Engr180 Communication PDF

11/6/2015
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Engineering 180
System Engineering
Dr. John D. Olsen, PE
Thales-Raytheon Systems LLC
jdolsen@raytheon.com
(Cell) 714.402.3395
Copyright
Copyright2015
2015John
JohnOlsen
Olsen- All
- AllRights
RightsReserved
Reserved
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Lecture 1
Case Study: Communication Systems
Copyright 2015 John Olsen - All Rights Reserved
John Olsen Introduction
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Retired from Raytheon Corporation. Last Position:

Technical Director, Thales-Raytheon Systems LLC.
The U.S. operations of the Raytheon-Thales
trans-Atlantic joint venture company.
40 years of engineering and business leadership experience spanning
Communications, Command and Control and Radar systems.
UCLA, Anderson School, Executive Management Program Graduate,
January 1997.
USC, Ph.D., Electrical Engineering, June 1978.
USC, Engineer, Electrical Engineering, June 1976.
USC, MS, Electrical Engineering, January 1975.
Newark College of Engineering, BSEE (Summa Cum Laude), June 1973.
BoD INCOSE 1995-1996
President, Greater Los Angeles Chapter, AUSA 2002-2004
11/6/2015
Question?
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
What comes to your mind with the words

Communications System?
21st Century Communication System

Examples
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Cell Phones
Satellite Radio (XM and Sirius)
Satellite TV/HDTV (e.g., DirecTV, DishNet)
Internet/World-Wide Web
Blackberry & Smartphones
Voice over IP (VoIP)
Google images
Fiber Optics
Comm Segment Overview
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Objectives:
Illustrate principles of complex system design
through communications example
Direct Broadcast Satellite Television (e.g.,
DirecTV, DishNet)
Learn about Communications Technologies that

are familiar to you
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Outline Communications Case Study
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Lecture 1 Communication System Introduction and

Basics
Evolution of Communications in defense and commercial

applications
Communications System Definition
Communications Modes
Electromagnetic Spectrum & Radio Frequency Spectrum
Radio Wave Propagation Loss, Rain Loss, Terrain Loss
Antennas
Data Rate and Bandwidth
Analog and Digital Signals
Lecture 2-4 Communications System Engineering

Example Direct Broadcast Satellite Television
Communications Systems Definition

SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Definition of Communications System
Provide the capability to transfer

Information(1) between sender(s)
and a distant receiver(s) at the speed
of light(2)
1. Information may be voice, text, facsimile, video,
computer-to-computer, sensors, etc.
2. Speed of light = 186,000 miles per second or 3 x 108
meters per second
Communications System Chronology

SYSTEM ENGINEERING
1838
1876
1895
1900s
1920
1948
1954
1960
1960s
1963
1969
1970s
System
1977
1982
Time Line for Communication System
Telegraph (Samuel Morse) Wired

Telephone (Alexander Gram Bell) Wired
Marconi Wireless Telegraph
Telephones in Cities with Patch Panel
Switchboards
Broadcast AM Radio
Television, Black and White
Television, Color (NTSC)
LASER
Broadcast FM Radio
Geo-Synchronous Satellite (SYNCOM)
ARPA Net (UCLA, Leonard Klienrock)
PCM Telephone System, Electronic Switching
Fiber Optic Communications
International Maritime Satellite (INMARSAT)
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Communications System Chronology (Contd)
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1980s-1995
Global Positioning System (GPS)
1983
Analog Cell Phones (AMPS)
1994
DirecTVTM
1990s
Digital Cell Phones (TDMA, CDMA)
1998
Iridium Satellite Phones
2001
Global Packet Radio System (i.e., Blackberry)
2001-2002
XM and Sirius Satellite radio
2002
Broadcast HD Radio and Broadcast HD TV
2004
HD DirecTV
2000s
VoIP (VonageTM, EarthlinkTM, SkypeTM, etc.)
2009
Only Digital Broadcast Television (DTV)
2011
4G (Long Term Evolution) Cellular System
Military Communications Evolution
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
1861-1865 Flag Signaling in Civil War (Birth of Army Signal Corps)

1880s
Field Telegraph Keys with Rolls of Wire
1900s
High Frequency (HF) Radio (Long Distance Morse Code and voice)
1920s
Ground to Ground VHF Radios
1940s
Airborne UHF radio service
1950s
Defense Switched Network
1970s
Defense Satellite Communications System (DSCS)
1980s
MilStar EHF
1994
Tactical Internet
1990s
UHF Follow-on
1990s
Global Information GIG; Defense version of WWW
2008
Wideband Gap-Filler Satellite System
2012
Mobile User Objective System (MUOS)
2020+?
Tactical Satellite System
Question?
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
What would you think would be unique

requirements of a Military or Defense
Communications System?
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Example Military Communication System

Requirements
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System requirements for military communication systems
Confidentiality (secrecy, protection from Eavesdropping)

Authentication of source and non-alterable message content
(protection from spoofing)
Operate without Infrastructure (e.g., Cell towers)
Covert (hid the signal from interception; e.g., Special Op units)
Protection from Direction Finding and Location
Protection from Brut-Force Jamming (Electronic Warfare)
Protection from Sophisticated Attacks Just like Internet Hackers
(called Information Warfare)
Redundancy (no single point of failure)
Are These Requirements Really Unique to the Military vs Commercial?
Communication Evolution Drivers
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Bell Laboratories through 1983

Breakup of ATT
Defense Department (in particular
Defense Advanced Research Agency
DARPA)
Telecom and Dot-Com Boom 1980s
and 1990s
Bell Labs and the Defense Department led the developments
In Communications up to the 1980, but now the Commercial
Telecommunications Industry far out invests the DoD
Radio Frequency and Wave Length
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Wave Length and Radio Frequency
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
700
600
500
400
The Radio Frequency (RF) Spectrum

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Radio Frequency (DirecTV)
Broadcast
TV
AM
Radio
Cell
Services GPS
FM
Radio
XM Radio
DirecTV
0.3
3
LF
30
300
HF
3,000
VHF
UHF
30,000
SHF
300,000
EHF
Mega-Cycles per Second (Mega-Hertz, MHz)
Radio Wave Propagation
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Equations for Radio Wave Propagation
PTX = Transmitter Power in Watts

AEff = Effective Antenna Area in m2
dm = Distance (radius) in meters
= Wavelength in meters
G = Antenna Gain
AEff
dm
PTX
PAVE =
PRX = PAVE AEff

= PTX
4dm
Free Space Propagation loss = L =
G =
2
PTX
4d2m
Watts/m2
4AEff
2
G
2
4dm
C
F
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Free Space Propagation Loss

Free Space Propagation loss = L
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
4dm
C
F
Signal Power Levels are expressed in deci-Bells or dBs;

PdB = 10 Log (P)
Propagation Loss in dB = 32.4 + 20Log(dKm) + 20Log (FMHz)
Example: Using the equations above compute the free space

propagation loss for a radio signal at 12.5 GHz and for a distance
of 40,000 Km. Compute as both a loss number in scientific
notation and in deci-Bells
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Exploded View of Broadcast TV Spectrum
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Economic Value of Spectrum
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Economic Value of Spectrum
United States 2008 wireless spectrum auction From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The United States 700 MHz FCC wireless spectrum auction, officially known as Auction
73,[1] was started by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on January 24,
2008 for the rights to operate the 700 MHz frequency band in the United States.
Original usage The 700 MHz spectrum was previously used for analog television
broadcasting, specifically UHF channels 52 through 69. The FCC has ruled that the
switch to digital television has made these frequencies no longer necessary for
broadcasters, due to the improved spectral efficiency of digital broadcasts
Results of the auction
Auction 73 generally went as planned by telecommunications analysts. In total, Auction 73
raised $19.592 billion. Notably, Verizon Wireless and AT&T Mobility together
accounted for $16.3 billion of the total revenue.
$>$100 Billion in federal revenues generated

since 1993 by FCC spectrum license auctions
Communications Modes 1
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Communication Model 1
Ground Wave
Examples:
CB Radio
PRS
Radio Waves
Refracted Back
to Earth
Sky Wave
Ionosphere
Examples:
Amateur
Ham Radio
Voice of America
Broadcast Radio
AM Broadcast
Clear Channels
Earth
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Communication Model 2
Airborne
Radio
Antenna
Tower
Line-of-Sight
Microwave
Mobile Radio
Scattering
Environment
Cell Base
Station
Tower
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SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Communication Mode 3
Satellite Communications
SATCOM
Telecommunications
DirecTVTM
XM RadioTM
IridiumTM
Co-Axial Cable
Twisted Wire Pair
Cable Television
Telephone Local Loop
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
Fiber Optic Cable

Backbone of WWW
Coming to Homes (FTTH)
Key Terms
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
F = Carrier Frequency of the Signal

B = Bandwidth of the Signal
Note Bandwidth of Signal Generally < 10% of Carrier Frequency
Information Rate (ie, Data Rate) ~ Bandwidth
Examples
AM Radio @ 1 MHz
VHF Radio @ 88 MHz
UHF Radio at 300 MHz
FM Radio (88-108 MHz)
Broadcast Television (49- 960 MHz)
Coaxial Cable (e.g., cable TV)
Fiber cable of Laser Comm
3 KHz Bandwidth
25 KHz Bandwidth
50 KHz Bandwidth
180 KHz Bandwidth
6 MHz Bandwidth
~ 2 GHz Bandwidth
10 Giga Bits per Second (OC-192)
Note the Radio Frequency Spectrum is a Very Valuable Resource; FCC

auctions of Spectrum for Cell service in Major markets have gone for
100s of Million to 10s of Billions of Dollars
Antenna Gain Concept
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Ideal
3.6
3.6
Pencil Beam
100 x 50 = 104/2= 37 dB Gain
Real World
Antenna Gain refers to the
ability to focus the energy in
a direction and it is measured
by the Gain G relative to an
Isotropic antenna
Main Lobe
35 dB Gain
1st Side Lobes

Down 25 dB;
< 1:200th
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Antenna Examples
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Whip
Parabolic Dish
Feed Active Element
Reflector
Yagi TV
Antenna
Definition of Parabola
Example DirecTV
Elevation BW 3
Azimuth BW 3
Atmospheric Attenuation of Radio WavesSYSTEM ENGINEERING
Frequency Selection Trade-Space

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Propagation Loss ( Increased Range)
Bandwidth (Information Carrying Capacity)
Gain and Directivity for fixed Aperture Area
Electronics (Historically)
Lower Frequency
favored
Higher Frequency
favored
10
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Analog Comm Signals

SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Analog Modulation Information is embedded onto the

carrier signal with a continuous range of values
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
AM - Information is Carried
in the Amplitude of the
Signal
Examples:
Broadcast AM Radio
Television Video
Frequency Modulation (FM)

FM - Information is Carried
in the Frequency of the
Signal
Examples:
FM Broadcast Radio
Television Audio
Digital Comm Signals
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Information is Digital from a fixed and limited Alphabet

Binary (0,1 or -1,+1)
Octal (0 to 7 or 000, 001, 111)
Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK)
0
RF Carrier
Frequency
Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)
0
- Delta F
+ Delta F
Advantages of Digital Comm
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Perfect Recovery of Signal

(noise is not additive with repeaters)
For sufficient Signal-to-Noise Ration (SNR)
Powerful Error Control Coding can be utilized
Can Exploit Sophisticated Source Encoding

(e.g., MP3, MPEG, JPEG, etc.)
Digital does not degrade slowly like analog
it either works or does not ( steep receiver
operating curve) Example DirecTV
11
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Why is FM Radio Superior to AM Radio?
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Higher Information Bandwidth (20 KHz vs 3

KHz) High Fidelity
Higher Carrier Bandwidth (200 KHz vs 10
KHz)
FM is more noise immune Noise Signal
Amplitude can be eliminated as only the
signals frequency variations carry the
information
References
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1. Radio Wikipedia
2. Radio System Design for
Telecommunications (1 100 GHz) Roger L.
Freeman, John Wiley & Sons, 1987
READING ASSIGNMENTS
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For Session 2
1. Review Course Briefings on System
Engineering (Dr Kung, Weeks 1-3)
2. Review Communications Background in
Comm Lecture 1
3. Web search (eg, Google) and read, DirecTV
- Wikipedia
12
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SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Engineering 180
System Engineering
Lecture 2
(Office) 714.446.4299
(Cell) 714.402.3395
Copyright
Copyright2015
2015John
JohnOlsen
Olsen- All
- AllRights
RightsReserved
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Lectures 2
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Lecture 1 Communication System Introduction and Basics
Lecture 2 Communications System Engineering

Operational Architecture View (OV-1)
Gate Briefings for Management Go-ahead
Solving the Key Technical Challenges
Complex Systems Engineering Lessons Learned
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Conceptualizing a Direct Broadcast Satellite

Television Service Operational View (OV-1)
200 Channels of High
Quality Digital
Television
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Geo-Stationary Orbit
High Power Satellite Bus
DBS Transponders
100 Channels Pay-perView
Full CONUS Coverage

Higher Reliability than
Cable TV
Advanced Anti-Piracy
Security
Growth to HDTV
Small Customer
Receiving Antenna
Satellite UpLink &

Program Facility
Pay per View Billing Link
Affordable, User Friendly

User Receiver/Terminal
Telephone
Top System Engineering Challenges of DBS

Television
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Link Power-Bandwidth Budget from GeoOrbit Satellite to Small User Receiver

Antenna
High Data Rate of Digital Television
Electronics Complexity and Cost of User
Equipment
How did the team develop a Balanced and
Economically Viable System Design?
Recall from Dr Pao

What is System Engineering?
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
System Engineering is an interdisciplinary,

comprehensive approach to solving complex
problems and satisfying stakeholder
requirements.
Interdisciplinary: team approach (concurrent
engineering, integrated product team), broad
knowledge
Approach: Not an exact science
Stakeholder requirements: Who are the
stakeholders? The requirements are multidimensional
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SE Concepts to be demonstrated by DBS Case Study

SYSTEM ENGINEERING
New Concept Visualization from the Convergence of

Multiple Enabling Technologies
Need for Systems Engineers & Architects to Rapidly
Assess Broad Input Data into Tradeoffs and Alternative
Decisions
Systems-of-Systems Engineering
Iterative Process of Systems Engineering
What is a Senior Systems Engineer? Architect?

Technical Director?
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Johns View An Individual with Broad Engineering, Management and Creative
Skills High Depth X Breadth Product
Engineering Skills
Depth and Breadth of Technical Skills
Engineering, Science or Math formal education
Significant understanding of many disciplines (analysis, hardware, software,
electrical design, mechanical design, Industrial engineering/production
engineering, specialty engineering, human factors)
Management Skills
Leadership
Communications
Customer Understanding
Marketing
Governement and Public Relations
Business and Finance
Visionary Creativity Visualize the Possibilities
Nationwide Subscription Television Service

Functional Baseline
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Programming
Distribution
User/Home
Receiving
and Decoding
Logging
Subscriber
Management
and Billing
Usage
Reporting
Potential Physical Architectures
1. Cable
2. DBS
3. Aerostat Fleet
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DBS Management Proposal Gate 1 (Hypothetical)
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
circa early 1991
Johns 3 Questions to Address

What Direct Broadcast Satellite Television Service
System Developer and Service Provider (ie, a New Line of Business)
How
Leverage HS-601 High Power Satellite Bus, Military Global

Broadcast Service (GBS) Experience and Worlds Leading Provider of
Communications Satellites Capabilities
Obtain Pioneer Preference License for the Orbital Slots and Frequency
Allocations
Estimated 3 Years to Initial Service Capability; $500M Development
Costs
Why ROI Project >$1B Business within 3 Years of

Operation
This is the type of Proposal that gets our interest. Proceed to Gate 2.
Gate 2 (Pursue) Direct Broadcast Satellite Television

Business Proposition circa 1991
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
1. Concept Overview, OV-1

2. Top Level Stakeholder Requirements
3. Initial Business Assessment
4. Investment Cash Flow
5. Risk Assessment
6. Recommendation
Conceptualizing a Direct Broadcast Satellite

Television Service Operational View (OV-1)
200 Channels of High
Quality Digital
Television
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Geo-Stationary Orbit
DBS Transponders
100 Channels Pay-perView
Full CONUS Coverage

Higher Reliability than
Cable TV
Advanced Anti-Piracy
Security
Growth to HDTV
Small Customer
Receiving Antenna
Satellite UpLink &

Program Facility
Pay per View Billing Link
Affordable, User Friendly

User Receiver/Terminal
Telephone
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Initial Top Level Stakeholder Requirements

SYSTEM ENGINEERING
HS-601 High Power Satellite Bus

200 Channels of High Quality Digital Television
From 10 Ft Dia.
100 Channels Pay-per-View
Full CONUS Coverage

Dazzling Picture Quality
Small User/Home Antenna Size (<= 18 inches)
Small VCR Size Television Top Box, Receiver
User Receiver Cost Initial Less than $500
Can be Installed by Homeowner
Higher Reliability than Cable TV
Advanced Anti-Piracy Security
Growth to HDTV
Leverage GBS Experience in IIS Division
<= 3 years to Develop and IOC (Initial Operational
Capability)
Cost to Implement < $2B
Maximum Cash Required of $1B
To 18 Inch Dia
*Note - hypothetical
Gate 2 Aside
Commercial Business Perspective - ROI
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Expected Cash Flow*
($M)
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Expenditures and Revenue

DBS Payload Development (Qty =2)
Satellite Bus Builds (Qty =2)
Satellite Launch (Qty =2)
Facilities and Business Sytems
Operations
Calendar Year Expenditures
Cummulative Expenditures
Revenue
Cummulative Revenue
Net Cash Flow
Cash Flow
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
50
50
10
50
0
160
160
0
0
-160
200
200
40
100
0
540
700
0
0
-700
200
200
60
100
20
580
1280
0
0
-1280
50
50
40
50
50
240
1520
150
150
-1370
75
75
1595
300
450
-1145
100
100
1695
600
1050
-645
125
125
1820
1200
2250
430
125
125
1945
2400
4650
2705
125
125
2070
4800
9450
7380
0.25
0.5
Subscribers by Year
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DBS Television Business - Risk Assessment

RISK
Current Risk
Assessment
Satellite Orbit Slot

and Frequencies
200 Channel
Capacity
Satellite Prime
Power
Satellite Weight
Anti- Piracy
Security
User Receiver/
Decoder Cost
User Installation
Capable
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Mitigation Strategy
Expected
Closure Date
Submit Pioneer Preference License in 60 Days

Engage WDC HQ Office in Lobbying Campaign
Create Compression Technology Laboratory
Engage Motion Pictures Experts Group (MPEG)
Develop and Track Detailed Power Budget & Forecast
Form Multidiscipline 6-Sigma Team to Work Budget
Develop and Track Detailed Weight Budget & Forecast
Form Multidiscipline 6-Sigma Team to Work Budget
Leverage Expertise in Defense Sector of Company
Hire Information Security Experts and Consultants
Partner with Commercial Electronics Companies
Moores Law
Design Built-in Set-up Tools
Conduct User Installation Trials
12 Months
30 Months
9 Months
18 Months
24 Months
12 Months
18 Months
Gate 2 Direct Broadcast Satellite Television Business

Proposition - Recommendations
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Continue to Preliminary Design Review and Market & Business Plan Dev.
Assign Key Engineering Team to Address Technical Challenges and
Alternatives
Assign Key Team to Develop Plan, including schedule, costs, key staffing and risk
identification and mitigation plans
Decisions and Action Items

Decision to Go-Forward through PDR and Business Plan Development
John Smith will be re-assigned immediately to full time as Program Manager; Dr
Bill Jones reassigned full time as Technical Director
Specifically Address Strategic Partnering Plan for Programming and User
Equipment
Engineering and functional manager are directed that this project has highest
priority and all support requests from Mr. Smith and Dr. Jones are to be honored
Budget is $5M; Report back in 3 months
VP Marketing to Enlist Outside Marketing Firm to Independently Assess DBS TV
Price & Feature elasticity Market Size & Revenue Projections
Government Relations Director and Staff in Washington DC is directed to give
highest priority to resolving any FCC issues wrt to the DBS Pioneer Preference
License
Geo Stationary Satellite
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
DirecTV Satellite is
Geo-Stationary at
101 West Longitude
Axis
Equator
Sun
Geo-Stationary
Orbital Plane
22,250
Miles
Orbital height is computed

using Keplers laws of
Orbital Motion
Earths Orbit of Sun
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Homework Assignment
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Technical Performance Measures (TPM)

Define one TPM for each of:
DTV System Level
Satellite Subsystem
Receiver Decoder Unit
References
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
1. Direct Broadcast Satellite Communications,

An MPEG Enabled service, Donald C. Mead.
Addison-Wesley Wireless Communications
Series, Upper Saddle River, NJ 2000
2. DirecTV - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Telecommunications (1 100 GHz), Roger L.
11/6/2015
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Engineering 180
System Engineering
Lecture 3
(Office) 714.446.4299
Copyright
2015
Copyright
2015John
JohnOlsen
Olsen- All
- AllRights
RightsReserved
Reserved (Cell) 714.402.3395
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Lecture 3
SYSTEM ENGINEERING

11/6/2015
DBS Radio Frequencies and Orbital Slots
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
WARC and RARCs Determine RF Frequency Spectrum Allocations Major

meetings every 5 Years
WARC World Administrative Radio Council
RARC Regional Administrative Radio Council (eg, Western Hemisphere is
Region 2)
1977 WARC Allocated Frequencies and Orbital Slots to DBS

Orbital Spacing of 9 degrees between Orbital Slot Clusters
1983 RARC Confirmed Allocation for Region 2
Eight Orbital Positions (Full CONUS - 101, 110 and 119 degrees West Longitude)
Frequency Allocation 17.3 17.8 GHz Uplink; 12.2 12.7 GHz Downlink
32 Frequency Channels for each orbital slot @ 24 MHz
EIRP maximum 57 dBW
Note Vision in 1977 and 1983 was each 24 MHz Frequency Channel would
support 1 Color Television Channel for total of 32 Color Channels
Communications Satellite and Transponders

SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Solar Power
Arrays
Payload Transponders
Bent Pipe
Frequency
Translator
Downlink
Uplink
17.317.8 GHz
12.212.7 GHz
Uplink has High Signal Power and Gain

Downlink Determines the Received SNR
Frequency Division Multiple Access
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Transponders cover one Channel

16 Channels each of 24 Mhz bandwidth times 2 Polarizations
Guard
Band
Frequency
Frequency Allocation = 500 MHz
Guard band used to control & reduce interference between channels
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Radio Wave Propagation encore
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
PTX = Transmitter Power in Watts

AEff = Effective Antenna Area in m2
dm = Distance (radius) in meters
= Wavelength in meters
G = Antenna Gain
AEff
dm
PTX
PAVE =
PRX = PAVE AEff

= PTX
4dm
Free Space Propagation loss = L =
G =
2
PTX
4d2m
Watts/m2
4AEff
2
G
2
4dm
C
F
Distance to DBS Satellite*
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Satellite to Equator 22,250 Miles or 37,200 Km

Slant Range from Satellite to Receiver for
CONUS
@ Minimum Elevation (27 degrees North Latitude)
= 38,257 Km
@ Maximum Elevation (54 degrees North Latitude)
= 40,324 Km
*Reference 1, Page 35
Propagation Loss Example CalculationSYSTEM ENGINEERING

Using the equations below compute the free space
propagation loss for a radio signal at 12.45 GHz and
for a distance of 40,324 Km. Compute the
propagation loss as a number and in deciBells
Propagation loss = L
=
4dm
C
F
Propagation Loss in dB = 32.4 + 20Log(dKm) + 20Log (FMHz)
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Communications Range
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
If the Signal Propagates Forever in Free Space, then what limits the range?
Propagation Loss LP
GTX
Noise = Thermal Noise (K T B)

Where:
K = Boltzmans Constant
(1.38 X 10-23 Joules/Degree Kelvin)
T = Temperature in Degrees Kelvin
B = Bandwidth
GRX
LRX
PRX , NRX
PTX
Transmitter
Noise
Receiver
Interference
In dB
PRX = PTX + GTX LP + GRX - LRX
Noise Power Received = NRX = 10 Log (KTB) + Pinterference

Received Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) Power Ratio Determines the Quality of the
Received Signal
SNR = PRX - NRX = PTX + GTX - LP + GRX - LRX - 10 Log (KTB) - PInterference
Receiver Operating Curve Determine Performance for a Given SNR (depends on

signal modulation technique, including analog or digital)
DBS to Home Receiver Link Analysis

Link Element
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Value Units Comments
EIRP
53
dBw
Path Loss at 12.45 GHz
-206.45
dB
Power at Receiver Antenna
-153.45
dBw
Gain of Receiver Dish Antenna
32.355
dB
Power at Receiver
-121.1
dBw
KT @ 125 degrees Kelvin
-207.6 dBW /Hz
B @ 24 MHz
73.8
KTB
-133.8
Signal Power to Noise Power Ratio
12.7
EIRP maximum 57 dBW by Regional

Administrative Radio Council (RARC)
to Continental US (per earlier
calculation)
See reference 1, page 37
Boltzman' Constant, 125 degreee Kelvin

Sky Temperature
dB-Hz
dBw
dB
Note: +3 dB or 15.7 dB for 56 dBw

Power Transmitter
What Data Rate and Error Rate Would this SNR Provide?
Receiver Operating Curves
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
DTV
Coding Gain
QPSK Modulation and Error. Correcting Codes. By: Michael DeLucca. Temple University. For : EE 551 Prof James A Brennan. May 7, 2003 ...
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Need for Link Margin for Rain Attenuation
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Reference 1, page 46
DBS Broadcast Antenna Design

Multi-disciplinary Engineering Elegance
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Basic Digital Communication Link Elements
Demod- Channel Information

ulator Decoder Decoder
Source Channel
Encoder Encoder Modulator
RF
e.g.,
e.g.,
MPEG
RS
Encoder Encoder
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
e.g.,
FSK,
QPSK
Noise
RF
Interference
Digital Communications Systems Utilize Powerful

Source and Channel Coding Technologies
11/6/2015
Source Channel Coding
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Objective to Most Efficiently Represent the Information

(Information Theory addresses how to measure the actual
information content and theoretical minimum data rate to
perfectly represent the data)
Eliminate Redundancy
Example - Usually not much has changed from one frame of Video to the next
No Data Periods (speech pauses, between Bursts of Data)
Huffman Coding Variable length Code-words are used so

that the Information which occurs more frequently are assigned
the shorter code words
Morse Code Examples
e is assigned .
i is . .
s is . . .
h is . . . .
t is a is . o is - - b is - . . .
n is - .
m is - -
x is - . . -
q is - - . -
Source Coding continued
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Discussion Questions
Is Morse Code optimized for every language that uses the
alphabet?
How about Hawaiian?
Run-length Coding
Code the length of a string of 1s or 0s
1111111100111111111 would be 8 2 9
Very effective for facsimile
Discussion
Advantages of variable length code-words?
Disadvantages of variable length code-words?
Digital Video Encoding
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Analog TV
4.2 MHz BW
30 Frames per Second
Color Red, Green & Blue Frames
500 X 480 Pixels/Frame

times
8 Bits Per Pixel
500 PIXELs per Scan Line
times
3 Color Frames
480 Active Lines
per Frame
Raster Scan or
CCD Readout
times
30 Frames Per Second

=
172.8 MBPS!!!!!
11/6/2015
Digital Video Compression
SYSTEM ENGINEERING

Exploit
Spatial Redundancy
Inter-frame Redundancy
480 Active Lines

per Frame
Raster Scan or
CCD Readout
MPEG Video Coding
SYSTEM ENGINEERING

Color Transform R, G, B Y, Cr, Cb

Every 15th I - Frame
Intra-Frame Coding - Discrete Cosine
Transform (8 X 8 blocks)
Quantizer, run-length coding, Huffman
Coding
Intermediate P and B Frames Predictive
Coded Motion Compensation
Compression Ratios 40-60 !!!!
480 Active Lines

per Frame
Raster Scan or
CCD Readout
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
11/6/2015
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
References
SYSTEM ENGINEERING

11/6/2015
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Engineering 180
System Engineering
Lecture 4
(Office) 714.446.4299
Copyright
2015
John
Olsen
- All
Rights
Reserved
Copyright
2015
John
Olsen
- All
Rights
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Lecture 4
SYSTEM ENGINEERING

Lecture 4 Comm Case Study Review

11/6/2015
Channel Error Control Coding

SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Add Redundancy to Detect and Correct Errors

Error Detection Code
Parity Check Code 0110101 0
Detects all single errors and odd number or errors,
but cannot detect even number of errors nor correct
any errors
Error Correction Code

Add more redundancy so that you can detect and
correct errors
Example Hamming Codes
Single error 7,4 Hamming code adds 3 bits of
redundancy to every 4 bits of information
Sophisticated Error Correction Codes
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Reed- Solomon Codes (non binary channel

information)
Example 31,15 RS Code: 15 32-ary Symbols + 16 32-ary
Redundancy Symbols
Can correct any pattern of 7 errors or any pattern where 2 x erasures +
# errors < 15
Convolutional Codes
Concatenated Codes codes applied on top of one
another
Typically Data is First Encoded by Reed Solomon Code
Then Interleaving or spreading-out of the symbols from the
same RS code word to mitigate burst errors
Then Typically a Convolutional Code is applied before being
sent over the channel
Receiver Operating Curve for DirecTV

SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Coding Gain > 6 dB
DTV
Coding Gain
11/6/2015
DBS Vision Technology Brought Together

to Make the Vision Realizable
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
3800 Watts Prime Power
+
Efficient TWTs and LNAs
Close Link to 18 Antenna
+
Powerful Error Correction
6 dB Margin for Rain

(but 5-6 transponders for 1 Digital Channel)
6-7 Digital Channels per
Transponder
200+ Digital Channel DBS
Television System
+
MPEG 2 Compression
32 Transponders
Economically Viable System!

What might be the Major Subsystem Elements and IPTs

to Perform the Detailed Design of DBS TV?
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
DBS TV
System
Launch
Services
Satellite
Bus
DBS
Payload
Comm
Analysis
Facilities
Antennas
Solar Cells
Propulsion
Transponders
Station
Keeping
Mechanical
Stabalization
Digital
Uplink
Compression
Ground Station
Programming
Reliability
Mechanical
Partnering &
Licensing
Security
Marketing
User Receiver
Decoder
Regulatory
Liaison
Software
TT&C
Antennas
Power
Mngmnt
DBS Case Study SE Lessons Learned

SYSTEM ENGINEERING
The Power of the Breadth of Knowledge Brought to

bear by the Experienced SEs and Multi-disciplinary
Teams
Business Case Presentation to Executive Management
Complex Systems Engineering Requires Domain
Knowledge, SE Discipline and Creativity
SE Leaders must possess Technical Knowledge,
Customer Understanding, Business Acumen and
Leadership Skills
Power of Back-of-the Envelope Analyses (rapid
analysis, synthesis, evaluation spirals)
Must have Experience to be an Effective Senior SE
Moores Law Whats cheaper comm or processing?
11/6/2015
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Comm Case Study Recap and Expected Learnings
References
SYSTEM ENGINEERING

11/6/2015
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Engineering 180
System Engineering
Lecture 4
(Office) 714.446.4299
Copyright
2015
John
Olsen
- All
Rights
Reserved
Copyright
2015
John
Olsen
- All
Rights
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Lecture 4
SYSTEM ENGINEERING

Lecture 4 Comm Case Study Review

11/6/2015
Channel Error Control Coding

SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Add Redundancy to Detect and Correct Errors

Error Detection Code
Parity Check Code 0110101 0
Detects all single errors and odd number or errors,
but cannot detect even number of errors nor correct
any errors
Error Correction Code

Add more redundancy so that you can detect and
correct errors
Example Hamming Codes
Single error 7,4 Hamming code adds 3 bits of
redundancy to every 4 bits of information
Sophisticated Error Correction Codes
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Reed- Solomon Codes (non binary channel

information)
Example 31,15 RS Code: 15 32-ary Symbols + 16 32-ary
Redundancy Symbols
Can correct any pattern of 7 errors or any pattern where 2 x erasures +
# errors < 15
Convolutional Codes
Concatenated Codes codes applied on top of one
another
Typically Data is First Encoded by Reed Solomon Code
Then Interleaving or spreading-out of the symbols from the
same RS code word to mitigate burst errors
Then Typically a Convolutional Code is applied before being
sent over the channel
Receiver Operating Curve for DirecTV

SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Coding Gain > 6 dB
DTV
Coding Gain
11/6/2015
DBS Vision Technology Brought Together

to Make the Vision Realizable
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
3800 Watts Prime Power
+
Efficient TWTs and LNAs
Close Link to 18 Antenna
+
Powerful Error Correction
6 dB Margin for Rain

(but 5-6 transponders for 1 Digital Channel)
6-7 Digital Channels per
Transponder
200+ Digital Channel DBS
Television System
+
MPEG 2 Compression
32 Transponders
Economically Viable System!

TPMs encore Flow-down of 200 Channel TPM

SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Satellite Level
Power Available to Transmitter, Watts
TWT Transmit Power
Transmitter/Antenna Loss
System Level
200 Channels
Full CONUS Coverage
600 MBPS @ 10-12 BER
Picture Compression Ratio
@ Picture Quality
Availability/Rain Margin
User Terminal Level

Antenna Gain
Amplifier Gain and
Noise Figure
Receiver Losses
Processing Power,
GFLOPs
Unit Cost
Development Time
Satellite UpLink & Program Facility

Content for 200 Channels
What might be the Major Subsystem Elements and IPTs

to Perform the Detailed Design of DBS TV?
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
DBS TV
System
Launch
Services
Satellite
Bus
DBS
Payload
Comm
Analysis
Facilities
Antennas
Solar Cells
Propulsion
Transponders
Station
Keeping
Mechanical
Stabalization
Digital
Uplink
Compression
Ground Station
Programming
Reliability
Mechanical
Partnering &
Licensing
Security
Marketing
User Receiver
Decoder
Regulatory
Liaison
Software
TT&C
Antennas
Power
Mngmnt
11/6/2015
DBS Case Study SE Lessons Learned

SYSTEM ENGINEERING
The Power of the Breadth of Knowledge Brought to

bear by the Experienced SEs and Multi-disciplinary
Teams
Business Case Presentation to Executive Management
Complex Systems Engineering Requires Domain
Knowledge, SE Discipline and Creativity
SE Leaders must possess Technical Knowledge,
Customer Understanding, Business Acumen and
Leadership Skills
Power of Back-of-the Envelope Analyses (rapid
analysis, synthesis, evaluation spirals)
Must have Experience to be an Effective Senior SE
Moores Law Whats cheaper comm or processing?
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Comm Case Study Recap and Expected Learnings
References
SYSTEM ENGINEERING


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11/6/2015

Copyright 2015 John Olsen - All Rights Reserved

John Olsen Introduction

Retired from Raytheon Corporation. Last Position:

What comes to your mind with the words

Copyright 2015 John Olsen - All Rights Reserved

21st Century Communication System

Comm Segment Overview

Learn about Communications Technologies that

Copyright 2015 John Olsen - All Rights Reserved

Outline Communications Case Study

Lecture 1 Communication System Introduction and

Evolution of Communications in defense and commercial

Lecture 2-4 Communications System Engineering

Communications Systems Definition

Definition of Communications System

Provide the capability to transfer

Communications System Chronology

Time Line for Communication System

Telegraph (Samuel Morse) Wired

Copyright 2015 John Olsen - All Rights Reserved

Communications System Chronology (Contd)

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Analog Cell Phones (AMPS)

Digital Cell Phones (TDMA, CDMA)

Iridium Satellite Phones

Global Packet Radio System (i.e., Blackberry)

XM and Sirius Satellite radio

Broadcast HD Radio and Broadcast HD TV

VoIP (VonageTM, EarthlinkTM, SkypeTM, etc.)

Only Digital Broadcast Television (DTV)

4G (Long Term Evolution) Cellular System

Copyright 2015 John Olsen - All Rights Reserved

Military Communications Evolution

1861-1865 Flag Signaling in Civil War (Birth of Army Signal Corps)

Field Telegraph Keys with Rolls of Wire

Ground to Ground VHF Radios

Airborne UHF radio service

Defense Switched Network

Defense Satellite Communications System (DSCS)

Global Information GIG; Defense version of WWW

Wideband Gap-Filler Satellite System

Mobile User Objective System (MUOS)

Tactical Satellite System

Copyright 2015 John Olsen - All Rights Reserved

What would you think would be unique

Copyright 2015 John Olsen - All Rights Reserved

Example Military Communication System

System requirements for military communication systems

Confidentiality (secrecy, protection from Eavesdropping)

Communication Evolution Drivers

Bell Laboratories through 1983

Radio Frequency and Wave Length

Wave Length and Radio Frequency

Copyright 2015 John Olsen - All Rights Reserved

Copyright 2015 John Olsen - All Rights Reserved

The Radio Frequency (RF) Spectrum