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Chapter4 A
Chapter4 A
Chapter4 A
T 1373.15 K
n 10 mol
3
B 0.801 10
C 0.0
D 1.015 10
'H R ICPH T0 T A B C D
'H
47.007
kJ
mol
Q n 'H
Q
(b) T0 523.15 K
T 1473.15 K
Ans.
470.073 kJ
n 12 mol
6
C 8.824 10
D 0
161.834
kJ
mol
Q n 'H
Q
n 10 mol
3
1.942 u 10 kJ Ans.
Q 800 kJ
3
For ethylene:
A 1.424 B
W 2 (guess)
(b) T0 533.15 K
C
B
2
WT0
2 1 C WT03 3 1
T W T0
2.905
n 15 mol
A 1.967
B
Ans.
1374.5 K
Q 2500 kJ
3
For 1-butene:
4.392 10
Given
Q = n R AWT0 1
W Find W
6
14.394 10
K
31.630 10
K
6
C
9.873 10
K
76
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W 3
(guess)
Given
Q = n R AWT0 1
W Find W
B
2
WT0
2 1 C WT03 3 1
T W T0
2.652
Ans.
1413.8 K
6
n 40 lbmol
Q 10 BTU
1.814 u 10 mol
1.055 u 10 kJ
Q
3
A 1.424
For ethylene:
W 2 (guess)
B
6
14.394 10
K
C
4.392 10
K
Given
Q = n R AWT0 1
W Find W
B
2
WT0
2.256
2 1 C WT03 3 1
T W T0
1202.8 K
Ans.
T = 1705.4degF
4.3 Assume air at the given conditions an ideal gas. Basis of calculation is 1 second.
P 1 atm
T0 122 degF
V 250 ft
T 932 degF
3
7.079 m
T (T 32degF) 273.15K
T0
T0 32degF
773.15 K
T0
323.15 K
n
P V
R T0
For air:
273.15K
266.985 mol
A 3.355
3
B 0.575 10
C 0.0
D 0.016 10
'H R ICPH T0 T A B C D
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'H
13.707
kJ
Q n 'H
mol
3
3.469 u 10 BTU Ans.
Q
4.4 molwt 100.1
n
gm
mol
T0 323.15 K
10000 kg
9.99 u 10 mol
molwt
T 1153.15 K
3
B 2.637 10
C 0.0
D 3.120 10
'H R ICPH T0 T A B C D
'H
4 J
9.441 u 10
Q n 'H
mol
9.4315 u 10 kJ
Ans.
4.7 Let step 12 represent the initial reversible adiabatic expansion, and step 23
the final constant-volume heating.
T1 298.15 K
T3 298.15 K
P1 121.3 kPa
P2 101.3 kPa
P3 104.0 kPa
T 2 T 3
CP 30
Given
J
mol K
P2
R
CP
T2 = T1
P1
T2
(guess)
CP FindCP
Pc 47.01bar
kJ
mol
Trn
Tn
Tc
P2
P3
290.41 K
CP
56.95
J
Ans.
mol K
Tn 329.4K
Trn
0.648
Pc
1.013
bar
1.092 ln
'Hncalc R Tn
0.930 Trn
'Hncalc
30.108
kJ
mol
Ans.
78
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To compare with the value listed in Table B.2, calculate the % error.
%error
'Hncalc 'Hn
%error
'Hn
3.464 %
Values for other components in Table B.2 are given below. Except for
acetic acid, acetonitrile. methanol and nitromethane, agreement is within
5% of the reported value.
Acetone
Acetic Acid
Acetonitrile
Benzene
iso-Butane
n-Butane
1-Butanol
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Cyclohexane
Cyclopentane
n-Decane
Dichloromethane
Diethyl ether
Ethanol
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene glycol
n-Heptane
n-Hexane
M ethanol
M ethyl acetate
M ethyl ethyl ketone
Nitromethane
n-Nonane
iso-Octane
n-Octane
n-Pentane
Phenol
1-Propanol
2-Propanol
Toluene
W ater
o-Xylene
m-Xylene
p-Xylene
Hn (kJ/mol)
30.1
40.1
33.0
30.6
21.1
22.5
41.7
29.6
35.5
29.6
29.7
27.2
40.1
27.8
26.6
40.2
35.8
51.5
32.0
29.0
38.3
30.6
32.0
36.3
37.2
30.7
34.8
25.9
46.6
41.1
39.8
33.4
42.0
36.9
36.5
36.3
% error
3.4%
69.4%
9.3%
-0.5%
-0.7%
0.3%
-3.6%
-0.8%
0.8%
1.1%
-0.9%
-0.2%
3.6%
-1.0%
0.3%
4.3%
0.7%
1.5%
0.7%
0.5%
8.7%
1.1%
2.3%
6.7%
0.8%
-0.2%
1.2%
0.3%
1.0%
-0.9%
-0.1%
0.8%
3.3%
1.9%
2.3%
1.6%
79
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b)
469.7
507.6
Tc
K
562.2
560.4
36.0
68.7
Tn
273.15 K
80.0
80.7
o
Tn
Tr1
Tr1
Tr2
Tc
33.70
30.25
Pc
bar
48.98
43.50
366.3
366.1 J
'H25
433.3 gm
392.5
(25 273.15)K
Tc
0.658
0.673
0.628
0.631
o
0.38
1 Tr2
'H2calc
'H1 1 Tr1
'H2calc
26.448
32.816
'H2
25.79
28.85 kJ
'Hn
30.72 mol
29.97
72.150
86.177 gm
M
78.114 mol
82.145
o
'H25 M
'H2
'H1 'Hn
26.429
31.549 kJ
33.847 mol
32.242
o
'H2calc 'H2
26.429
31.549 kJ %error
33.847 mol
32.242
'H2
0.072
0.052 %
0.814
1.781
The values calculated with Eq. (4.13) are within 2% of the handbook values.
4.10 The ln P vs. 1/T relation over a short range is very nearly linear. Our
procedure is therefore to take 5 points, including the point at the
temperature of interest and two points on either side, and to do a linear
least-squares fit, from which the required derivative in Eq. (4.11) can be
found. Temperatures are in rankines, pressures in psia, volumes in cu
ft/lbm, and enthalpies in Btu/lbm. The molar mass M of tetrafluoroethane is
102.04. The factor 5.4039 converts energy units from (psia)(cu ft) to Btu.
80
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(a) T 459.67 5
5
0
t 5
10
15
18.787
21.162
P 23.767
26.617
29.726
Data:
dPdT
( P) 3
T
'H
1
ti 459.67
yi ln Pi
4952
slopedPdT
T 'V dPdT
'H
5.4039
xi
i 1 5
0.545
90.078
Ans.
The remaining parts of the problem are worked in exactly the same
way. All answers are as follows, with the Table 9.1 value in ( ):
4.11
( 90.111)
( 85.834)
( 81.136)
( 75.902)
( 69.969)
119.377
gm
M 32.042
Tc
mol
153.822
536.4
512.6 K Pc
556.4
54.72
80.97 bar Tn
45.60
o
273.15K
Tr1
Tc
334.3
337.9 K
349.8
Tr2
o
Tn
Tc
81
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270.9
J
'H 1189.5
'Hexp
gm
217.8
246.9
J
Tr1
1099.5
gm
194.2
0.509
0.533
0.491
Tr2
0.623
0.659
0.629
o
0.38
1 Tr2
'Hn
'H 1 Tr1
'Hn 'Hexp
PCE
100%
'Hexp
'Hn
245
J
1055.2
193.2 gm
PCE
0.77
4.03 %
0.52
o
P
c
R Tn 1.092 ln bar 1.013
'Hn
0.930 Tr2
M
o
'H
'H
n
exp
PCE
100%
'Hexp
'Hn
247.7
J
1195.3
192.3 gm
PCE
0.34
8.72 %
0.96
4.12 Acetone
Z 0.307
Tc 508.2K
Pc 47.01bar
Tn 329.4K
P 1atm
Tr
Pr
Zc 0.233
cm
Vc 209
mol
Tn
Tr
Tc
0.648
P
Pc
'Hn 29.1
Pr
kJ
mol
0.022
82
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B0 0.083
Tr
0.172
B1 0.139
Tr
Z 1 ZB0
V
1.6
Pr
Tr
4.2
B1
Pr
Tr
Z R Tn
B0
0.762
Eq. (3.65)
B1
0.924
Eq. (3.66)
(Pg. 102)
0.965
3
4 cm
2.609 u 10
mol
Liquid Volume
2
1Tr
Vsat Vc Zc
Eq. (3.72)
Vsat
70.917
cm
mol
Psat = e
B
T C
'H = T 'V
gives
'V V Vsat
'V
A 14.3145
B 2756.22
B
2
A B
(T C)
(T C)
2.602 u 10
3
4 cm
mol
C 228.060
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A
Tn 273.15K
C
B
K
kPa
e
'Hcalc Tn 'V
2
K
Tn 273.15K
C
'Hcalc
29.662
kJ
Ans.
mol
%error
'Hcalc 'Hn
'Hn
%error
1.9 %
The table below shows the values for other components in Table B.2. Values
agree within 5% except for acetic acid.
Acetone
Acetic Acid
Acetonitrile
Benzene
iso-Butane
n-Butane
1-Butanol
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Cyclohexane
Cyclopentane
n-Decane
Dichloromethane
Diethyl ether
Ethanol
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene glycol
n-Heptane
n-Hexane
M ethanol
M ethyl acetate
M ethyl ethyl ketone
Nitromethane
n-Nonane
iso-Octane
n-Octane
n-Pentane
Phenol
1-Propanol
Hn (kJ/mol)
29.7
37.6
31.3
30.8
21.2
22.4
43.5
29.9
35.3
29.3
29.9
27.4
39.6
28.1
26.8
39.6
35.7
53.2
31.9
29.0
36.5
30.4
31.7
34.9
37.2
30.8
34.6
25.9
45.9
41.9
% error
1.9%
58.7%
3.5%
0.2%
-0.7%
0.0%
0.6%
0.3%
0.3%
0.1%
-0.1%
0.4%
2.2%
0.2%
0.9%
2.8%
0.5%
4.9%
0.4%
0.4%
3.6%
0.2%
1.3%
2.6%
0.7%
-0.1%
0.6%
0.2%
-0.6%
1.1%
84
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p
2-Propanol
Toluene
W ater
o-Xylene
m-Xylene
p-Xylene
40.5
33.3
41.5
36.7
36.2
35.9
1.7%
0.5%
2.0%
1.2%
1.4%
0.8%
P 100 kPa
P
T
5622.7 K
= 48.157543
4.70504 ln
T
kPa
K
ln
Given
5622.7 K
T
4.70504
T
Clapeyron equation:
dPdT =
bar
K
3
joule
cm
Vliq 96.49
mol
mol
'H
T dPdT
P V
B V
1
R T
AL 13.431
0.029
'H
T V Vliq
dPdT
'H 31600
87.396 kPa
Eq. (3.39)
(guess)
cm
1369.5
mol
Pc 80.97bar
Ans.
Tn 337.9K
3
BL 51.28 10
6
CL 131.13 10
BL
CL 2
CPL (T) AL
T
T R
2
K
K
AV 2.211
3
BV 12.216 10
6
CV 3.450 10
85
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BV
CPV (T) AV
P 3bar
T
CV
K
T R
Tsat 368.0K
T1 300K
T2 500K
Estimate 'Hv using Riedel equation (4.12) and Watson correction (4.13)
Trn
Tn
Trn
Tc
Trsat
0.659
Pc
1.013
bar
R T
Tsat
Tc
Trsat
0.718
'Hn
38.301
kJ
mol
'Hv
35.645
kJ
mol
1.092 ln
'Hn
0.930 Trn
1 Trsat
'Hv 'Hn
1 Trn
0.38
sat
2
'H
CPL (T)dT 'Hv
CPV (T)dT
T
T
1
n 100
49.38
sat
kmol
hr
'H
Q n 'H
1.372 u 10 kW
kJ
mol
Ans.
(b) Benzene:
'Hv = 28.273
kJ
mol
'H = 55.296
kJ
mol
Q = 1.536 10 kW
(c) Toluene
'Hv = 30.625
kJ
'H = 65.586
kJ
Q = 1.822 10 kW
4.15 Benzene
Tc 562.2K
T1sat 451.7K
mol
Pc 48.98bar
T2sat 358.7K
mol
Tn 353.2K
Cp 162
J
mol K
86
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Estimate 'Hv using Riedel equation (4.12) and Watson correction (4.13)
Trn
Tn
Trn
Tc
Tr2sat
0.628
Pc
1.013
bar
R T
T2sat
Tc
Tr2sat
0.638
'Hn
30.588
'Hv
30.28
1.092 ln
'Hn
0.930 Trn
1 Tr2sat
'Hv 'Hn
1 Trn
0.38
kJ
mol
kJ
mol
Tc 308.3 K
x Find ( x)
Pc 61.39 bar
0.498
Ans.
Tn 189.4 K
T 298.15 K
Trn
Tn
Tc
Trn
0.614
Pc
1.013
bar
'Hn R Tn 1.092
Tr
T
Tc
ln
0.930 Trn
1 Tr
'Hv 'Hn
1 Trn
'Hf 227480
J
mol
Tr
'Hn
16.91
kJ
mol
'Hv
6.638
kJ
mol
0.38
'H298
0.967
220.8
kJ
mol
Ans.
87
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kJ
mol
kJ
'H298 = 12.3
'H298 = 198.6
'H298 = 103.9
4.17
kJ
mol
kJ
mol
dQ = dU dW = CV dT P dV
1st law:
P V = R T
Ideal gas:
and
P V = const
P dV V dP = R dT
then
P G V
G 1
dV = V dP
P dV =
dQ = CP dT R dT
which reduces to
1G
R dT
1G
R dT
1G
dQ = CP dT
CP
G
R dT
R 1 G
dQ =
R dT
dQ = CV dT
or
(B)
V dP = G
P dV
from which
or
(A)
V dP = R dT P dV
Whence
Since
mol
G
1G
R dT
(C)
88
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3
Tam
T2 950 K
Integrate (C):
T1 400 K
G
CPm
R T2 T1
1 G
R
Q
G 1.55
J
6477.5
P2
11.45 bar
Ans.
mol
Ans.
P1 1 bar
4.18
T2
P 2 P 1
T1
G 1
Ans.
676485
For 6 MeOH:
3770012
Ans.
4.19
J
mol
Parts (a) - (d) can be worked exactly as Example 4.7. However, with
Mathcad capable of doing the iteration, it is simpler to proceed differently.
89
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2
n
A
2
11.286
3.639
5.457 B
3.470
3.280
niAi B ni Bi
A
i 1 4
0.227
1.157 105K2
0.121
0.040
0.506
3
1.045 10
D
1.450 K
0.593
niDi
D
54.872
0.012
1
K
5 2
1.621 u 10 K
CP
'HP = R
dT
R
T
T0 298.15K
(guess)
Given
'H298 = R AWT0 1
W Find W
8.497
B
2
WT0
2
T T0 W
2 1
D W 1
T0 W
2533.5 K
Ans.
Parts (b), (c), and (d) are worked the same way, the only change being in the
numbers of moles of products.
(b)
nO = 0.75
nn = 14.107
T = 2198.6 K
Ans.
(c)
nO = 1.5
nn = 16.929
T = 1950.9 K
Ans.
(d)
nO = 3.0
nn = 22.571
T = 1609.2 K
Ans.
2
2
2
2
2
2
90
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3
0.0 0.016 10
= 3.65606
309399
3.639
5.457
A
3.470
3.280
A
'H298 ''Hair HP = 0
0.506
1.045 10 3
B
1.450 K
0.593
niAi
B
mol
J
mol
1.5
2
n
2
16.929
ni Bi
0.227
1.157 5 2
D
10 K
0.121
0.040
D
78.84
niDi
i
0.016
1
K
5 2
1.735 u 10 K
W 2 (guess)
Given
W Find W
B
2
'
'H298 Hair = R AWT0 1 WT0
2
D W 1
T0 W
W
7.656
T T0WK
2 1
2282.5 K K
Ans.
91
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4.20
4.21
Ans.
(n) 180,500 J
(b) -905,468 J
(o) 178,321 J
(c) -71,660 J
(p) -132,439 J
(d) -61,980 J
(q) -44,370 J
(e) -367,582 J
(r) -68,910 J
(f) -2,732,016 J
(s) -492,640 J
(g) -105,140 J
(t) 109,780 J
(h) -38,292 J
(u) 235,030 J
(i) 164,647 J
(v) -132,038 J
(j) -48,969 J
(w) -1,807,968 J
(k) -149,728 J
(x) 42,720 J
(l) -1,036,036 J
(y) 117,440 J
(m) 207,436 J
(z) 175,305 J
92
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4.22
T/K
(a)
(b)
(f)
(i)
(j)
(l)
(m)
(n)
(o)
(r)
(t)
(u)
(v)
(w)
(x)
(y)
4.23
873.15
773.15
923.15
973.15
583.15
683.15
850.00
1350.00
1073.15
723.15
733.15
750.00
900.00
673.15
648.15
1083.15
'A
-5.871
1.861
6.048
9.811
-9.523
-0.441
4.575
-0.145
-1.011
-1.424
4.016
7.297
2.418
2.586
0.060
4.175
103 'B
4.181
-3.394
-9.779
-9.248
11.355
0.004
-2.323
0.159
-1.149
1.601
-4.422
-9.285
-3.647
-4.189
0.173
-4.766
106 'C
0.000
0.000
0.000
2.106
-3.450
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.156
0.991
2.520
0.991
0.000
0.000
1.814
10-5 'D
-0.661
2.661
7.972
-1.067
1.029
-0.643
-0.776
0.215
0.916
-0.083
0.083
0.166
0.235
1.586
-0.191
0.083
IDCPH/
J
-17,575
4,729
15,635
25,229
-10,949
-2,416
13,467
345
-9,743
-2,127
7,424
12,172
3,534
4,184
125
12,188
'HoT/J
-109,795
-900,739
-2,716,381
189,876
-59,918
-1,038,452
220,903
180,845
168,578
-71,037
117,204
247,202
-128,504
-1,803,784
42,845
129,628
93
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ft
day
5
T (60 32) K 273.15K
9
288.71 K
P 1atm
The higher heating value is the negative of the heat of combustion with water
as liquid product.
Calculate methane standard heat of combustion with water as liquid product:
CH4 + 2O2 --> CO2 +2H2O
Standard Heats of Formation:
'HfCH4 74520
J
mol
'HfCO2 393509
'HfO2 0
J
mol
J
mol
'HfH2Oliq 285830
J
mol
5 J
8.906 u 10
'Hc
mol
P
R T
n HigherHeatingValue
4.25
8 mol
1.793 u 10
5dollar
GJ
day
5 dollar
7.985 u 10
day
Ans.
'HfO2 0
J
mol
'HfH2Oliq 285830
J
mol
890649
J
mol
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J
mol
1560688
7
'HfO2
2
J
mol
J
mol
2219.167
kJ
mol
921.714
kJ
mol
946.194
kJ
mol
932.875
kJ
mol
Ans.
2H2 + O2 = 2H2O(l)
'Hf1 2 ( 285830) J
C + O2 = CO2(g)
'Hf2 393509 J
'H298
333509 J
Ans.
95
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4.28
7.133 u 10 J
'H Q R'
T ngas
'H
7.145 u 10 J
'H
9H2O(l) = 9H2O(g)
'Hvap 9 44012 J
___________________________________________________
C10H18(l) + 14.5O2(g) = 10CO2(g) + 9H2O(g)
'H298 'H 'Hvap
4.29
'H298
6748436 J
Ans.
Moles methane
n1 1
Moles oxygen
n2 2 1.3
Moles nitrogen
n3 2.6
79
21
n2
2.6
n3
9.781
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n n1 n2 n3
13.381
4.241
13.381
101.325 4.241
n4
CO2 -- 1 mol
H2O -- 2.585 mol
O2 -- 2.6 - 2 = 0.6 mol
N2 -- 9.781 mol
0.585
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
2.585
n
0.6
9.781
5.457
3.470
A
3.639
3.280
1.045
1.450 3
B
10
0.506
0.593
i 1 4
8.314
A
niAi B ni Bi
J
mol K
48.692
1.157
0.121 5
D
10
0.227
0.040
D
i
3
10.896983 10
niDi
i
C 0
5.892 u 10
732.013
kJ
mol
'H298 802625
Q 'HP 'H298
Q = 70 612 J
J
mol
Ans.
97
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n2
n1 n2 n3 n4
101.325
pp
18.754
n n1 n3 n4
11.381
12.34
n
101.325 12.34
n2
1.578
J
mol
Sensible heat of cooling the flue gases to 50 degC with all the water as
vapor (we assumed condensation at 50 degC):
Q R MCPH (323.15 K 1773.15 K A B C D)'
(323.15 1773.15)K n 'H50
Q = 766 677 J
4.30
Ans.
98
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ENERGY BALANCE:
'H = 'HR ''H298 HP = 0
REACTANTS: 1=NH3; 2=O2; 3=N2
4
n 6.5
24.45
3.578
A 3.639
3.280
i 1 3
A
niAi
3.020
3
B 0.506 10
0.593
B
ni Bi
118.161
0.186
5
D 0.227 10
0.040
D
C 0.0
0.02987
niDi
1.242 u 10
52.635
kJ
mol
0.8
2.5
n 3.2 A
4.8
24.45
i 1 5
A
3.578
3.639
3.387 B
3.470
3.280
3.020
0.506
10 3
0.629
1.450 K
0.593
niAi
B
119.65
0.186
0.227
5 2
D 0.014 10 K
0.121
0.040
ni Bi
D
1
0.027
K
niDi
i
8.873 u 10 K
99
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B
2 2
1
'
'H298 HR = R AWT0 1 WT0
2
D W 1
T
W
0
Given
W Find W
4.31
3.283
T T0 W
Ans.
978.9 K
J
mol
4 J
'H298
8.838 u 10
mol
1
1
i 1 2 n
1.424
14.394 3
4.392 6
0.0 5
B
10 C
10
D
10
3.470
1.450
0.0
0.121
A
A
niAi B ni Bi
i
C
4.894
0.01584
ni Ci
D
niDi
i
6
4.392 u 10
1.21 u 10
4 J
2.727 u 10
mol
115653 J
Ans.
100
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4.32 One way to proceed is as in Example 4.8 with the alternative pair of reactions:
CH4 + H2O = CO + 3H2
'H298a 205813
'H298b 164647
BASIS: 1 mole of product gases containing 0.0275 mol CO2; 0.1725 mol CO;
& H2O 0.6275 mol H2
Entering gas, by carbon & oxygen balances:
0.0275 + 0.1725 = 0.2000 mol CH4
0.1725 + 0.1725 + 2(0.0275) = 0.4000 mol H2O
J
'H298 0.1725 'H298a 0.0275 'H298b
mol
The energy balance is written
'H298
4 J
4.003 u 10
mol
Q = 'HR ''H298 HP
REACTANTS: 1=CH4; 2=H2O
i 1 2
0.2
0.4
n
1.702
9.081 3
2.164 6
0.0 5
B
10
C
10
D
10
3.470
1.450
0.0
0.121
A
A
niAi B ni Bi
i
C
1.728
D
i
3
2.396 u 10
ni Ci
niDi
i
7
4.328 u 10
4.84 u 10
4 J
1.145 u 10
mol
0.0275
0.1725
n
A
0.1725
0.6275
5.457
3.376
3.470
3.249
1.045
0.557 3
B
10
1.450
0.422
1.157
0.031 5
D
10
0.121
0.083
101
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niAi
A
i 1 4
B
3.37
ni Bi
niDi
D
i
4
6.397 u 10
C 0.0
3.579 u 10
'HR ''H298
HP mol
Ans.
54881 J
'H298a 802625
'H298b 1428652
BASIS: 1 mole fuel (0.75 mol CH4; 0.25 mol C2H6) burned completely with
80% xs. air.
O2 in = 1.8[(0.75)(2) + (0.25)(3.5)] = 4.275 mol
N2 in = 4.275(79/21) = 16.082 mol
Product gases: CO2 = 0.75 + 2(0.25) = 1.25 mol
H2O = 2(0.75) + 3(0.25) = 2.25 mol
O2 = (0.8/1.8)(4.275) = 1.9 mol
N2 = 16.082 mol
'H298
J
0.75 'H298a 0.25 'H298b mol
Q 8 10
Energy balance:
Q = 'H = 'H298 'HP
PRODUCTS: 1=CO2; 2=H2O; 3=O2; 4=N2
1.25
2.25
n
A
1.9
16.082
i 1 4
A
5.457
3.470 B
3.639
3.280
'HP = Q 'H298
1.045
3
1.450 10
0.506 K
0.593
niAi B ni Bi
i
74.292
1.157
0.121 5 2
D
10 K
0.227
0.040
D
0.015
J
mol
niDi
i
1
K
C 0.0
4 2
9.62 u 10 K
102
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4.34
W 2
(guess)
B
2 2
1 W Find W
Q 'H298 = R AWT0 1 WT0
2
D W 1
T
W
0
T T0 W
1.788
Ans.
542.2 K
BASIS: 1 mole of entering gases containing 0.15 mol SO2; 0.20 mol
O2; 0.65 mol N2
SO2 + 0.5O2 = SO3
Conversion = 86%
J
mol
n 0.0645
0.129
i 1 3
A
5.699
A 3.639
8.060
niAi B ni Bi
i
0.801
3
B 0.506 10
D
1.056
0.06985
D
1.015
5
0.227 10
2.028
niDi
i
7
2.58 u 10
C 0
1.16 u 10
103
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77.617
'H773
J
mol
'H298 'Hnet
'H773
12679
J
mol
Ans.
Energy balance:
J
'H298 0.3 [393509 (110525 214818)]
'H298
mol
4 J
2.045 u 10
mol
Reactants: 1: CO 2: H2O
0.5
0.5
3.376
3.470
n
A
i 1 2
A
0.031 5
10
0.121
0.557 3
10
1.450
B
D
niAi B ni Bi
i
3.423
D
niDi
i
3
1.004 u 10
C 0 D
4.5 u 10
3 J
3.168 u 10
Products:
0.2
0.2
n
0.3
0.3
mol
1: CO 2: H2O 3: CO2 4: H2
3.376
3.470
A
5.457
3.249
0.557
1.450 3
B
10
1.045
0.422
0.031
0.121 5
D
10
1.157
0.083
104
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i 1 4 A
niAi
B
ni Bi
D
3.981
niDi
i
4
8.415 u 10
C 0 D
3.042 u 10
'HP
Q
1.415 u 10
mol
'HR ''H298
HP mol
9470 J Ans.
4.36 BASIS: 100 lbmol DRY flue gases containing 3.00 lbmol CO2 and 11.80
lbmol CO x lbmol O2 and 100-(14.8-x)= 85.2-x lbmol N2. The oil therefore
contains 14.80 lbmol carbon;a carbon balance gives the mass of oil burned:
14.8
12.011
lbm
0.85
209.133 lbm
12.448 lbmol
0.149 lbmol
0.21 =
15.124 x
100.175
5.913 lbmol
0.03227
3.233 lbmol
BTU
209.13 lbm
lbm
1.192 u 10 BTU
'H298a
3.973 u 10 BTU
Guess: y 50
11.8
n( y) 5.913
79.278
15.797 y
i 1 5 A ( y)
r 1.986
5.457
3.376
A 3.639
3.280
3.470
T
1.045
0.557
3
B 0.506 10
0.593
1.450
T
T0
477.594
1.157
0.031
5
D 0.227 10
0.040
0.121
W
400 459.67
1.8
1.602
CP ( y) r A ( y)
B ( y)
D ( y)
WT0 1
2
2
W T0
107
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CP ()
y (400 77) BTU = Q 'H298 ()
y
Given
49.782
y 18.015
209.13
Whence
y Find()
y
4.288
4.37 BASIS: One mole of product gas containing 0.242 mol HCN, and
(1-0.242)/2 = 0.379 mol each of N2 and C2H2. The energy balance is
Q = 'H = 'H298 'HP
'H298 (2 135100 227480)
0.242
J
2
'H298
5.169 u 10 J
Products:
0.242
n 0.379
0.379
i 1 3 A
4.736
A 3.280
6.132
niAi
B
1.359
3
B 0.593 10
1.952
ni Bi
0.725
5
D 0.040 10
1.299
niDi
D
4.7133
i
3
1.2934 u 10
C 0 D
6.526 u 10
2.495 u 10 J
Q 'H298 'HP
'HP
Q
2.495 u 10 J
30124 J
Ans.
4.38 BASIS: 1 mole gas entering reactor, containing 0.6 mol HCl, 0.36 mol O2,
and 0.04 mol N2.
HCl reacted = (0.6)(0.75) = 0.45 mol
4HCl(g) + O2(g) = 2H2O(g) + 2Cl2(g)
108
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Evaluate
T0 298.15K
J
mol
'H298
5 J
1.144 u 10
mol
2
n
4
1
3.470
4.442
A
3.156
3.639
i 1 4 'A
niAi
1.45
0.089 3
B
10
0.623
0.506
'B
'A
ni Bi
0.121
0.344 5
D
10
0.151
0.227
'D
niDi
0.439
'B
i
5
8 u 10
'C 0 'D
8.23 u 10
117592
J
mol
'H823
4
0.45 mol
13229 J
Ans.
J
(a)
mol
J
(b)
'H298b 221050
mol
'H298a 172459
2
n 1
1
3.376
A 1.771
5.457
0.557
3
B 0.771 10
1.045
0.031
5
D 0.867 10
1.157
109
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niAi
i 1 3 'A
ni Bi
'B
'A
niDi
'D
0.476
i
4
'B
7.02 u 10
'C 0
'D
1.962 u 10
5 J
1.696 u 10
mol
For (b):
2
n 1
2
3.376
A 3.639
1.771
niAi
i 1 3 'A
'B
'A
0.429
'B
0.031
5
D 0.227 10
0.867
0.557
3
B 0.506 10
0.771
ni Bi
i
4
9.34 u 10
'D
niDi
i
'C 0
'D
1.899 u 10
5 J
2.249 u 10
mol
nCO
Define:
r=
nO
r
'H1148b
'H1148a
1.327
110
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For 100 mol flue gas and x mol air, moles are:
Flue gas
Air
Feed mix
CO2
12.8
12.8
CO
3.7
3.7
O2
5.4
0.21x
5.4 + 0.21x
N2
78.1
0.79x
78.1 + 0.79x
r=
12.5
5.4
r
mol
0.21
x
12.8
5.4 0.21 x
19.155 mol
100
19.155
Ans.
5.221
Product composition:
nCO 3.7 2 ( 12.8 5.4 0.21 19.155)
nCO
48.145
nN
93.232
nCO
Mole % CO =
nCO nN
100
34.054
Ans.
100 34.054
Mole % N2 =
65.946
'H298a 802625
J
mol
'H298b 519641
J
mol
BASIS: 1 mole of fuel gas consisting of 0.94 mol CH4 and 0.06 mol N2
Air entering contains:
1.35 2 0.94
2.538
79
21
2.538
9.548
mol O2
mol N2
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0.94 0.7
0.658
0.94 0.3
0.282
'H298
5 J
'H298
0.94 2.0
2 0.658
6.747 u 10
mol
1.88
3
0.282
2
1.739
CO2: 0.658
CO: 0.282
H2O: 1.880
O2: 2.538 - 1.739 = 0.799
N2: 9.548 + 0.060 = 9.608
0.658
0.282
n 1.880 A
0.799
9.608
i 1 5 A
5.457
3.376
3.470
B
3.639
3.280
niAi
1.045
0.557
3
1.450
10
0.506
0.593
B
ni Bi
1.157
0.031
5
D 0.121 10
0.227
0.040
D
niDi
45.4881
i
3
9.6725 u 10
C 0 D
3.396 u 10
4 J
7.541 u 10
Energy balance:
mol
'Hrx 'H298 'HP
'HH2O'
mdotH2O Hrx ndotfuel = 0
kJ
mol
kg
mdotH2O 34.0
sec
'Hrx
599.252
112
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it without permission.
kJ
kg
'HH2O mdotH2O
ndotfuel
ndotfuel
'Hrx
16.635
mol
sec
V
m
0.407
sec
101325 Pa
Ans.
'H298 109780
J
mol
1
n 1
1
T 798.15 K
by Eq. (4.21):
Evaluate
'H798
1: C4H6 2: H2 3: C4H8
2.734
A 3.249 B
1.967
26.786
3
C
0.422 10
31.630
8.882
6
D
0.0 10
9.873
0.0
5
0.083 10
0.0
i 1 3
niA'Bi ni Bi
'A
'A
'C
4.016
'D
i
3
'B
ni Ci
4.422 u 10
'C
niDi
i
7
9.91 u 10
'D
8.3 u 10
5 J
1.179 u 10
Q 0.33'
mol H798
mol
38896 J
Ans.
113
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3 BTU
7.88 u 10
mol K
a) T0 (70 459.67)rankine
T0
T T0 20rankine
294.261 K
3
0 0.016 10
ndot
Vdot
3
0 0.016 10
ndot R T0
P
m
s
3
8.314 u 10
0.943
T T0 13K
3
0 0.016 10
ndot
3
Q 12
kJ
s
Ans.
0 0.016 10
ndot
31.611
mol
s
0.7707
m
s
Ans.
P 1atm
T (68 459.67)rankine
atm ft
mol rankine
ft
sec
ft
sec
a) T0 (94 459.67)rankine
Vdot 50
Vdot
3
33.298
45.659 K
ndot R T0
P
1.61 u 10
mol
s
kJ
mol K
39.051
3
Vdot
Vdot
ndot
b) T0 (24 273.15)K
R
38.995 K
BTU
sec
305.372 K
Q 12
ndot
P Vdot
R T0
ndot
56.097
mol
s
114
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T0
307.594 K
3
293.15 K
5
0 0.016 10
50.7 K
3 BTU
7.88 u 10
mol K
3
0 0.016 10 ndot
Q
b) T0 ( 35 273.15)K
BTU
Ans.
sec
T ( 25 273.15)K
3
5 atm m
8.205 u 10
mol K
m
Vdot 1.5
sec
ndot
3
22.4121
3
8.314 u 10
P Vdot
R T0
ndot
5
0 0.016 10
59.325
mol
s
35.119 K
kJ
mol K
3
0 0.016 10 ndot
Q
17.3216
kJ
Ans.
s
'H298
6 J
2.043 u 10
Cost 2.20
J
J
J
4 241818
104680
mol
mol
mol
dollars
gal
mol
K 80%
115
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it without permission.
Tc 369.8K
Zc 0.276
T (25 273.15)K
Tr
Vc 200.0
T
Tc
Tr
0.806
3
1Tr 0.2857
Vsat Vc Zc
Heating_cost
Vsat
Vsat Cost
89.373
Heating_cost
H298
K'
Heating_cost
cm
mol
cm
mol
dollars
MJ
Ans.
dollars
33.528
6
10 BTU
0.032
T (500 273.15)K
3
0 1.299 10
4 J
2.612 u 10
mol
The calculations are repeated and the answers are in the following table:
J/mol
a) Acetylene
26,
120
b) Ammonia
20,
200
c) n-butane
71,
964
d) Carbon dioxide
21,
779
e) Carbon monoxide
14,
457
f) Ethane
38,
420
g) Hydrogen
13,
866
h) Hydrogen chloride
14,
040
i) M ethane
23,
318
j) Nitric oxide
14,
730
k) Nitrogen
14,
276
l) Nitrogen dioxide
20,
846
m) Nitrous oxide
22,
019
n) Oxygen
15,
052
o) Propylene
46,
147
116
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4.46 T0 ( 25 273.15)K
Q 30000
T ( 500 273.15)K
J
mol
a) Acetylene
3
T Find ( T)
835.369 K
T 273.15K
0 1.299 10
562.2 degC
The calculations are repeated and the answers are in the following table:
a) Acetylene
b) Ammonia
c) n-butane
d) Carbon dioxide
e) Carbon monoxide
f) Ethane
g) Hydrogen
h) Hydrogen chloride
i) Methane
j) Nitric oxide
k) Nitrogen
l) Nitrogen dioxide
m) Nitrous oxide
n) Oxygen
o) Propylene
4.47 T0 ( 25 273.15)K
T (K)
835.4
964.0
534.4
932.9
1248.0
690.2
1298.4
1277.0
877.3
1230.2
1259.7
959.4
927.2
1209.9
636.3
T (C)
562.3
690.9
261.3
659.8
974.9
417.1
1025.3
1003.9
604.2
957.1
986.6
686.3
654.1
936.8
363.2
T ( 250 273.15) K
Q 11500
J
mol
y 0.5
Given
3
6
2.164 10
3
0.637
0 R
6
5.561 10
= Q
0 R
Ans.
117
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b) T0 (100 273.15)K
T (400 273.15)K
3
6
13.301 10
3
(1 y)ICPH
T0 T 3.876 63.249 10
y Find()
y
3
6
15.716 10
3
(1 y)ICPH
T0 T 1.124 55.380 10
y
20.928 10
= Q
0 R
0.512
Q 17500
J
mol
y 0.5
y Find()
y
6
T (250 273.15)K
0 R
Ans.
0.245
c) T0 (150 273.15)K
J
mol
y 0.5
Q 54000
0 R
6
18.476 10
= Q
0 R
Ans.
4.48 Temperature profiles for the air and water are shown in the figures below.
There are two possible situations. In the first case the minimum
temperature difference, or "pinch" point occurs at an intermediate location
in the exchanger. In the second case, the pinch occurs at one end of the
exchanger. There is no way to know a priori which case applies.
Pinch atEnd
TH1
Section II
Section I
TH1
Section I
THi
Section II
THi
TC1
'T
TH2 TC1
TCi
TCi
TC2
TH2
'T
TC2
118
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To solve the problem, apply an energy balance around each section of the
exchanger.
T
H1
CP dT
mdotC HC1 HCi = ndotH
T
Section I balance:
Hi
Hi
CP dT
mdotC HCi HC2 = ndotH
T
Section II balance:
H2
If the pinch is intermediate, then THi = TCi + 'T. If the pinch is at the end,
then TH2 = TC2 + 'T.
a) TH1 1000degC
'T 10degC
TC1 100degC
HC1 2676.0
TCi 100degC
kJ
kg
HCi 419.1
kJ
kg
TC2 25degC
HC2 104.8
kJ
kg
For air from Table C.1:A 3.355 B 0.575 10 3 C 0 D 0.016 105
kmol
s
ndotH 1
Guess:
mdotC 1
kg
s
THi 110degC
Given
mdotC HC1 HCi = ndotH R ICPH THi TH1 A B C D Energy balances
on Section I and
mdotC HCi HC2 = ndotH R ICPH TH2 THi A B C D II
mdotC
Find mdotC THi THi
T
Hi
mdotC
ndotH
THi TCi
0.011
kg
mol
70.261 degC
11.255
kg
s
Ans.
TH2 TC2
10 degC
119
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TC1 100degC
'T 10degC
HC1 2676.0
TCi 100degC
kJ
kg
HCi 419.1
ndotH 1
mdotC 1
kg
s
HC2 104.8
kJ
kg
kmol
s
Guess:
kJ
kg
TC2 25degC
TH2 110degC
Given
mdotC HC1 HCi = ndotH R ICPH THi TH1 A B C D Energy balances
on Section I and
mdotC HCi HC2 = ndotH R ICPH TH2 THi A B C D II
mdotC
Find mdotC TH2 TH2
T
H2
mdotC
ndotH
THi TCi
3 kg
5.03 u 10
10 degC
mol
48.695 degC
mdotC
5.03
kg
s
Ans.
TH2 TC2
23.695 degC
Since the intermediate temperature difference, THi - TCi is less than the
temperature difference at the end point, TH2 - TC2, the assumption of an
intermediate pinch is correct.
4.50a) C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g)= 6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)
1 = C6H12O6 , 2 = O2 , 3 = CO2 , 4 = H2O
'H0f1 1274.4
kJ
mol
'H0f2 0
kJ
mol
M1 180
gm
mol
120
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'H0f3 393.509
kJ
mol
'H0f4 285.830
kJ
mol
kJ
kg
M3 44
2801.634
gm
mol
kJ
mol
Ans.
mass_person 57kg
mass_person energy_per_kg
'H0r
M1
mass_glucose
0.549 kg Ans.
c) 6 moles of CO2 are produced for every mole of glucose consumed. Use
molecular mass to get ratio of mass CO2 produced per mass of glucose.
6
275 10 mass_glucose
6 M3
M1
2.216 u 10 kg
Ans.
kJ
mol
'H0f4 393.509
'H0f2 83.820
kJ
mol
kJ
mol
'H0f5 241.818
'H0f3 0
kJ
mol
kJ
mol
a) 'H0c 1.05 'H0f4 2 'H0f5 0.85 'H0f1 0.10 'H0f2 1.05 'H0f3
'H0c
825.096
kJ
mol
Ans.
b) For complete combustion of 1 mole of fuel and 50% excess air, the exit
gas will contain the following numbers of moles:
n3 0.5 2.05mol
n3
1.025 mol
Excess O2
121
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n4 1.05mol
n5 2mol
n6 0.05mol
79
1.5 2.05mol
21
n6
11.618 mol
Total N2
B
C
T2 (600 273.15)K
n3 0 n4 0 n5 0 n6 0 10 6
mol
5
Q 'H0c ICPH T1 T2 A B C D R
529.889
kJ
mol
Ans.
122
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