1.

'Modular construction' is a term used to describe the use of factoryproduced pre-engineered building units that are delivered to site and assembled as
large volumetric components or as substantial elements of a building.

2.

Static friction
Static friction is friction between two or more solid objects that are not moving relative to each
other. For example, static friction can prevent an object from sliding down a sloped surface. The
coefficient of static friction, typically denoted as s, is usually higher than the coefficient of kinetic
friction.
The static friction force must be overcome by an applied force before an object can move. The
maximum possible friction force between two surfaces before sliding begins is the product of the
coefficient of static friction and the normal forceThe instant sliding occurs, static friction is no
longer applicablethe friction between the two surfaces is then called kinetic friction.
An example of static friction is the force that prevents a car wheel from slipping as it rolls on the
ground. Even though the wheel is in motion, the patch of the tire in contact with the ground is
stationary relative to the ground, so it is static rather than kinetic friction.
The maximum value of static friction, when motion is impending, is sometimes referred to
as limiting friction,[22] although this term is not used universally.[2] It is also known as traction.

What is Static Friction?

Have you ever noticed that it's harder to get a shopping cart moving than it is to keep it moving?
If you try to push your couch across the room, the first push is the hardest part. Maybe people
assume that's nothing more than psychological, but there really is a physics reason for it. The
reason is static friction.
Friction, in general, is a force that makes it harder for two objects to slide alongside one
another. Static friction is the friction that exists between a stationary object and the surface on
which it's resting.

A frictional force occurs when you try to push an object alongside a surface
Once the objects have already started moving, kinetic friction takes over. This is the friction that
exists between two objects moving relative to each other. Kinetic friction isn't as strong as static
friction, and so it is easier to keep the shopping cart moving.

What Causes Friction?

If you were to see an extreme close up of an otherwise smooth surface, you'd see that it contains
a whole landscape of mountains and valleys, pits and bumps. These imperfections cause two
surfaces to grip each other and make it hard for things to slide.
But when an object is stationary, there is also something called adhesion between two
surfaces. Adhesion is where two non-moving surfaces stick together slightly, due to some light
chemical bonding between the materials. This is what makes static friction so strong.

Equation for Static Friction

Force is a push or pull, measured in Newtons (N). Friction is one such force. We can calculate
how many Newtons of frictional force there are between two surfaces using this equation:

Equation for Static Friction

The coefficient of friction is just a number that represents how much two surfaces grip each
other. Thenormal force is the force a surface applies to an object to keep it sitting on a surface.
Without a normal force, objects would fall through to the ground, because there would be nothing

to hold them up. On a flat surface, this normal force is equal to the force of gravity acting down
on the object, and this can be calculated by taking the mass of the object (in kilograms) and
multiplying it by the acceleration due to gravity:

Equation for the force of

dispenser - a container so designed that the contents can be used in prescribed amounts
One that dispenses or gives out, especially a machine or container that allows the contents to be rem
oved and used in convenient orprescribed amounts.