1 Read the passage and decide where the following phrases/clauses/sentences go.

Indicate your
choice by giving the number of the line where you think the phrase/clause/sentence should be
inserted. GIVE ONLY ONE ANSWER.
a) , at least for the first four or five years of life

________

b) , particularly by daughters

________

c) ; mostly it is every primate for himself

________

d) and go on until it finds a mound ripe for fishing

________

e) , an energetic and rhythmic series of movements performed by males,

________

2 Provide the referent for the following words and phrases.

ends

line 11

It

line 12

in doing so

line 19

this

line 20

they

line 24

3 Write one well-formed sentence expressing the main idea of the paragraphs. Abbreviations,
fragments, and arrows are not accepted. Do not quote from the text. GIVE ONLY ONE
ANSWER.
paragraph 1

paragraph 5

4 Decide whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE, or there is NO

EVIDENCE for them in the passage. Indicate your decision with capital letters T, F or NE.
Justify your opinion in one or two well-formed sentences. Do not quote from the text.
Abbreviations, fragments, and arrows will not be accepted.
a) Members of chimp families seem to be rather affectionate to each other.

b) A baby chimp spends most of its time learning and playing.

c) Meat is very rare in a chimpanzee diet.

d) Food-sharing is unusual among chimpanzees.

e) Chimpanzees have been observed to paint diagrammatic representations of the human face.

f) In order to catch termites, a chimp gets them out with its fingers.

5 Find words or expressions from the text that correspond to the following meanings and
explanations.
1. children

(lines 1-14)

2. willing to accept others beliefs (lines 1-14)

3. high quality

(lines 1-14)

4. mainly or mostly

(lines 1-14)

5. session

(lines 15-34)

6. change

(lines 15-34)

7. large in amount or degree

(lines 15-34)

8. absorb

(lines 15-34)

9. impressed

(lines 15-34)

10. self-rewarding

(lines 15-34)

Chimps apparently live in troops of between 20 and 50 animals. Within these troops they form small groups

of varying composition; the most basic group consists of females or females plus offspring. Adult females spending

much time together often turn out to be mother and daughter, or sisters. Mother and offspring live together

consistently, longer than in any other primate except man. During this time the young learn from their mother and

from other chimps all the complicated acquired behaviours of chimpanzee adult life. Life for the young chimpanzee

is relaxed and tolerant, and an infant will spend much of its time playing with other infants, with its mother and with

its brothers and sisters. After this five-year initial period, contacts with the mother are still maintained. Even sons

return from time to time from their wanderings to greet their mothers affectionately.

In the forest chimps are predominantly fruit-eaters (upon occasion they are cannibalistic!), but in open

10

woodland they may add more protein to their diet. Males sometimes kill colobus monkeys or bush-pig; often males

11

will gang up in a group to achieve their ends. Meat is a very choice item in chimpanzee diet and is eaten slowly and

12

deliberately with a mouthful of leaves between each bite. It is sometimes shared out with other chimps who will beg

13

for pieces. This food-sharing is very unusual among non-human primates. When the season is right, chimps in

14

woodlands also eat termites, and they do this by fishing for them.

15

When beginning a bout of termiting, an animal will carefully select items or pieces of grass, trim them to

16

the appropriate length, collect enough of them, and set out on the hunt for insects. It may pass over several termite

17

hills if they are not ready. Using a finger, a hole is scraped and the prepared twig inserted. Withdrawn covered with

18

termites, it is passed carefully over the lower lip until every delicious morsel is removed, and the operation repeated.

19

Clearly, in doing so, chimps are taking natural objects, modifying them to a standard pattern and using them for an

20

objective which involves planning and forethought. They are, in fact, making tools. This has surprised many people,

21

for previously man was considered to be the only tool-maker. In the chimpanzee, however, the intellectual abilities

22

necessary for purposeful tool-making are already developed at an infra-human level.

23

Other examples of chimp tool-use in natural surroundings have also been seen. For instance, chewed leaves

24

are used as sponges to soak up water from holes in trees. They are also used to wipe dung or mud from the body.

25

Stones and branches are used too in agonistic displays or when an animal is excited. They may be thrown under- or

26

over-arm, often with considerable force and accuracy. Similar behaviour has been observed in other apes. Stones are

27

used to open nuts too.

28

There are some further peculiarities of ape behaviour which are quite fascinating. Jane van Lawick-Goodall

29

once observed a chimpanzee sitting, apparently transfixed, watching a beautiful African sunset. Can chimps have

30

aesthetic tastes? Examples of ape art in zoos would suggest that this is certainly the case. In London Zoo chimps

31

have learnt how to paint, always with a detectable individualistic style. They can match the compositional abilities of

32

a three-year-old human child, before the first diagrammatic representation of the face. Painting is to a high degree

33

autotelic, that is to say, self-rewarding. Ape painters hate being interrupted, even for food! Jane van Lawick-

34

Goodall has also seen what she calls a rain-dance watched by excited females, when there is a tropical rainstorm.