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Chapter 9 C
Chapter 9 C
Chapter 9 C
REINFORCED
CONCRETE
Fifth Edition
Reinforced Concrete Design
A Fundamental Approach
Fifth Edition
COMBINED COMPRESSION
AND BENDING: COLUMNS
A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
9c
SPRING 2004
By
Dr . Ibrahim. Assakkaf
Slide No. 1
Slide No. 2
h
2
Plastic
Centroid
Slide No. 3
0.85 f c
c = 0.003
c
Cs
Cc
Cs
Cc
N.A.
d d
Ts
s
Strains :
d c
s = 0.003
c
c d
s = 0.003
c
Stresses :
f s = Es s f y
f s = Es s f y
Ts
Internal forces :
Cc = 0.85 f cba
Cs = As f s
Geometric
Centroid
Ts = As f s
Slide No. 4
Slide No. 5
(19)
Slide No. 6
Slide No. 7
M n = Pn e = Cc y + Cs ( y d ) + Ts (d y )
2
since
Cc = 0.85 f cba
Cs = As f s
(20)
(21)
Ts = As f s
Slide No. 8
(22)
M n = Pn e = 0.85 f cba y + As f s( y d ) + As f s (d y )
2
(23)
Slide No. 9
Slide No. 10
Slide No. 11
Slide No. 12
M n = Pn e = 0.85 f cba y + As f y ( y d ) + As f y (d y )
2
or
a
M n = Pn e = 0.85 f cba d + As f y (d d )
2
(24)
(25)
(26)
Slide No. 13
M n = Pn e = Pn d + As f y (d d )
2
(27)
As f y As f s + Pn
0.85 f cb
(28)
Slide No. 14
0.003(c d )
fy
c
(29a)
or
d
f s = s Es = 0.003Es 1 f y
c
(29b)
Slide No. 15
(30a)
f s = s Es = 0.003Es t 1 f y
c
(30b)
f s = Es s = Es
or
Slide No. 16
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Slide No. 17
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Slide No. 18
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Slide No. 19
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10
Slide No. 20
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Slide No. 21
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11
Slide No. 22
c = 0.003
c = 0.003
t 0.002
0.002 t 0.005
t 0.005
Strain condition
for compressioncontrolled sections
(Gr 60 steel)
Strain condition
for intermediate
behavior
Strain condition
for tensionControlled sections
Slide No. 23
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12
Slide No. 24
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Stress Limits
1) Tension-controlled limit case (t > 0.005)
c
0.003
c
=
=
= 0.375
d t c + t 0.003 + 0.005
(31)
a = c = 0.375 1d t
(32)
s = 0.0031
d
d
= 0.0031 2.67
c
dt
d
f s = s Es = 87,0001 2.67 f y
dt
(33)
(34)
Slide No. 25
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Stress Limits
1) Compression-controlled limit case (t = 0.002)
c
c
0.003
=
=
= 0.60
d t c + t 0.003 + 0.002
(35)
a = c = 0.60 1d t
(36)
s = 0.0031
d
0.60d t
d
f s = s Es = 87,0001 1.67 f y
dt
(37)
(38)
13
Slide No. 26
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Stress Limits
Transition zone for limit strain with
intermediate behavior
This characterizes compression members in which
the tensile reinforcement As has yielded but the
compressive reinforcement As has a stress level
less than fy depending on the geometry of the
section.
Intermediate values change linearly with t from
= 0.90 when t > 0.005 to = 0.65 for tied columns,
or = 0.70 for spiral columns when t 0.002.
Slide No. 27
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Stress Limits
Transition zone for limit strain with
intermediate behavior (contd)
It should be noted that for nonprestressed flexural
members and for nonprestressed members with
axial load less than 0.10 f c Ag, the net tensile strain
t should not be less than 0.004. Hence, in the
transition zone of Fig. 8, the minimum strain value
in flexural members for determining the value is
0.004.
This limit is necessitated, as a value can
otherwise become so low that additional
reinforcement would be needed to give the
required nominal moment strength.
14
Slide No. 28
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Slide No. 29
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15
Slide No. 30
Slide No. 31
Figure 9
e
e
Pu
Pu
Pu
Pu e
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
16
Slide No. 32
Slide No. 33
e=
Mu
Pu
(39)
17
Slide No. 34
fx
fx
fx
f x = ( f x )centric + ( f x )bending
Slide No. 35
x =
D
P
EB
P My
A I
(40)
18
Slide No. 36
P = 4.8 kN y
M x = 4.8(40 ) = 192 kN m
P =4.8 kN
Mx = 192 kNm
120 mm
80
m
m
Mz = 120 kNm
x
z
35 mm
Slide No. 37
19
Slide No. 38
Example 7
Find the design axial load strength Pn for
the tied column for the following conditions:
(a) small eccentricity, (b) pure moment, (c)
e = 5 in., and (d) the balanced condition.
The column cross section is shown.
Assume a short column. Bending about
the Y-Y axis. Use f c = 4000 psi and fy =
60,000 psi.
Slide No. 39
Example 7 (contd)
20
6#9 bars
14
Y
14
20
Slide No. 40
Example 7 (contd)
(a) Small Eccentricity:
Ag = 14(20 ) = 280 in 2
Ast = 6 in 2 (area of 6 #9 bars)
Pn = Pn (max)
= 0.80(0.70)[0.85(4)(280 6 ) + (60)(6 )]
= 723 kips
Slide No. 41
Example 7 (contd)
(b) Pure Moment:
The analysis of the pure moment condition
is similar to the analysis of the case where
the eccentricity e is infinite as shown in
Figure 12.
The design moment Mn will be found
since Pu and Pn will both be zero.
Assume that As is at yield, and then with
reference to Figure 13, then
21
Slide No. 42
Example 7 (contd)
Figure 12
Pu
e=
Slide No. 43
Example 7 (contd)
C1 = concrete compressive force
C2 = steel compressive force
T = steel tensile force
s
c 3
Since
0.003
c 3
s = 0.003
c
c
f s = Es s
(41)
(42)
22
Slide No. 44
Example 7 (contd)
3
As
Figure 13
s
c
17
0.85 f c
0.003
As
M n
Z2
Z1
y
or more
Strain
(a)
C2
C1
0.85c
(b)
(c)
(d)
Slide No. 45
Example 7 (contd)
f s = 29 10 6 (0.003)
c3
c3
= 87
(43)
c
c
C1 + C2 = T
(44)
23
Slide No. 46
Example 7 (contd)
(45a)
f y As
and thus,
f s = 87
3.62 3
= 14.90 ksi (compression)
3.62
(46)
Slide No. 47
#3
0.11
0.22
0.33
0.44
0.55
0.66
0.77
0.88
0.99
1.10
#4
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
$5
0.31
0.62
0.93
1.24
1.55
1.86
2.17
2.48
2.79
3.10
#6
0.44
0.88
1.32
1.76
2.20
2.64
3.08
3.52
3.96
4.40
Bar number
#7
#8
0.60
0.79
1.20
1.58
1.80
2.37
2.40
3.16
3.00
3.95
3.60
4.74
4.20
5.53
4.80
6.32
5.40
7.11
6.00
7.90
#9
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
#10
1.27
2.54
3.81
5.08
6.35
7.62
8.89
10.16
11.43
12.70
#11
1.56
3.12
4.68
6.24
7.80
9.36
10.92
12.48
14.04
15.60
24
Slide No. 48
Example 7 (contd)
Therefore, the forces will be
C1 = 0.85 f c(0.85c )b = 0.85(4 )(0.85)(3.62)(14 ) = 146.5 kips
146.5
0.85(3.62 )
17
= 188.8 ft - kips
12
2
34.5(14 )
= 40.3 ft - kips
12
M n 2 = C2 Z 2 =
Slide No. 49
Example 7 (contd)
3
As
Figure 13
s
c
17
C2
C1
0.85c
As
M n
Z1
y
or more
Strain
(a)
0.85 f c
0.003
(b)
(c)
Z2
(d)
25
Slide No. 50
Example 7 (contd)
Therefore,
Slide No. 51
Example 7 (contd)
(c) The eccentricity e = 5 in:
The situation of e = 5 in. is shown in Figure 14
Note that in Part (a), all steel was in
compression and in Part (b), the steel on the
side of the column away from the load was in
tension. Therefore, there is some value of the
eccentricity at which steel will change from
tension to compression. Since this is not
known, the strain in Figure 15 is assumed.
26
Slide No. 52
Example 7 (contd)
Figure 14
Pu
e = 5
Slide No. 53
Example 7 (contd)
As
As
12
(a)
d = 17
(b)
C2
C1
0.85c
Z1
Comp./tens.?
0.85 f c
0.003
Pn
5
Figure 15
Assumed Strain
(c)
Z2
(d)
27
Slide No. 54
Example 7 (contd)
The assumptions at ultimate load are
1. Maximum concrete strain = 0.003
2. s > y, therefore, f s =fy
3. s is tensile
4. s < y and thus fs < fy
These assumptions will be verified later.
The unknown quantities are Pu and c.
The forces will be evaluated as follows:
Slide No. 55
Example 7 (contd)
d c
T = f s As = s Es As = 87
As
c
17 c
17 c
= 87
3 = 261
c
c
From moments = 0 in Fig. 7c :
0.003
s
s
d c
c
d c
, and
s = 0.003
c
d c
d c
3
f s = s Es = 0.003
29 10 = 87
c
c
0.003
Pn = C1 + C2 T
= 40.46c + 169.8 261
17 c
c
(47)
28
Slide No. 56
Example 7 (contd)
From moments = 0, taking moments about T in
Figure 15d:
a
Pn (12 ) = C1 d + C2 (14 )
(48)
1
0.85c
40.46c17
+ 169.8(`14 )
12
2
c = 14.86 in.
Pn = 733 kips
Slide No. 57
Example 7 (contd)
Now, the assumptions can be checked:
14.86 3
(0.003) = 0.0024
14.86
f
60,000
y = y =
= 0.00207 < ( s = 0.0024 )
Es 29 106
s =
OK
OK
29
Slide No. 58
Example 7 (contd)
The design moment for an eccentricity of 5
in. can be computed as follows:
Pu = Pn = 0.65(733) = 477 kips
M n = Pn e =
477(5)
= 199 ft - kips
12
Slide No. 59
Example 7 (contd)
(d) The Balanced Condition Case:
The balanced condition is defined when the
concrete reaches a strain of 0.003 at the same
time that the tension steel reaches its yield
strain, as shown in Fig. 16c.
The value of cb can be calculated from
cb =
87
87
(17 ) = 10.06 in.
d=
87 + f y
87 + 60
30
Slide No. 60
Example 7 (contd)
Pb
As
eb
d = 17
0.85 f c
0.003
As
Figure 16
cb
C2
C1
0.85c
0.002
Strain
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Slide No. 61
Example 7 (contd)
s =
10.06 3
(0.003) = 0.0021 > y = 0.002
10.06
Therefore, f s = fy = 60 ksi
The forces can computed as follows:
31
Slide No. 62
Example 7 (contd)
The value of eb may be calculated by
summing moments about T as follows:
0.85cb
Pe (eb + 7 ) = C1 d
+ C2 (14)
2
0.85(10.06)2
397(eb + 7 ) = 407 17
+ 170(14)
2
258(12 )
= 258 ft - kips
12
Slide No. 63
Example 7 (contd)
The results of the four parts can be tabulated
(see Table 6) and plotted as shown in Fig. 17.
This plot is called an interaction diagram.
In the plot, any point on the solid line
represents an allowable combination of load
and moment.
Any point within the solid line represents a
load-moment combination that is also
allowable, but for which this column is
overdesigned.
32
Slide No. 64
Example 2 (contd)
Table 6
e
Moment strength
(Pne, ft- kips)
Small
723
0 (small)
Infinite
160
5 in.
513
214
12 in
278
278
Slide No. 65
Pn (kips)
8 00
Compression Failure
7 00
6 00
Balanced condition
e=0
5 00
4 00
5
e=
3 00
2 00
in.
e = eb =
12 in.
1 00
Tensile Failure
e=
0
0
50
100
15 0
Mo me nt
Bending Strength
200
250
3 00
of Member
33
Slide No. 66
Example 7 (contd)
Any point outside the solid line represents an
unaccepted load-moment combination or a
load-moment combination for which this
column is underdesigned.
Radial lines from the origin represent various
eccentricities (slope = Pn/Pn or 1/e).
Any eccentricity less than eb will result in
compression controlling the column, and any
eccentricity greater than eb will result in
tension controlling the column.
Slide No. 67
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34
Slide No. 68
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Slide No. 69
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35
Slide No. 70
Slide No. 71
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Figure 18. Column Reinforced with Steel on all Faces: (a) CrossSection; (b) Strain; (c) Forces
36
Slide No. 72
(49)
h 1
(50)
Slide No. 73
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Si
S
= 87,000 i
c
c
(51)
f si f y
37
Slide No. 74
Circular Columns
Case 2:
h/2a
= cos 1
h/2
(52a)
h
, > 90 o
2
h/2a
1 a h / 2
= cos 1
and = cos
h/2
h/2
a>
(52b)
Slide No. 75
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38
Slide No. 76
Circular Columns
(53a)
Ac y = h
12
(53b)
Slide No. 77
Circular Columns
di =
where = (h 2d ) / h
h hi
(cos bar )
2 2
(54a)
d
f si = 87,0001 i f y
(54b)
c
(54c)
f si = 87,000 i 1 f y
c
39
Circular Columns
Slide No. 78
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(55a)
h
M n = 0.85 f cAc y + f si Asi d i
(55c)
Slide No. 79
40
Slide No. 80
As f y
bhf c
Pn =
+
3he
e
+ 0.5
+ 1.18
d d
d2
(56)
Slide No. 81
41
Slide No. 82
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Circular Concrete
Columns (contd)
Slide No. 83
42
Slide No. 84
2
0.85e
g mDs 0.85e
0.38 +
0.38
Pn = 0.85 f ch
2.5h
h
(57)
Ast f y
Ag f c
+
3e
9.6he
+ 1.0
Ds
(0.8h + 0.67 Ds )2 + 1.18
(58)
Slide No. 85
= diameter of section
= diameter of the reinforcement cage center to center of the outer
vertical bars
= eccentricity to plastic centroid of section
Ast
gross steel area
=
Ag gross concrete area
fy
0.85 f c
43
Slide No. 86
Example 8
Obtain an equivalent rectangular cross
section for the circular column shown in figure
20a. Assume that Ds = 15 in.
thickness of rect. section = 0.8 20 = 16 in.
width of rect. section =
Ag
0.8h
2 Ds 2(15)
=
= 10 in.
3
3
A
As = As = st
2
(20 )2
4
1
= 19.63 in.
0.8(20)
d d =
Slide No. 87
Example 9
A concrete circular column 20 in. in diameter
is reinforced with six No. 8 equally spaced
bars as show in the figure. Using Whitneys
approximate approach, compute the nominal
axial load Pn for (a) eccentricity e = 16.0 in. and
(b) eccentricity e = 5.0 in.
2.5 in.
Given :
f c = 4000 psi
6 #8
20 in.
f y = 60,000 psi
44
Slide No. 88
Example 9 (contd)
a) e = 16.0 in. with axial load 6 in. outside the
circular section. It can be assumed that the
section is tension-controlled.
Ds = 20 2(2.5) = 15 in.
g =
Slide No. 89
#3
0.11
0.22
0.33
0.44
0.55
0.66
0.77
0.88
0.99
1.10
#4
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
$5
0.31
0.62
0.93
1.24
1.55
1.86
2.17
2.48
2.79
3.10
#6
0.44
0.88
1.32
1.76
2.20
2.64
3.08
3.52
3.96
4.40
Bar number
#7
#8
0.60
0.79
1.20
1.58
1.80
2.37
2.40
3.16
3.00
3.95
3.60
4.74
4.20
5.53
4.80
6.32
5.40
7.11
6.00
7.90
#9
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
#10
1.27
2.54
3.81
5.08
6.35
7.62
8.89
10.16
11.43
12.70
#11
1.56
3.12
4.68
6.24
7.80
9.36
10.92
12.48
14.04
15.60
45
Slide No. 90
Example 9 (contd)
Using Eq. 57, yields
m=
fy
0.85 f c
60,000
= 17.65
0.85(4000)
2
0.85e
g mDs 0.85e
0.38
Pn = 0.85 f ch 2
0.38 +
2 .5 h
h
2
0.85(16)
0.015(17.65)(15) 0.85(16 )
0.38
0.38 +
Pn = 0.85(4 )(20 )
2.5(20 )
20
20
= 151.79 kips
2
Slide No. 91
Example 9 (contd)
b) e = 5.0 in. with axial load inside the circular
section. It can be assumed that the section
is compression-controlled.
(20)2
2
2
Ag =
= 314.2 in
Pn =
Ag f c
Ast f y
+
3e
9.6he
+ 1.0
Ds
(0.8h + 0.67 Ds )2 + 1.18
4.74(60 )
314.2(4)
+
= 626.58 kips
3(5)
9.6(20 )(5)
+1
+ 1.18
15
(0.8 20 + 0.67 15)2
46