.
Turks were not ready for the big, disciplined
organizations.

Prussia as great power

Up until 17th century, they were just House of

Hohenzollern, Lutheran German princes.

Frederick William the Great Elector

1640-1688, grew up during the Thirty years war, lost

large amounts of population to it, decided he could
not let that happen again. He creates a small but
efficient army, institutes absolutism with that army,
and creates a bureaucracy to collect revenue. He is
not, however, a king.

Frederick I

1688-1713 First king of Prussia, although he is only

king within Prussia and not within Brandenburg
because Brandenburg is still part of the Holy Roman
Empire. He promoted being king as spectacle, with a
magnificent palace and promotion of the arts,
although he did not neglect the upkeep of an army.

Frederick William I

1713-1740, He is completely different from Frederick I.

Cared only for the army. Created a huge army of 80k
out of a population of only 3 million. Called the "Royal
Drill Sergeant" as he would take breaks to go drill
troops. He fought no serious wars and avoided most
actual conflict. Had Frederick II's friend executed while
he was forced to watch after they attempted to flee
the country.

Potsdam Grenadiers

Special elite force of Frederick William I. One must be

over 6 feet and 5 inches tall to join.

Peter the Great

1689-1725. Before Peter, Russia was not considered

part of Europe. He emphasized that Russia must
westernize in order to survive the technological and
military superiority of the west. He makes St.
Petersburg capitol as a "window to the west." He also
brings in foreign craftsmen to improve Russia's trade
skills, as well as going on sabbatical himself to practice
carpentry incognito. He made Russian nobles dress in
western fashions and start bringing their wives to
court.

Russian Nobles

Before Peter the Great, Russian women were kept

covered and confined to the household. Peter wanted
them brought to court and dressed like French. He
also made the Boyars shave their beards and wear
powdered wigs and jackets like the west.

Russian Coast

Russia had no coast and no access to the Baltic Sea, so

Peter the Great defeated Sweden to establish Russian
link to and strength on the Baltic Sea with a western
style army and navy.

Enlightenment

Main ideas are absolutism and scientific revolution.

Main output of scientific revolution is that the universe
is not chaos and that the laws of the universe can be
learned by humans.

Laws that govern human relationships

As it had been established there were laws that

governed the universe, the next step is discerning
natural laws for human behavior.

Natural Laws

Laws concerning human behavior that are discovered

by reason, examples being that cannibalism, child
labor in factories, and children between siblings are
wrong. Jesuit missionaries did not try to change
lifestyles like this, but Protestant missionaries do.
Another note is that children working on a farm is
considered completely natural.

Condorcet

1743-1794. Described in "Indefinite perfectibility of the

human race" in his book "Progress of the Human
Spirit" which was published posthumously in 1795. He
believed that each generation was better off than
previous (although not necessarily materially) by the
further progression of logic and reason

John Locke

1623-1704. Government is a political contract between

the rulers and the ruled. People give up liberty for
security, rulers provide justice, security, and other
benefits while ruled provide revenue, service, and
loyalty. An apologist for the 1688 glorious revolution,
Locke believed the ruled had the right to overthrow
the ruler if the contract had been violated.

"Natural rights"

God given rights of life, liberty, and property that a

ruler must respect. Thomas Jefferson borrowed this
idea for American Revolution

Montesquieu

1689-1755. French anti-asbolutist thinker who

advocated to separation of powers into executive,
judicial, and legislative branches and into a national,
provincial, and local level. He said that the British gov't
was the best gov't because it conformed most closely
to his model.

Jean-Jacques Russeau

1712-1778. "Social Contract" (1762), Gov't is not really

contract between rulers and ruled, it's a contract
within society. We do not surrender our freedom to a
king, we surrender our freedom to each other.
This
creates the social bond that unites us, which creates a
general will on where society should go. However, he
was against majority rule because it left out a portion
of society that the contract must include.

Philosophes

Great writers of the Enlightenment. They write about

ideas in plain language that people can understand.
Their papers are read most commonly in coffeehouses
which become incredibly common in the 18th century.
They represent the first time in western civilization
when someone can make a living as a writer.

Voltaire

1694-1778. Great prose writer whose main idea was

the freedom of thought. He attacked the Roman
Catholic Church and organized religion in general, and
often got in trouble with censors. As a result, he
moved to live just outside the borders of France, in
Switzerland, so he wouldn't be arrested. Considered
the greatest of the Philosophes.

Enlightened Absolutism

When absolute monarchs tried to rule with the

principles of the enlightenment. It removed the idea of
divine right, instead argued it was for the good of
society that they rule. Frederick II declared he was the
first servant of the state. compared to Louis 14, their
policies are not very different, but they don't talk
about glory, spectacle, majesty. Instead, they talk
about effectiveness, improvement, etc. Atmosphere is
different.

Stressed secular nature of rule

religious toleration, people could worship as they

pleased. Frederick II invited muslims and built
mosques as long as they paid taxes. Catholic kings
persuaded the Pope to abolish the Jesuits in 1773

Introduced policies that were "reasonable"

Got rid of traditions that were limiting progress,

encouraged economic growth and education,
attempting to do what is best for society.

Maria Theresa

1740-1780. Empress of Austria. As soon as she takes

power, Prussia, France, and others declare war, and
Prussia takes Silesia. Fought back and defeated all but
Prussia, as she could not defeat Frederick II. Reformed
Austria with army and bureaucracy, then social and
economic reforms after 1763.

War of Austrian Succession

1740-1748. Prussia, France, other states declare war

on Austria as soon as Maria Theresa takes over. She
fights off and defeats all but Prussia, lead by Frederick
II. Forced to secede Silesia. As a result, she forced
estates to give her money for ten years and not meet
so she could make a budget to reform army and
bureaucracy in absolutist fashion to take back Silesia.

"Iron Fist in a velvet glove"

Phrase used to describe Maria Theresa's political

policies and her determination to defend Austria.

Seven years war

1756-1763 Maria Theresa put together an alliance with

France and Russia and went to war with Frederick to
great, but she didn't win. After this war fails she
returns to make modern reforms in Austria

Austrian reforms after 1763

Maria Theresa's reforms after the seven years war.

She modernized criminal and civil codes, regulated
serfdom, introduced public education, reformed
peasant conditions and economic policies, and worked
to create an enlightened Catholic church. She did not,
however, support religious tolerance, she was too
devout a Catholic, although she did support abolition
of Jesuits.

Joseph II

1765-1790. Co-ruler and successor of Maria Theresa.

Perhaps most enlightened ruler, he implemented
religious tolerance even giving Jews full citizenship,
created freedom of the press, abolished serfdom, and
made nobles and commoners equal under the law.

resistance to reforms

Many nobles under Joseph II did not want their serfs

freed. Many Catholics did not want religious tolerance.
And the free press not only praised Joseph II, but also
at times criticized him.

Frederick II

1740-1786. Ruler of Prussia. Called Frederick the Great

because of his military genius. Enlightened reforms
with religious tolerance, economic improvements,
equality before the law, and public education. Didn't
go as far as Joseph II, no free press, and kept serfs. He
liked Prussia social structure because it supported the
army.

Catherine II

1762-1796. Called "the Great" because she expanded

Russian empire. She had a great reputation among
enlightened writers. Began many reforms including:
gathering information, codified laws, restricted
torture, some religious tolerance, reformed
bureaucracy.

Pugachev Revolt

Violent peasant revolt in 1773-1774 that ended

Catherine II's interest in enlightened reform.
Afterwards, Catherine II gave nobles the right to buy
and sell serfs.

Britains problems

Role of Parliament: didn't have an absolutist society.

Needed to pay for navy and subsidized soldiers,
needed to collect taxes more efficiently.

Britain wanted americans to pay more for their own

defense

Americans did not provide enough in taxes and

american militias were inadequate. Beginning in 1764,
Britain tried to find a tax Americans would pay (tea,
stamps). They failed.

American revolutionary events

1774 Continental Congress calls for boycott of British

goods
April 1775 battles of lexington and Concord are first
open engagements of armed conflict between Britain
and colonies.
July 4 1776, Declaration of Independence signed by
Continental Congress.
1781: decisive victory at Yorktown is last major land
battle in revolutionary war that prompts British gov't
to negotiate an end to the conflict.
1783 Treaty of Paris ends the conflict between United
States with its allies and Britain.

State Constitutions

Declaration of Independence voided previous political

contract and created new constitutions in its place

France prior to 1787

Most advanced country in Europe, 24 million people,

center for enlightenment.
Society structure still fuedal (nobility, clergy, everyone
else).
Gov't was still absolute monarchy but growing feeble.
American Revolution was a great victory but
bankrupted French gov't.

Louis XVI

1774-1792 king of France during revolution.

Assembly of Notables

called in 1787 to solve debt problem, met in Versailles,

no solution found.

Parlement of Paris 1788

Asked if could raise taxes of nobility.

Couldn't because it was against the law, but if you
could change the law then you could. (so they called,
estates general)

Estates General 1789

Last time they met was 1614

Met in 3 houses by class
1st estate- clergy- 300 people
2nd estate- nobility- 300 people
3rd estate- the rest- 600 people
There was disagreement over whether to vote by
house or vote by individuals
June 17 - 3rd estate proclaims itself the National
Assembly

Concerns in Paris

Price of Bread (think of gas. Why do we have to pay

more?)Belief that National Assembly alone could deal
with the price of bread.
Worried that the King would close the National
Assembly. Thought they needed weapons to protect
the National Assembly.

Fall of the Bastille

July 14, 1789.

Bastille was an armory and had a few prisoners there
as well, but not bad ones.
A mob marches and demands weapons at the Bastille.
Soldiers hear and join in and shoot the Bastille with a
canon. The commander surrenders because he didn't
want bloodshed. The people don't care and went and
killed people, the mayor and the commander.
Now is recognized as a national holiday.
On July 15, National Assembly is recognized as the
major political institution of France.

Rising of the Peasants / "Great Fear"

July 1789
Peasants hear about bastille and are scared the
townspeople are going to be armed and rob them and
steal their food.
Peasants arm themselves but not with guns- with
pitchforks and other tools.
No one comes but they are still armed. They decide to
go to the manner houses and destroy the records of
their debt- who owes who, and how much $. (not like
the other peasant revolt where they burn places down
and kill people. )

Night of August 4

1789. During the National Assembly meeting, a

noblemen gets up and renounces his privileges, then
more do so. Then some get up and remove their title,
and more do so, and then tax exemptions.
This abolished the social structure of France that built
up over centuries.
"Feudalism is abolished"

Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen

Aug. 26, 1789

inspired by the American bill of rights in the
constitution
National Assembly starts working on a constitution
1789-1791
Created a constitutional monarch
King seems to approve

Flight to Varennes

June 1791
Louis XVI and family try to escape to Belgium. (Under
control of Austria and Mary Antoinette's brother,
Leopold, and wants to be protected)
Guards recognize them in Varennes and they are
arrested.
King all along has been plotting to escape and has not
actually approved what the National Assembly has
been doing.
They were brought back to Paris and put under arrest
Proved to the French and to foreign countries that the
King was in danger

Declaration of Pillnitz

August 1791
Emperor of Austria and King of Prussia warned French
not to harm the king.
A lot of people in the National Assembly saw it as
them threatening with war. So they said, lets threaten
their kings.
France declares war on Austria and Prussia in 1792

New National Assembly

met in October 1791

People can't sit in assembly again after one term
More radical, debate what's going on.
National Assembly called for new elections based on
one man/one vote. Now any man can vote, before
they had to own land.

September Massacres

1792
Looked for people who they thought were against
the revolution and killed them

National Convention

1792 -1795
proclaimed France a republic and put the king on trial
for treason.
November: declared it would help other countries get
rid of their kings.

January 21, 1793

France's King, Louis XVI, executed.

Committee of Public Safety

April 1793
12 men, task was to defeat France's enemies at home
(any opposed the revolution) and abroad and use all
necessary force to do so

Reign of Terror

April 1793- July 1794

Approx. 14,000 executed and 25,000 murdered
Levee' en masse (draft, everyone will serve somehow)
1793- established the cult of reason
1794- abolished the cult of reason created Festival of
Supreme Being.
New calander: 12 months, 30 days each, 10 days a
week. Renamed months after seasons.
Introduced the Metric System

Maximilien Robespierre

1754-1794
Dominant influence on Committee of Public Safety,
leader during Reign of Terror.
Overthrown in July, 1794.

Directory

1795-1799
Last gov't of French Revolution, lead to Napoleon.

Things to remember about French Revolution

Revolution and fear of revolution become important in

Western Civilization
Revolutions starting to focus on social and economic
problems, not just political
Modern political vocabulary began with National
Assembly (conservative right, radical left, etc)

Change from early modern to modern history period

Constitutional rule
Role of common people in government (more people
can vote)
Non-traditional leadership (few kings)
Propaganda

"Whiff of grapeshot"

1795, Napoleon dispersed a crowd by request of the

Directory by shooting a few with large spread fire. This
got him noticed.

Commander of french army in Italy

1796, Directory made him commander of french army

in italy, fighting against austrians in 1796-97. in those
campaigns, he beats austrians repeatedly, proving his
genius as military commander.

Expedition to Egypt

1798-99.
he is put in charge of expedition to Egypt (they
thought England could be defeated by invading Egypt)
1799, he receives a letter saying to come home
because directory is falling apart and this is chance to
gain power.

Overthrowing the Directory

he overthrows the Directory, establishes himself as

man in charge. Literally walks into the parliament and
kicks them out.

Remarkable Personality

known for incredible knowledge, often knew more

than his ministers in their fields of expertise.

Napoleonic reforms in france

He favors modern forward thinking for education,

legality, etc. But he also doesn't care much for
individual liberty.
Napoleon ends the 10 year period of turbulence.
introduces reforms to make France the place he wants
it to be. Sets up Prefects, aka governors of provinces
who have all the power they need to collect taxes,
recruit, etc. Prefects answer to Napoleon.
This is government of France today, centralized
system.
no more classes, everyone equal before the law.
didn't care about birthright, only skill
Rationalizing the law based on natural law. There were
5 law codes, most important of it is Napoleonic civil
code, which still has remnants in louisiana.
Pope was brought to crown napoleon, but napoleon
took the crown out of popes hands and crowned
himself. (1804) 'only man powerful enough to crown
napoleon is napoleon'

Conquests 1805-1807

-1805-1807 are his great wars where he basically

conquers Europe.
-couldn't get to Britain. Austria, Russia, and Prussia
had been defeated but still independent, not
occupied.

Territorial Changes

Napoleon expands borders of France to Rome and

Hamburg
He creates client states out of Italy, Switzerland, and
Spain
1806 - Saw german structure as irrational, replaces it
with 35 larger states called Confederation of the
Rhine; eliminates Holy Roman Empire.

Great Rationalizer

For Napoleon, every state must have:

A constitution
Modern laws
Equality before the law
Abolition of serfdom
Confiscation of church property, abolition of monastic
orders and church courts
Abolition of guilds
Equal taxation
(all reflections of the enlightenment)
While these all reflect enlightenment, it's important to
remember they also make raising revenue and armies
easier.

Continental Blockade

1812
Napoleon is obsessed with defeating britain
introduced continental blockade to prevent entire
continent from trading with britain, only way he saw to
defeat britain. An effort to prevent all british goods
from reaching the continent. Tons of smuggling,
uncooperative people, too big of a coastline.
Baltic sea still controlled by British, so Russia
continued to trade with british. Russia wouldn't stop
trading with britain, so he invades Russia

Invasion of Russia

June 1812, Napoleon invades Russia

wanted to defeat the army to force surrender.
Problem was, Russian army wouldn't fight. It would
stay ahead of napoleon's army, retreating ahead of it,
destroying all useful farms, resources etc along the
way.
commander's didn't want to fight napoleon, he was
too strong. Wanted to let weather and exhaustion
beat napoleon.

Battle of Borodino

September 7 1812
Czar and Czar advisors demand battle to stand and
fight.
Napoleon wins. Napoleon enters Moscow within a
week.

Alexander I

Czar of Russia 1801-1825 during Napoleon's invasion.

Simply does not respond to Napoleon's demand of
surrender when he takes Moscow in September 1812.

Fire of September 15

Great fire breaks out in Moscow, burns most of the

city, leaving them very little resources in the city at
Napoleon's disposal.

Evacuation of Moscow

Napoleon orders evacuation of Moscow on October 19

1812, as it's starting to snow.

Retreat from Moscow

One of the greatest horrors of history.

by the time he returns to poland, he has an army of
4,000 men after starting with 400,000.
complete disaster.
Napoleon leaves his army to raise new army back in
France.
100k survived, but only 4k were a legit army.
About 100,000 of the original 600,000 total survived
400,000 Russians perished, mostly from disease and
exposure

"one long trail of human excrement, carcasses of

horses, and bodies of dead men"

Phrase describing Napoleon's journey to and from

Moscow to show how horrible it was.

Wars of Liberation

1813-1814
Europe wakes up and realizes Napoleons army has
been destroyed
Napoleon's forced allies team up to fight him.
Napoleon does raise a new army but it's brand new,
lost most experienced soldiers. Napoleon at his
strategic best at this point, but he simply has no more
soldiers.
March 31, 1814 - allied forces march into Paris
April 6 - Napoleon abdicated
He was made ruler of Elba in May, had army of 600
men.

Congress of Vienna

1814-1815
Napoleon had changed the map of Europe so
profoundly that the Allies were not sure what to do
Louis XVIII (1814-1824) became king of France
Decided not to restore the Holy Roman Empire but
keep about 35 German states
France would be reconstituted under Louis 18 who
was brother of Louis 16. (Louis 17 was honorary title
given to Louis 16's son).
Restored some old monarchies:
Spain
Papal States
Created some new ones:
Kingdom of Poland (still controlled by Czar)
Kingdom of the Netherlands (Holland and Belgium)
Began to bicker over what the winners should get,
mainly over Poland and Saxony. There is talk of war.

Napoleon's Return

February 1815 talk of war among the Allies

March 1, 1815 Napoleon landed in France
France rejoiced
March 20 Napoleon entered Paris
Louis XVIII would send king's army, but the french
army would join napoleons because they were all still
loyal to him.
all talk and bickering ends, join up to defeat napoleon

Battle of Waterloo

June 18, 1815, British + Prussian armies defeat

Napoleon
June 22 Napoleon abdicated again
Exiled to St. Helena in the South Atlantic where he
died in 1821
Allies return quickly to sign Treaty of Vienna,
September 1815