Indian Games and Dances With Native Songs - Alice C Fletcher

Games
Indian
and
Native
with
Songs
AMERICAN
FROM
ARRANGED
Dances
INDIAN
AND
CEREMONIALS
SPORTS
BY
ALICE
HOLDER
THAW
THE
OF
of
The
The
Hako,
PEABODY
FELLOWSHIP,
UNIVERSITY
HARVARD
MUSEUM,
Author
FLETCHER
C.
Tribe, Indian
Omaha
"
Story
"
"
v
,
,
"
"
:
BOSTON
C.
C.
BIRCHARD
"
COMPANY
and
Song,
etc.
YORK
NEW
THE
LIBRARY
PUBLIC
AND
LENOX
ASTOR
FOUNDATIONS
TiLDEN
COPYRIGHT,
MCMXV,
BY
'
COMPANY
"
BIRCHARD
C.
'
Printed
in
U.
S.
Stanhope
F.
H.
GILSON
BOSTON,
COMPANT
U.S.A.
A.
79
DEDICATED
THE
TO
YOUTH
t*
*
AMERICA
OF
'
.'-."
L.
"
'
J'
"
,
'
'
'
J.
'
'"'
"
'
.
'
"
"
"
'
'
'
'
.
"
"
,
'
'.
"
....
,
,:
-!!'1
t
."
""
;"";
["t"''''
PREFACE
that
to
came
me
their
in
Indians
its rise in the
took
little book
THIS
following experience
living with
when
many
years
ago
homes
and
pursuing
realized
with
the
ethnological
my
studies:
One
unlike
Indian
my
place amid
mental
my
human
aspiration
charm
of
Time
went
love
give
had
in
stranger
of
thoughts
any
its hills and
to
that,
fond, familiar
no
did
nor
companionship.
silent
The
on.
valleys the
alone,
was
even
attentively heard
was
plants,
the
When
change
realized
I had
had
become
find
some
been
my
way
clouds
how
drawn
enjoyment
by which
our
all
and
of
and
even
voice,
to
voice
by
me
things had
the
the
become
supplications.
closer
help
of
because
land, how
of nature,
I could
echoes
heeded
devoutly
and
much
to
its
been
strange,
land
Henceforth,
hopes, fears
human
I
America.
the
trees,
with
vocal
of
people
had
and
the
mained
re-
had
in
alone
this
upon
nature
change
hear
to
skies
overshadowing
varied
ancient
learned
living thing
every
of
aspect
longer felt
no
had
country.
when
until
me
outward
imperceptibly
but
same,
in
wrought
that
flora
imagery,
or
personal
the
the
and
alien,
an
was
shock
rude
loneliness.
in my
time
friends,
its fauna
land;
native
my
suddenly
day
the
to
much
greater
desire
make
this
arose
audible
to
to
PREFACE
the
others
this
by
and
obligations
My
U.
S.
Edwin
S.
School
of
of
human
order
that
in
to
and
games
people
young
spirit
of
our
Impelled
dances
our
the
restore
element.
these
arranged
share
thereby
the
may
olden
life
continent.
this
the
in
and
lost
have
songs
enjoy
recognize,
upon
their
purpose
native
with
heard,
had
valleys
and
hills
voice
this
Musical
Tracy,
York
to
Mr.
American
of
Bureau
New
due
are
City,
Francis
La
Ethnology
Director
for
of
Flesche
and
the
assistance
Morris
in
the
book.
ALICE
C.
FLETCHER
of
Mr.
to
High
tion
prepara-
CONTENTS
PAGE
PREFACE
.
INTRODUCTION
SONG
DANCE
AND
AMONG
INDIANS
THE
PART
DANCES
THE
LIFE
OF
AND
SONGS
in Five
Drama
(a
CORN
THE
Dances)
....
Introduction
APPEAL
THE
9
Corn
Dance
I.
Dance
II.
Dance
III.
The
Corn
Dance
IV.
The
Fields
Dance
V.
CALLING
THE
FOR
HE-DE
The
Speaks
Planting
Honor
to
1 1
Corn
the
15
Springs Up
23
Ready
30
Corn
35
are
Mother
FLOWERS
CLEAR
WA-CHI
40
SKY
48
Festival
(An Omaha
PART
of
Joy)
....
54
II
GAMES
INTRODUCTION
63
GAMES
HAZARD
INTRODUCTORY
PA-TOL
PLUM
NOTE
67
68
STICK
STONE
71
"
vu
"
CONTENTS
viii
GAMES
GUESSING
PAGE
NOTE
INTRODUCTORY
73
PU-IN
74
ATA-A-KUT
76
HAND
80
GAME
HIDING
84
DISKS
THE
88
I-OU'-TIN
GAMES
BALL
98
INTRODUCTION
BALI,
98
RACKET
AND
TA-BE
102
DOUBLE-BALL
105
HOOP
FOLLOW
108
JAVELIN
AND
MY
LEADER
114
PART
III
NAMES
INDIAN
INTRODUCTION
117
PRESENTING
GIVING
CHILD
THE
BESTOWING
TAKING
CHILD
THE
AN
NEW
INDIAN
TO
COSMOS
THE
120
NAME
123
126
NAME
NAME
CAMP
IN
132
INDIAN
NAMES
FOR
BOYS
135
INDIAN
NAMES
FOR
GIRLS
137
INDIAN
NAMES
FOR
CAMPS
.
139
PART
DANCES
WITH
DANCES
AND
GAMES
INDIAN
SONGS
NATIVE
INTRODUCTION
adaptations from
THE
will enable
offered
here
in
follow
that
were
happy
mood
opened
long
unit
they
the
character;
of
power
to
rocks
to
to
of movement;
and
to
will
that
tongue
powerful,
in
varied
it
all things
was
in
bring
life-force
permeating
sacred,
like
the
nature
to
To
god.
related
were
sky,
the
as
force
that
stable, unchanging
land
on
to
it
earth, the
ability
universal
of
thought
name
in
Through
and
the
This
pass.
more
animals
the
water
or
man
languages;
Wakon'da.
Indian
cosmos
always
was
different
called
the
their
and
the
life-force of which
same
living thing
dances
nature.
the
of
thoughts
ing
understand-
themselves;
hills
and
every
growth
think,
and
within
conscious
to
the
to
women
in these
brieflyhow
thought
with
throbbing
was
were
gave
America
of
natives
to
in undisturbed
the
better
regarded his relation
and
upon
that
of
tell
and
men
this land
on
help toward
spiritto
sports
in them
part
Some
nature.
their
and
of them
The
played
and
paths of expression
of the
and
it may
and
games,
looked
take
who
intimacy find their expression
of this
and
ceremonies
by thoughtful
ago
with
intimacy
bred
those
some
they lived, worked
as
Indian
given
was
the
as
Omaha
Wakon'da
or
less
and
men.
terdepe
in-
INTRODUCTION
Nature
in
was,
of Wakon'da,
the manifestation
sense,
than
regarded as something more
consequently it was
sustained and became
the means
by which physicallife was
and ethical instructor of man.
the religious
the roots,
from the earth ; the wild fruits,
All food came
their
to
that
man
the
hunt
he
might live
bounty of Wakon'da
was
The
Indian
attention
him
with
lessons
and
which
were
Therefore,
strong.
in which
ceremonies
offered
to
this
for
significance,
without
from
powers
admonitions
or
the
unseen
power.
to
all
thingswere
Wakon'da
and
be heeded
by the individual
could
convey
people in their social life.

rence
example: the Indian noted the unfailingrecurof day and night and that upon the regularitywith
the
by
For
be
yieldedtheir life
with reverent
lived in the open and watched
To
the changing aspects of his environment.
nothing was
imbued
and
formallyrecognized,and when
was
thanks
eaten
and
with
conducted
was
food
Wakon'da
from
livingpower
all derived
the animals
the cultivated maize, these and
one
the other
followed
depended
given purpose.
man
and
upon
From
this constancy
thoughts
its effects on
relied,while
all creatures
upon
to
carry
out
this natural
the actions of
men,
ideas
any
nomenon
phearose
thing,
conceptionof truth,that somebe depended
and man,
that can
that led the Indian to the

as
on
both
between
man
in word
and
in deed.
'Thus," the old
men
taught us the necessityof truthfulness,

natural
if we
live peacefullytogether." Other
would
thunder
and
aspects, as the storm, with its terrifying
the passing of the clouds
destructive lightning,and
revealingthe blue sky,when the birds renewed their song,
said,"Wakon'da
INTRODUCTION
seemed
of
it
So
about
what
express
vital
We
revealed
we
listen
bounteous
May
their
the
with
be
the
land,
they
vital
clouds,
made
to
All
and
gradually
in
their
order
to
their
rites,
practiced
and
permeated,
were
unquestioning
an
they
born,
skies,
looked
people
symbols
were
false
to
as
consciousness
the
who
spirit
the
as
join
and
fields
it
sings
in
learn
and
an
of
these
to
the
in
world
voice,
olden
truths
great
any
concerning
us
to
be
of
nature.
not
to
war
compacted
could
saw,
believe.
arching
spirit,
shall
of
tree,
ancient
adopted
pleasures
the
with
oneness
tribe
they
to
came
their
under
enjoyed
the
the
as
and
they
vocations,
the
what
on
ceremonies
formulated
how
that
pass
thought
and
devastation
strong.
to
came
the
Again,
peace.
suggested
become
and
stand
by
of
parts,
many
Indian
the
to
happiness
the
and
picture
to
that
which
unity
dances
feel
at
woods.
we
heritage
unseen
man's
have
and
home
with
games
with
the
been
live,
of
our
nature.
catch
winds,
if
SONG
DANCE
AND
AMONG
THE
WHILE
studying
sharing,
far
as
as
Indian
finding
flower
I had
the
my
heard
Indians
its very
friends
Great
was
buried
the
the
same
and
conditions, did
As
determined
of
song.
to
the
I wanted
study
the
Of
over
gather
to
the
of
chords
thirty years
have
message
been
used
sent
them
music
that
I heard
songs
and
ago.
to
but
to
then
some
many
been
ears
my
hidden
melody.
music
grew,
wild
flowers
contribution
help
to
brate
vi-
humanity.
common
composers
wide.
had
confusing
they might
in solitude,
Since
as
and
men
me
these
merely
that
how
of Indian
that
belong
for
drum.
told
earnest
the
preserve
by different
far and
the
catch
not
be
to
matter
appreciation of the value
my
Indian
the
without
Thenceforth
no
cumstance
Cir-
convalescence
my
which
din.
I fail to
little song
pleasure, my
me
that
again,
never
to
me,
but
sung
of the drum,
suspected.
music;
songs
like
was
penetrate.
the
even
give
to
to
the noise
incident
tumultuous
opened
were
not
naturally
discovery
overlaid
softly to
sang
previously
under
but
so
was
arose,
that
tangle hard
surprise to hear
my
had
women
this
of voice,
and
came
loneliness
"singing,"
length
listeningto
was
in
long illness,when,
the
In
existence
at
after
thought through the

covered
possible, of native conditions, I dis-
hidden
singers' stress
that
life and
circumstances
to
INDIANS
SONG
Indian
music.
belonged
a
THE
published
were
of my
and
the
gleaning
musical
GAMES
INDIAN
hold
Indian, words
place in a song.
the
With
action, ceremonial
or
AND
only vocables
the Indian, song
holds
music
and
otherwise, convey
or
used
are
generallyeked
and
secondary
The
words
When
purpose.
DANCES
out
attached
are
placesimilar
important
un-
ing
accompany-
meaning
few, fragmentary
are
vocables.
to
to
an
the
they
with
or
quently
Fre-
melody.
that filledfor
To
us
In ceremonies, rituals
by wordless instrumental music.
that are
occur
always rhythmicallyintoned; each line
generallyterminates in a refrain. Songs have a place
in these rituals,
breaking in on the recital particularly
when
emotion
an
is the medium
is evoked, for music
of
expression.An old Indian priestexplained

sounds unite
this peculiarity
by saying:"Harmonious
the people."
emotional
Unaccustomed
no
words,
we
are
we
as
would
not
to
only
of songs that have

stand
find it difficult to under-
the
use
meaning but we would lose much pleasure

To obviate the perplexities
arising
singingthem.
and to
of words
the Indian's peculiartreatment
clear the meaning of a song, words have been supplied.
their
when
from
make
These
words
are
for the few broken

the melodies
used
in
no
instance
words
in these Dances
that
and
literal translation,
belong to
Games,
some
of
because
fragmentary character, would have no value as

either of the music or of the action.
an
interpretation
tained,
reof instances the originalvocables are
In a number
the music is merely a rhythmical accomwhere
paniment
movement.
to
a
simple, easily understood
words are givento a song, they follow closelyboth
Where
The written
and the rhythm of the music.
the accents
of their
GAMES
INDIAN
stanzas
the
express
thought
music, they aim

the song
words,
has
care
the
and
the
or
make
DANCES
but
be sung.
to
feelingthat
its
meaning
intelligently
sung.
to
be
can
the natural
to
to be read
meant
not
are
AND
They
rise
gave
understood
to
so
the
that
In
arrangingthese
been taken never
to forgetor to change
the psychicalenvironment
that belongs
melody.
Indian
are
songs
measures,
that done,
but
they
at
They have no preliminary

voice the actuatingemotion;
close.
Although they are so
once
to
come
short, they have
short.
very
form
and
in their structure
follow in
simple lines the rules of phrasing and motivization

taught in our schools. These songs, speaking in general
of the character of motifs than of
terms, partake more
musical
compositions. They do not stand alone or
apart from the ceremonials or pleasuresof which they
form
an
essential feature.
THE
different Indian
The
DANCE
tribes vary
theme
same
the
dancing; moreover,
by all the tribes in the same
manner.
of
wear
country
our
that
are
the
dancers
symbolic, both
in their modes
is
not
In
costumes
in color and
of
interpreted
sections
some
and
form;
masks
in other
regions,feathers are the principaland emblematic

ration;
decodance very nearlynude.
elsewhere,the men
may
However
diverse
the
be or how
dancing regaliamay
marked
its absence, the Indian dance
always presents
two
characteristics,namely: Dramatic
Action
and
Rhythmic Precision.
the
Indian
the
whole
body
of the
scene
the
in
attack,
or
sharply
vivid
It is
and
either
able
play
to
in
motion
bodily
rhythm
a
Because
rhythm
of
of
dom,
free-
strong
it
of
pleasure
his
the
and
his
emotion
whether
his
be
the
birds,
the
warrior
the
motions
in
part
in
always
are
the
singing
the
be
unit.
song,
pages
to
have
be
and
then
expression,
as
to
make
be
and
steps
probably
enacted
so
presented
supposed
should
its
the
aspirations.
dancing
would
for
other
here
is
his
or
for
the
and
what
dancer
to
scene
with
each
dances
result
Each
movements
rhythmic
the
following
original accompaniment
thoughts
imitate
to
case
their
complement
native
of
in the
offer
to
with
two
burlesque.
picture of
keeping
the
manner
in
unmeaning
free
as
attempt
Indian's
freedom
actuating
alertness
blow,
songs
takes
never
the
present,
the
be
to
Indian
Whoever
postures
eastern
natural.
of certain
expression
of
sportive
with
dances
of
to
animals,
eluding
of action,
mental
aims
and
of
number
should
the
among
portray.
sense
he
pleasure
to
eagle, the
of
movements
the
intends
picture
he
expressive
remarkable
flight of
obtained
dances,
becomes
he
his
mental
DANCES
antiquity.
of
When
AND
that
dances
religious
nations
GAMES
INDIAN
an
clear
give
always
sound
GAMES
INDIAN
THE
OF
LIFE
AND
DANCES
THE
CORN
DRAMA
IN
DANCES
FIVE
INTRODUCTION.
music
are
These
taken
Dances
the sacred
from
in their purport and

rituals of the Omaha,
tribes. The
richness and
Osage and the Pawnee
language suffer a
beauty of symbolism in the original
in their English interpretation.
loss of native naivete
The American
food plant known
by the generalterm
"Corn"
was
developed ages ago from certain native
the
grasses.
The
Euchlaena
luxurians found in Guatemala
is
probably an ancestor of the maize. The word "maize"

bean
belongsto the language of a peoplelivingby the CaribSea and
the Indians
was
known
never
of
our
gave
was
universal
country.
it
name
The
term
for
corn
among
tribes to which
derived
from
their
own
maize
guages.
lan-
passed since corn

of findingout when
that there is no way
now
was
a grass
in the remote
past the natives of this continent began
the task of developingfrom a grass a staplearticle of
The process requiredyears of carefood like the corn.
ful
observation, manipulation and culture. Not only
did the Indians accomplish this task but they took the
plant from its tropicalsurroundings and acclimated it
throughout the region east of the Rocky Mountains
up
in the North; Cartier,
to the country of short summers
in 1534, found it growing where the cityof Montreal now
So very
stands.
many
centuries have
GAMES
INDIAN
io
AND
this hasty glanceat the
From
DANCES
longhistoryof
the maize
of its close relation

discern the natural sequence
gree
to the thought and to the lifeof the Indian, and to a dewe
can
understand
the love and

held
the
with which
reverence
and
regarded as a gift from God.

Every stage of its growth was ceremoniallyobserved and
the
was
corn
in rituals and
mentioned
Among
the Omaha
four kernels from
songs.
tribe when
a
red
ear
family by the keeper of this

with
the time
of
corn
sacred
were
came
for
ing,
plant-
given to each
rite. These
four red
the
ordinary seed corn, that it

might be vivified by them and made to yieldan ample
is the symbolic color of life. In this
harvest.
Red
is preserveda trace of the far-away time when
ceremony
in the care
of priestly
all the preciousseed corn
was
of givingout the four red kernels
keepers. The ceremony
served to turn the thoughts of the people from a dependenc
labor in cultivating
to
corn
solelyon their own
of Wakon'da
the life-giving
dwellingwithin the
power
kernels
were
mixed
maize.
In the Omaha
Ritual
Song
of
twenty-sixstanzas
which
preceded the distribution of the four red kernels, the

Corn speaks. It tells of its roots reaching in the four
that bring life),
directions (where dwell the messengers
of the growth of its jointedstalk,of the unfoldingof its
leaves,of the changing color of the silk and of the tassel,
of the biddingof the people
of the ripeningof the fruit,
to pluck and to eat.
to come,
The music of this Ritual Song is simple. It is here
given with a very brief paraphraseof the words of the
Ritual Song.
AND
GAMES
INDIAN
upon
-This ceremonial
NOTE.-
the mystery
giving of
of the
DANCE
INTRODUCTORY
DANCES
dance touches
life that
life may
be
links
togetherthe different
forms of life and enhances the joy of living.
Properties. Thin green mantles; yellow plumes like
of these articles as
tassel ; bone clips
the corn
; as many
maintained
an
exchange that
there
dancers.
are
Directions.
This
number
of each
Should
there be
belongs to both
dance
take
should
trees
near
sexes
and
part, if that is possible.

where the
the open
space
place, one-half of the dancers, closely

wrapped in their green mantles, should be grouped at
the trees and the other half similarly
side among
one
placed at the other side. In the center of the space a
singledancer stands facingthe rear, wrapped about the
head and body with the green mantle, leavingonly the
face exposed.
All being in readiness,the central figureturns slowly,
and says slowlyand impressively:
liftsa draped arm
dance
takes
"Harken!
The
group
of dancers
The
on
Corn
the
firstline only of the Ritual

speaks. The group of dancers
line like
an
echo
of the
speaks!"
rightthen singsoftlythe
Song in which the Corn
on
the left repeat the
first group.
slowly and
Both
groups
same
of
in rhythm with
begin to move
the figurestanding in the
toward
the followingsong
the Ritual
of the space, singing,as they move,
center
Song from the beginning:
dancers
now
GAMES
INDIAN
12
AND
DANCES
Ritual Song No.

Fourfold
lie my
within
roots
bearing fruit,Lo!
in green,
Clad
At
deep
and
Shout
with
joy,dance
and
-fold
deep
lie
my
roots
Pluck
and
eat,
life
for
life,
"Lo!
words
should
here
all be
here
draped
should
arms
all that live.
with
be
standing in
in
the
land ;
hold,
giveI
the
I stand!"
in the third line, 'Behold, I
words
I stand!
sing with
Four
dancers
the land;
eat, lifefor life,behold, I give!
Pluck
the
of
company
semi-cir ;le. As
the
give!" are
the
sung,
extended
forward as in a
slightly
fourth line requiressome
dramatic
be
presentation. The
action,but it should be restrained rather than free. The
still draped with the green
mantles, should be
arms,
raised a littleas the words
"Shout
with joy'"are sung,
of the line
and
during the singingof the remainder
swayed from side to side in rhythm with the song, always
with
reserve
mentioned
by
in the movements,
of the mystery
that life is maintained
because
in the words
of the song,
the givingof life. A pause of about
two
beats
should follow this Ritual

As
every
a
to
Song.
"Ho-o ! Ho-o !" the opening of the next song, is given,
dancer should suddenly turn half-way round, give
movement
fall back
of the head
and
leave
such
the
as
would
head
with
cause
the
the mantle
corn
tassel
GAMES
INDIAN
exposed;
the hands
as
the
that
the
mantle
should
can
Song No.
gathered in
with
wave
the
dance
Dance
singing,
we
Promise
Ho-o!
Ho-o!
bringing
of
Of the wealth
fair;
summer
lightly,
Skies shine brightly,
and Hope are ev'rywhere.
beat
Hearts
Ho-o!
Ho-o!
Refrain:
be
is sung:
followingsong
Youth
DANCES
of the mantle
the ends
so
AND
Ho!
Ho!
Ho!
D.C.
Ho
Ho
"
Dance
we
sing
-ft
=fi
"
"
*"=I3tl
Of
Skies
shine
bright
ly,
Youth
the
and
Ho!
I"
=*=
wealth
Hope
=q
rhythmic
and
float
the
off
stop
and
in
line,
(that
stop
whirling
line
his
of
dancing
only
can
the
refrain),
keep
and
or
whirl,
her
tent
then
as
as
is
off
be
done
each
reached.
with
their
in
movement,
mantles
and
out
Hope
reached,
the
they
the
should
dancers
are
singing
whirl
singing
over
ev'ry-
begins
song
When
dancer
begins
springing,
and
during
their
song
letting
the
before.
that
up
is
refrain
the
time
the
"Youth
dancers
untwine
wind
they
as
carrying
Every
move
them
until
file,
the
sung,
and
skip
all
Indian
open
ground
camp
should
should
about
wave
where."
until
in
steps
forms
their
they
Then
again.
is
twine
sprites,
merry
DANCES
refrain
the
of
about
mantles
green
the
like
whirl
should
to
Ho-o!'
"
each
As
AND
GAMES
INDIAN
i4
again
ready
and
from
"Ho!'1
GAMES
INDIAN
16
food, the workers
promise of abundant
the
The
for the
given
words
of the many
which
so
lift them
stanzas
first song are

brief paraa
phrase
of the originalRitual Song,
touches
the necessary
above
merely prosaiclevel.
the
and
The
used.
are
garments
free for the necessary
arms
planteras
represents work,
"
mantles
of the
acts
Properties. As this dance

or
joyfullyturn
fireside.
the home
toward
DANCES
AND
should
dramatic
no
be
to
scarfs
plain
motions
in
with clearing,
portraying the various acts connected
preparing and planting the ground. In ancient times
used for this work
the hoe
blade
at
of the elk, or
wood
like
end
one
should
stick three
wedge.
be used
from
made
was
the shoulder
four feet
long shaped
Similarlyshaped sticks of
or
in this dance,
one
for each dancer.
required made of brown cloth,with broad

the shoulder
bands
or
straps long enough to pass over
Both
and chest and to let the pouches hang at the back.
with geometric
pouches and straps should be ornamented
two
or
designs painted in red, yellow, blue or green;
in each design.
three of these colors should be combined
The corn
carried within the pouches can
be represented
by the
by rounded chips,littlestones or, when possible,
Pouches
corn
are
kernels themselves.
head-bands, carry bows and have

boys must wear
around
scatter
They must
quivershung at their backs.
the border of the "field," move
watchfullyabout, peer
The
into the distance and

meet
any
as
if on
the alert
to
detect
or
to
prowling enemy.
Directions.
the "field
act
"
where
space
should be
the dramatic
set
apart
action takes
to
represent
place. This
GAMES
INDIAN
AND
dance
requiresconsiderable
words
in the two
as
the action may

there must
be
words
and
dramatic
lines of each
the
prelude to
action
be confined
DANCES
of the song
serve
follows. Sometimes
the refrain,
but
generally
actingthroughout the singingboth
the refrain.
Much
The
pantomime.
stanza
which
to
17
in this dance
must
of the
be left
imaginationand skillof the group of dancers, who

should rehearse togetherand decide how best to make
a
longs
clear,strong picture. The native music here givenbeof preparingthe ground and planting
to the act
to the
the kernels of
Attention
corn.
fourth, sixth and
is called
of
eighth measures
and the eighth and
to
the
the second,
song.
The
should be
rest
three-quarternotes
accented
of the hoe, the foot or both.
by movements
is a littledifferent from
The rhythm of the firstmeasure
that of the third,fifth and seventh, caused by the third
note
being a quarter note, denoting a definite act or
the remaining four notes of the firstmeasure
are
pause;
flowing,as well as all the notes of the third, fifth and
seventh measures.
By observingthese little points in
will be givenvarietyand made
the music the drama
more
picturesqueand effective.
At the beginningof the song the dancers should be at a
littledistance from
"field,"so
toward
dancers
the space set apart to represent the

that they will be able at the proper time to go
it. As the firstline of the first stanza

should
stand
in
is sung
the
loose group, adjust their hoes

field ; during the
go to the
"
"
pouches to be ready to
singingof the second line they should break into a file
of body, hands and
off. All these movements
and move
be in strict time and rhythm with the music.
feet must
and
GAMES
INDIAN
i8
AND
Song
No.
DANCES
Here
stand
we
ready now
the field,
buried
To
Refrain:
Ah
hey
they,
under
on
our
way
leaves dead
and
gray.
Ah
hey they,
Ah hey hey they,
Ah hey they ha!
Ah hey they,
Ah hey hey they,
Ah hey they ha!
bu
field,
the
To
to go
ried
Ah
un
hey hey
der
leaves
they, Ah
dead
and
hey they
gray.
ha !
By the end of the first line of the refrain the dancers

will have reached the "field" and have begun to dispose
themselves
firstrow,
where
hills. These
in the
space.
they
seven
all the others, so
lines,as
the
over
are
to
dancers
Seven
make
the
should
of violins in
may
an
in the
ceremonial
seven
lead the
that the movements
bowing
stand
must
motions
present
orchestra.
of
even
The
INDIAN
refrain should be
while the dancers
The
etc.
GAMES
AND
be taken
number
to
19
times as is necessary
repeated as many
are
taking position,
clearingthe field,
of repeats must
the rehearsals of the dancers.
at
DANCES
be determined
upon
Sufficient time should
bringout the pictureand
to
give it in perfect
the refrain closes,the

rhythm with the music. When
dead leaves and twigs are supposed to be gathered into
heaps ready to be burned.
2
See the fire send
of flame"
mounting high,
the smoke
rolls about the earth,shuts out sky.
Ah hey they,
Refrain:
Ah hey hey they,
Ah hey they ha!
Ah hey they,
Ah hey hey they,
Ah hey they ha !
Now
The
its "word
action for this
indicate the heat of
should
stanza
the
fire;shieldingthe face,pushing back stray leaves or

smoke follows the
twigs to the burning heap; the rolling
dancers, who
will
requirestudy
It should
form
scene,
or
here and
bringout
contrast
in both
less uniform.
certain
to
there try to escape
of which
In this
conditions:
to
the
scene
it.
This
scene
the
picturerhythmically.
the precedingand the following
the
movements
groups
should
are
more
emphasize
fire,the smoke, the work
of
that the picturewill be

so
keeping the heaps together,
of action diverse to a degree and yet every
one
ment
movedominated
by the rhythm of the song; the picture
will thus be made
unit.
GAMES
INDIAN
20
AND
DANCES
earth,make
Mellow
the littlehills smooth
softlythe kernels we drop.

Ah hey they,
Refrain:
Ah hey hey they,
Ah hey they ha!
Ah hey they,
Ah hey hey they,
Ah hey they ha!
the earth
On
In the action of this stanza

front
make
row
the wooden
hills made
smooth
the front, the
other holds the hoe
that
remember
to
but
taken
in the
kernel is to be
one
second, and
so
the dancers
scattered
movements
of the
on
The
up
dancers
ceremonial
over
seven
should
be
of
row
the
hills
in the
hill.
All
follow the
'field' must
the
careful
seven
the first hill,

two
charge of
the
dropped
are
in the seventh
seven
in
while
hand
one
the kernels
dropped in
to
in the
hills,mellowing the
with
out
rest, and
at
earth.
the softened
The
top.
dancers
seven
gatheringit into little

to
pouches are swung
hoes and
on
corn
the
ceremonial
seven
earth with
on
top,
on
seven
monial
cere-
hills.
4
On
all gently,leave the
printof our
the earth mellowed
fine,so brown,
Ah hey they,
Refrain:
Ah hey hey they,
Ah hey they ha!
Ah hey they,
Ah hey hey they,
Ah hey they ha!
Cover
In the action for this stanza
the hoe
feet
so
and
sweet.
the
feet of
AND
GAMES
INDIAN
DANCES
21
of the
specialpart. The movements
should
dancers
represent the covering of the dropped
earth and the making of the
seed with the mellowed
footprinton the top of the little hill within which the
In the native Ritual Song the term
hidden.
seed is now
is used symbolically;it represents a person
"footprint"'
the dancers
"
have
in this instance
also the work

dancers
the
one
who
had
itself that has been
should be careful to remember
done
the work
accomplished. The
the rhythm of the
second, fourth,sixth and eighthmeasures,
as
these
can
be
emphasize "footprints"and also the completion

of the task.
During a repeat of the refrain the dancers
should drop their hoes and gatherin groups as if to look
into the posiat the field;this action will bring them
tion
requiredfor the fifth stanza.
used
to
5
like lines of buffalo upon
the
slope,
full now
of hope.
Lie our littlebrown hills,
so
Ah hey they,
Refrain:
Ah hey hey they,
Ah hey they ha!
Ah hey they,
Ah hey hey they,
Ah hey they ha!
How
The
motions
of the hands
and
the
movements
of the
body should indicate that in lookingover the field one is

made
of
struck by the stripedappearance
by the rows
scendin
little hills,
the resemblance
to the buffalo derecalling
of the refrain should
the slope. The final ha!
indicate pleasure. A brief silence should follow, during
the dancers
which
pick up their hoes, adjust their
pouches,fall into line and sing the followingsong:
"
"
GAMES
INDIAN
22
AND
Song No.
homeward
we
the winds
While
hearts and
Light our
As
DANCES
gay
take
our
about
us
way,
play,
Singing as we go.
Hy-ya hy-ya hy-ya ho!
Hy-ya hy-ya hy-ya ho!
Hy-ya ho!
Ho!
Hy-ya ho!
";
3B
Light
k-
"
hearts
our
and
gay
*-
"
p-
"
As
home
we
-ward
take
our
^t3
the
While
way,
winds
-N-
hy
ya
"-
Hy
hy
play,
us
Sing ing
-
3t
song
we
hy
ya
ya
ho !
Hy
=";
ya
ya
hy
ho !
ya
Ho
ho !
Hy
Hy
ya
times
repeated many
dancers, with rhythmic, springingsteps, wind
ground before they finallydisperse.
camp
This
as
-\-
-"
go.
bout
should
be
ya
ho !
as
all the
about
the
AND
GAMES
INDIAN
DANCES
Song
i
A call I hear !
and
soft the tones
Hark!
weak.
Again the call !

Come!
our
feet that call must
seek.
Hey hey they,
Refrain:
Ah
Ah
Ah
Ah
Ah
hey hey they,

hey hey they,
Again the call!
hey hey they,
hey hey they,
hey hey they,
Ah hey they.
I
V"uHark
I hear !
call
! soft the tones
and
weak.
-gainthe
call !
REFRAIN
I
Come
they,
that
feet
our
Ah
call
must
hey
hey
seek.
they,
Hey
Ah
hey
hey
hey
they.
1
A
gain
the
m
hey
hey
Ah
call !
*=
hey
hey
they,
Ah
="
they, Ah
hey
hey
they,Ah
hey they.
INDIAN
GAMES
dramatic
This
AND
will
dance
DANCES
requireto
25
be
rehearsed
and
the details
planned by the dancers, so that a clear picture

be brought out and also the native poeticthought
may
in the Ritual Song from which it is taken.
A
embodied
be given, but much
of the action must
few hints can
pend
dethe imaginationand dramatic
feelingof the
upon
dancers.
raise the hand
should
a
first line, "A
the
As
warning
is
weak"
Then
groups.
to
another
comes
These
line
address
an
is sung
another
the ear,
toward
keep quiet. The
to
and
tones
call I hear!'
sudden
lines should
three
call!"
any
change of positioneither by the

Action
individuals.
should
be
as
soft the
another
in the
arrest,
"Again
be
the
raise it
'Hark!
one
one
some
without
sung
confined
by
or
groups
the
to
the
hands
singingthe fourth line all should

begin to stir,to adjust their pouches, tightentheir hold
pulse,
imhoes and, as if moved
the wooden
by a common
on
When
head.
the
and
should
In their
call.
each
line but
going
should
At the line
"Again
then
and
All
the
There
should
indicate
of the call and

appear
attempt
be
to
should
again
the
when
which
of
both
of the groups
locate the call.
to
way
as
as
it
to
comes.
are
go.
if arrested,
of the
and
one
the refrain
refrain is taken
by-play
localitywhence
some
stop
keep the rhythm
bewilderment,
the
fall into
not
if in doubt
as
of the
source
by itself. During
good deal
though
as
the
seek
and
the call !" all should
should
groups
should
act
off
move
go
the groups
move
group
dancers
the
to
prepare
the
the
up.
music.
action
meaning
It should
baffled in their
AND
GAMES
INDIAN
26
DANCES
call I hear!
it is near
Hark!
The
Floats to
Ah
Ah
Ah
Ah
Ah
by
action of this
the
call
to
scatter
call!
where
us
in
look about
groups.
These
arrest
of
call!'
movement
stand.
the dancers
call
located.
being led
to
seems
The
come
be-
dancers
different individuals
searchinglybut without
should
stanza.
now
the
while
groups,
of the littlehills,
and
call! The
shows
last is there
here and
move
"footprints"that had
the next
we
hey hey they,

hey hey they,
Again the call!
hey hey they,
hey hey they,
hey hey they,
Ah hey they.
stanza
at
should
the
call! The
the "field,"where
clearer and
should
hand,
Hey hey they,
Refrain:
The
at
so
lead
Whenever
occurs,
among
been
to
breakingthe
there seekingfor
left on
the smooth
the action
tops
requiredfor
in the song the line "The

there should be an
apparent
the dancers as if to listen.
3
Again the call!

Forth to the lightof day
! They come
They come
Come
pushing upward their
Hey hey they,
Refrain:
Ah hey hey they,
Ah hey hey they,
!
way.
INDIAN
GAMES
AND
DANCES
27
They call! They come!

Ah
Ah
Ah
hey hey they,

hey hey they,
hey hey they,

Ah hey they.
symbol of life;the kernels are coming

"into the lightof day' in the originalRitual Song,
meaning they are enteringinto life. They call as they
through the
strugglingand pushing their way
come,
cated
should be indibreaking earth. This life movement
by the motions of the dancers as they pass in
little hill to anwith rhythmic steps from one
other.
groups
"Day'
is the
Directions
would
made
as
these
how
to
motions
hardly be helpful; the dancers
should
can
be
best
plan this pantomime.

4
Again
Two
the call!
feeble leaves
are
seen,
They call! They call!

Soon
Refrain:
shall
we
stand clad with
green!
Hey hey they,

Ah hey hey they,
Ah hey hey they,
They call!
hey they,
hey they,
hey they,
Ah hey they.
They
Ah hey
Ah hey
Ah hey
The
Ritual Song
original
the firstshoots, cannot

are
call !
as
helpless
infants.
tells that the feeble leaves,
support themselves; they

to the "light
But they have come
stand
or
GAMES
INDIAN
28
AND
DANCES
they will grow,

become
higher into
strong and stand, stretchingever
native stanzas
the light. The
portray the progressive
from feeble helplessnessinto the
of the corn
movements
day," "have
of
this
action of the dancers
of life.The
power
into life,"and
entered
should
convey
meaning by appropriatepantomime.
5

Up springsour jointedstem,
fruit shall grow
Golden
on
them.
Hey hey they,

Ah hey hey they,
Refrain:
Ah
hey hey they,

They call ! They call!
Ah hey hey they,
Ah hey hey they,
Ah hey hey they,
Ah hey they.
In
this stanza
dancers
the
should show
promise
excitement
of
fruit is
not
only at
given.
the wonderful
spectaclethey observe but because of

given.
They should stillkeep in groups as they
and
exult in the results that have
come
the
promise
move
about
from
they left their "footprints."

Ritual Song there are
In the original
The
the little
hillswhere
score
of stanzas
in which
the various
more
occurrences
than
of the
growth of the corn are mentioned, mingled with

'Footprints" represent both
imagery.
who
and ownership. Those
planted the kernels
bolic
sym-
labor
look
INDIAN
for these
had
marks
tell.
be
success
had
indicate
should
stanza
successful
29
they find. They

game," a venture;
not
or
The
come.
an
DANCES
what
'like
planting
it would
But
AND
rejoiceover
and
their
begun
whether
GAMES
no
action
abandonment
could
one
for the
last
delight; hoes
to
dropped as the groups

mingle and act out
pleasurenot only at what is seen but what is promised.
should follow, then the hoes should be picked
A pause
be
should
the
up
and
to
return
song
dancers
home;
which
they
plantingthe
Light
hy
The
dance
as
gather by twos
they start they
the
on
sang
and
threes
into the
break
from
return
in
line
same
making
and
little hills:
our
ya
dancers
hearts
hy
ya
and
ho !
should
As
gay
Hy
keep
until their individual
ya
home
we
ho
up
tents
the
are
Ho
song
ward
Hy
and
reached.
take
ya
ho
our
rhythmic
IV
DANCE
NOTE.
INTRODUCTORY
Ritual, represents
Corn
the harvest
when
season
dance, taken
This
"
DANCES
AND
GAMES
INDIAN
30
visit to
from
the
the field later in the
time is near
at
hand.
The
note
key-
of the many
stanzas
Ritual Song, "I go in readiness of mind."
of the original
is assured, prepared to find in the place
mind
The
of this visit is in
line of
one
"
footprints had been made, where the little

the coveringof earth to reach "the
kernels had broken
tall and
light of day," that these have now
grown
and are "standing in the
sun
strong under the summer
is justified,
for the
fulness of day." This
assurance
of its ears
is found ready to pluck,and some
are
corn
joyouslycarried to the people at home.
those worn
costumes
as
by the
Properties. The same
scarfs
II and III. The
boys and girlsin Dance
green
"
the
where
these
dance;
and
I will be needed
in Dance
used
be
can
folded
in the latter part of this
and
carried in the
pouches
pockets.
Directions.
place
should
as
the
The
scene
should
be
preceding dances
two
gather at
the "field"
The
the
in Dance
same
II and
spot whence
laid in the
and
the
same
dancers
they started
to
III.
should
dancers, both boys and girls,
be discovered
standing in an open group talkingtogether in dumb

to the
as
show, evidentlydiscussingthe probabilities
have been
They may
saying:
ripening of the corn.
cattail is in
"Already the boys are shouting, The
for
This was
bloom!"
a
sign that the time had come
'in
mind
whose
to be ripe. Some
the corn
one
was
readiness" makes the suggestion(inpantomime) to go to
INDIAN
32
steps of the dancers
The
song
and
assurance.
the
of the feet should

The
"field*
should
should
move
rhythm
indicate
"field'
is reached
suggest
is
now
cornstalks; therefore,when
dancers
be in
must
all movements
When
DANCES
AND
GAMES
in
the
the
feelingof
certain
tions
mo-
of the "footprints."
memory
covered
with
by
rows
of tall
'field' is reached
lines,as
parallel
if
they
the
were
Some
lines should cross
at
passingbetween these rows.
rightangles,givingthe effect of walking between high
barriers,along pathways that intersect each other at
rightangles. When the dancers pass along these alleys,
indicate
should be made
to
to
so
speak, movements
brushingagainstor pushing out of the way the 'long
leaves" of the corn, and to point to the "waving
rustling
This pantomime, with
tassels" far above their heads.
its rhythmic movements
stalks,
suggestinglong lines of cornthe brushing aside with the hands of the long
effective picture.
an
leaves of the stalks,should make
Strongly the ears shoot out, fill'dwith golden grain,

life flowingin each vein,
Up into the full light,
stands ready to give its strengthfullfain.
Sacred the corn
now
Ah hey hey hey they,
Refrain:
Ah hey hey they,
Ah hey hey they,
Ah hey they.
lengthof the originalRitual Song, togetherwith

the picturesquequalityof the native language,permits
of the cornfield :
the bringingout in full detail of this scene
The
INDIAN
the
standing
ears
full of
kernels
of this
power
with
GAMES
replete
and
idea
of this
in
it linked
his
all
both
vocations,
it
appeals
To
the
the
native
and
great
The
the
man,
It is
in
also
the
In
giving
corn,
pressed
ex-
his
present
planting,
of the
use
of the
imbue
the
rituals, will require
be
well
worth
The
maize
become
ours
to
fail
not
of its native
the worker
in
while
in the
hold
to
the
its
cornfield
the
to
the
suggest
in the
the
effort
vital
were
land
became
our
and
beauty
has
accept
we
aimed
that
but
thoughts
the
to
expressed
study,
all its richness
and
teaching
as
before
enjoy, and
catch
to
scene
These
centuries
this continent
cornfield, and
some
while.
home.
us
that
to
belief.
and
through
picture
that
thoughts
upon
filled
including
playful.
the
and
Because
life of mankind.
all nature,
and
husks
man.
convey
will
related
the
to
him
to
the
sacred,"
religious ceremonies
growth, the maturing

life to
'become
thought
serious
33
stalk, and
thereby
Indian
to
the
now
unity throughout
is fundamental
DANCES
life-givingpower.
has
corn
through
power
with
Wakon'da,
life from
instance
angles from
at
the
AND
this
gift let
lingeringvibrations
lift the
to
Great
Giver
thoughts
of
of Life and
Beauty.
In
planning
should
lines
not
as
pantomime
forget the rhythm
though
cornstalks.
the
they
were
for this stanza

of the
walking
song
and
between
the dancers
to
rows
keep the
of
tall
DANCES
AND
GAMES
INDIAN
34
3
Where'er
look wide
we
Ripe are the ears

our
Filling
arms,
Refrain:
we
we
fields wait harvest
to
meet;
pluck,juicy the corn we eat;

go homeward, happy hearts there
meet.
we
hey hey they,

Ah hey hey they,
Ah hey they.
Ah
The
stanza
over
requisitefor the interpretationof this

by pantomime is comparatively easy, as looking
the field ready for harvest, and pluckinga few ears
action
of the
the
touch
During
the
others
to
singingof
there
take
it upon
can
like bundles
corn.
secure
of
corn
made,
to
for the
the first line of the third
slipbehind
should
out
some
of
their scarfs from
the
as
arms
this way,
be taken
All the lines that have
appear
ing."
the "first-fruit offer-
as
their scarfs,and
to
to
were
each scarf into
the folded
In
not
hills
seven
be used
pockets,make
of
ears
dancers
the
and
or
carry
with
are
taken
be
few of the dancers
pouches
and
the
where
row
product of these
stanza
should
Care
corn.
loose bundle
though it was filled

few at a time, the
arrange
them
to
look
homeward.
moving as between rows

of corn
should now
come
togetherand form a long line
and with dancing,rhythmic steps, and arms
filledwith
from there wind
return
to the startingplace,and
corn,
about the camp
ground singingthe refrain,which can
be repeated ad lib. until they finally
disperseand go to
their
tents.
been
INDIAN
GAMES
AND
DANCE
NOTE.
INTRODUCTORY
little hills that
This
dance
had
seven
the
represents
corn
from
ceremoniallyplanted
were
follow the
who
dancers
leaves of winter
the dead
35
the "first-fruitoffering"of the
bringingof
seven
DANCES
been
cleared away.
leaders carryingthe
the
after
The
stalks
corn-
represent the people in triumphal processionin

honor
of Corn
words
and
from
as
"Mother
of the song
music
breathingforth life." Both

for this processionare taken
of the Pawnee
wherein
great religious
ceremony
Corn is spoken of as A-ti-ra,Mother, with the prefixH'
signify
ing breath, the signof life. "H'A-ti-ra" ("Mother
a
breathing forth life")is repeated over

the only word
used in this song.
The
idle procedure but an
an
awakening
native mind, of all that Corn
has
meant
and
over
is
repetition
of echoes
to
is
and
not
in the
his ancestors
during the centuries. The repeated words

imply contemplation on the subject. This song when
press
heard sung by a hundred
could not fail to imor
more
with
The
its majestic fervor.
beautiful,
one
bountiful maize givingits life that others might enjoy
life,on another plane, is here reverentlyand joyously
proclained"Mother."
and
other bright colored scarfs
Properties. Green
there are dancers, boys and girls,
mantles, as many
as
or
of long leaves like those of the cornalso wreaths made
stalk;
and
race
these
be
can
manufactured
Tall yellow plumes, similar

fastened
wreath
to
is
worn
the
from
green
paper.
the tassel of the corn,

that when
wrreath in such manner
the
plume
to
will stand
above
and
the
the forehead.
wands
cornstalks, or
Seven
AND
GAMES
INDIAN
36
DANCES
like the stalk of the corn

appear
All the dancers
Directions.
with
have
and
be
in
wrapped
their wreaths, the erect
on
to
as
green
its tassel.
should
"
their mantles
with
wound
so
tassel
plume standing directlyover the middle of the forehead.

All dress as
mingle in this dance.
Boys and girlsmust
before, with the addition of the mantles.
Implements,
Of the
not
used.
are
pouches and bows and arrows
be boys and
who
three
to lead, four should
seven
are
girls. When
leading the processionand carrying the
cornstalks,the first line of four
should
be
boy,
two
girls,a boy; the second line of three should be a boy,

robes or
must
wear
a
girl,a boy. These seven
green
mantles
hold the cornstalks, with
and
by the mantle.
other
colored
the songs,
mantles
The
leaders should
of the other
On
the
which
space
;'
the
two
dumb
The
in
the
dance
groups
as
must
wear
boys
draped
sing
must
be full in order
selected
to
by themselves
act
in loose groups
at the
heretofore
in these dances
has
windrow
on
the dancers
cornstalks
the ground.
should
be
as
in front
are
seven
or
green
impressive ceremony.
been
group
field," the
be laid in
begin
to
have
dancers, who
the
should
of sound
who
stand
can
The
effect of this
true
dancers
seven
dancers
scarfs.
or
for the volume
produce the
to
other
The
their hands
or
When
rear.
resented
rep-
wands
ready
discovered
in
already described, talkingquietly in
show.
seven
appear
their number,
leaders,who
to
consult
in the front group

together; then, led
are
sing the followingsong:
selves,
by themby one of
INDIAN
GAMES
AND
No.
Song
DANCES
37
Golden
on
ev'ryhand,
Waving, the cornfields stand,

Callingus thither;
Callingus thither,
First-fruitsto cull and bring
Our sacred offering
To
great Wakon'da,
Giver of Corn.
To
great
\Va
kon'
da,
Giv
er
of
Corn.
leaders stand together

During the singingthe seven
All the other dancers
wrapped in their green mantles.
are
grouped at a little distance back, still talkingas at
ing,
At the third line they stop talkfirst in dumb
show.
at the fourth line they give attention to the seven
During
leaders,at the fifth line they join in the song.
there should be no change in
the singingof this stanza
the relative positionsof the two groups, but during the
singing all who sing should keep up a gentlerhythmic
swaying of the body.
AND
GAMES
INDIAN
38
DANCES
Now
the field we
to
stands
Where
the
hie,
corn
high,
so
Callingus thither;
Callingus thither,
First-fruits to cull and
sacred
offering
To great Wakon'da,
Our
Giver
The
of Corn.
leaders,at the beginning of the firstline of
seven
the second
bring
line and
slowly fall into
stanza,
rhythmic steps
"
the
toward
move
with deliberate
field,"reachingit
by the fifth line,and while singingthat line they should

pick up the cornstalks and hold them, with their hands
draped with their green mantles, high to the front.
At
the
close of the
the other
first stanza
dumb
show
of
speaking to
dancers
should
another
until the third line of the second
resume
group
of
one
stanza, when
they change their attitude and give attention; at the

fourth line they join in the song, and at the fifth move
leaders. By the
toward
the "field" where are the seven
close of the second
one
group
at the
All the dancers
in silence.
to
the
Then
all the dancers
stanza
stand
the
there at the
seven
Follow
Who
Mother
breathes
'"
field'1'
a
sing the
Song:
leaders
Song No.
Chorus:
be in
"field."
Processional
following
Introduction:
should
moment
tion
introduc-
Corn,
forth life!
H'A-ti-ra,H'A-ti-ra,H'A-ti-ra,A-ti-ra,
H'A-ti-ra,A-ti-ra,H'A-ti-ra,A-ti-ra,
A-ti-ra,H'A-ti-ra,A-ti-ra.
GAMES
INDIAN
40
CALLING
THE
NOTE.
INTRODUCTORY
observed
ceremony,
AND
FLOWERS
This
"
dance
the
among
Pacific Coast, in which
DANCES
is derived
Indians
of the
from
North
the
spirits
dwellingbeneath the
ing.
and join those who are dancground are called to come
The dancer who calls the spirits
with gliding
moves
outstretched,the hands beckoning upsteps, the arms
ward
in a gentle,
The grace, dignity
manner.
enticing
with the writer as a
and earnestness
of this dance linger
beautiful memory
after the lapseof many
years.
Properties. A green scarf for the Caller. Blue,
"
white
and
rosy
scarfs for
to
link the
and
Daisies.
dancing Flowers
Directions.
enough
for all the dancers
dance.
Those
from
hidden
to
mention
the dance
who
view
the call.
is made
would
will sonate
perthe call: Violets,
dancers
respond to
twisted
as
of green
togetherin the final dance.
clear space
"
many
that
the three Flowers

Wild-roses
as
to
will be
move
rope
required large
about
in the final
personate the Flowers should

until the time when
they are to
be
spond
re-
In the
only of
enumerated
above,
properties
of
scarfs. The picturesqueness
be enhanced
if the dancers
wore
dresses
head-
like the flowers and made

of
shaped somewhat
appropriatecolored paper; blue or lilac for the Violets,
with a touch of yellow; deep pink or pale red for the
white
Wild-roses, with a little yellow for the stamens;
with
yellow for
the
Daisies.
The
twisted rope
of green
should
paper
AND
GAMES
INDIAN
be
made
DANCES
41
heavy twine,
over
so
as
to
be
strong enough for the dancers to grasp in the final dance.

in the camp.
All these decorative articles should be made
The
dancer
who
acts
Caller should
the
as
the
looselythrown
about
the
If the voice of this dancer
is not
clearlyheard by those who
look
strong enough to be
at a littledistance,
scarf
green
then
other
two
should
persons
on
stand
one
head
wear
at
and
body.
each side of
singwith the dancer who isthe Caller.

These
two
extra
singersshould be wrapped in green
scarfs and stand quietlyas interested spectators while
calls. Care should be taken to give the
the dancer
the open
space
of the
words
that
every
them
easily.
and
with
songs
clearness and
scene
with
opens
can
catch
DANCE
THE
The
hearing distance
within
person
distinctness,so
the
who
one
is
to
call the
ent
standing in the center, looking about in differdirections. Suddenly, as if the thought occurred to
call for companions,the followingsong is begun:
Flowers
No.
Song
Hither
from
Oh, hither
Hear
Wake
come
come,
Wake
FLOWERS
THE
TO
CALL
come,
to
your
me,
flowers!
sleep.
hither come,
flowers!
calling,
from your sleep,O flowers!
me
Hark
some
one
comes.
INDIAN
Hith-er
ing,
hith-er
Wake
the song,
should be
flow
me,
Wake
-ers!
from
your
E"
DANCES
-r-+
"
sleep. Oh,
call
to
-m
AND
come
come,
ijp
With
GAMES
come,
from
your
hith-er come,
sleep,O
flow
ers
flowers ! Hark
begins. The
movement
the
gentleand gliding,
arms
Hear
! some
one
me
steps taken
outstretched
in
as
beckoning, not
the fingersslowly bending toward
entreaty, the hands
moved
as
comes
in
with
the
fingerbut all
palm. The dancer should think what the action
open
she glidesabout the open space, and strive to
as
means
carry out the pictureof awakening the sleepingflowers,
It is possiblethat
of biddingthem
hither."
to "come
dancers to produce
time may
be requiredby some
more
the picturethan merely singingthe song once
through
would give; in that case, that portionof the song having
from your
Wake
the words "Hear
me
sleep,O
calling,
the
flowers!" can
be repeated once
twice, to meet
or
The
last line, 'Hark!
requirements of the dancer.
comes!'
should be givenwith dramatic action.
one
some
one
These
words
the Violets
on
the
they
are
to
right,and
come
the
cue
prepare
to
into view,
make
for those who

to enter
a
from
are
to
different
soft, stirringsound
singingthe followingsong:
sent
repre-
points
before
INDIAN
GAMES
AND
Song No,
SONG
OF
Violets have
Love
Close
to
Vi
grance
deil where
VIOLETS
in
come
the earth
have
lets
fra
43
heav'nlyhue;
fragrancesweet they bring to
from the dell where they grew
With
With
THE
DANCES
true.
in
come
they bring
sweet
they
so
Close
grew
you
to
heav'n
hue
Love
to
you
the
earth
so
from
the
true.
quietsteps in rhythm with the

They slowlyadvance and gatherin a loose circle
song.
each one
about the Caller, whom,
as
they come
near,
lightlytouches, to give "Love from the dell where they
grew." Then they retire to the edge of the open space
When
the ground in littlegroups.
at the rightand sit on
ward
tothey are quiet and in their places,the Caller moves
The
Violets dance
with
them, then turns, stops, looks

at
Song No.
THE
TO
CALL
[See page
last line
Wild-roses
hidden
on
the empty
side
sings:
the left and
The
at
givesthe
cue
FLOWERS
42]
to
those who
represent the
rustlingsound where they are

with lightspringing
the left. They enter
to
make
steps, singing:
AND
GAMES
INDIAN
44
No.
Song
Wild-roses
WILD-ROSES
THE
OF
SONG
DANCES
all brightand
come
gay,
Blushing red like dawn of day;

they, full of play,
Dancing come
Hiding all their thorns away.
all brightand gay,
Wild-roses come
Blushing red like dawn of day,
they, full of play.
Dancing come
q
-v_
iz:
-V-
Wild
ros
come
es
bright
all
and
gay,
"SH-
-".
r
m
Blush
red
ing
of
like dawn
Dane
day;
ing
their thorns
all
of
full
they,
come
way,
-9
Hid
play,
Wild
ros
ing
all
come
es
9-
^5
L_^_
bright and
gay,
Blush
red
ing
of
like dawn
day,
A-
-*r
r
m
Dane
The
ing
Wild-roses
quiet littleclumps
they,
come
dance
about
of Violets
full
of
gaily; they
that
remain
play.
circle the
seated.
The
INDIAN
frolic around
Wild-roses
wild
the open
the
moment,
and
space
Caller
while
CALL
TO
At
the
the
rear
the
end
each
Daisies
of the
of
dancer
give
open
long
who
trillingshout
and
who
which
rope,
is
Song No.
Up
meadows
from
full of
Coming
the
Troop
free,
glee,
Daisies
in the
Dancing
we
Singing
Then
make
as
back
Merry
we
white,
light,
All skipping blithe

Now
4
DAISIES
THE
OF
are
to
appear
caught hold
follows, all singing:
SONG
rear
of
sent
repre-
from
skipping; their leader holds
space,
green
the
42]
page
the
the left.
dancers
the close of the song
with
FLOWERS
THE
[See
at
in
again sings:
once
No.
time
exact
toward
moves
there
Song
45
Caller, capering about
keeping their steps in

in groups
Finally they pause
their song.
a
the
DANCES
but
freedom
After
AND
GAMES
and
chain,
twine
into line
at
gay.
play!
"
of
by
INDIAN
46
GAMES
make
Now
we
Then
back
chain,
in
AND
line
to
Sing ing
Mer
"
skip in the open

widely separated as they hold on
"Now
risen
as
the Wild-roses
the green
alternate
rope
and
rope.
all the
at
move
also
The
come
to
the Caller,who
Flowers
the words
play!
at
ry
the dancers
space,
to
twine,
we
the
at
rope;
the Violets, who

the
toward
toward
should
great green
are
the
had
stringof
the chain and
colors of the flowers
all the Flowers
clingto it as
and
circle around
As
chain"
the Daisies entered,
dancers;
grasp
make
we
as
As the Daisies
words
DANCES
have
should
hold
stem.
is the last to grasp
of the
Then
the
all
stem.
ginning
they repeat Song No. 4, be"Troop the Daisies white," etc.
dance
GAMES
INDIAN
48
APPEAL
DANCES
Among
"
SKY
CLEAR
FOR
NOTE.
INTRODUCTORY
AND
Indian
those
that lived outside the semi-arid sections of

with its destructive force
the storm
of
thunder
and
war,
was
war
tribes
country,
our
the representative
was
god.
the tribes dwelling

widespread among
these people the
in the Mississippi
valley; yet among
and value of peace were
recognized. Honors
desirability
in a defensive fightgave the warrior higher rank
won
longing
of aggression.Rituals bethan those gained in wars
rites,
ceremonies, and also to war
to religious
Warfare
was
taught that the firstduty of the warrior

the
children,the fields and
and
women
for his strong
and
arm
ready
courage
was
to
the food
made
protect
supply,
the tribe's
only wall of defence againstenemies.

nance
to the mainteThese tribes had ceremonies relating
of peace not only within the tribe but for the purpose
of forming peacefulrelations with other tribes.
the symbol of peace, of happinessand
The clear sky was
of prosperity,
conditions the very oppositeof those that
attended
When
such
it
arose
a
war.
was
peace
looked
time, when
ceremonial
of peace.
songs
was
ceremony
upon
as
an
in progress, if a storm
of disaster. At
omen
gathered,the people joinedin

and appealsfor clear sky, the symbol
clouds
GAMES
INDIAN
DANCES
AND
49
songs
followingdramatic dance and the accompanying

are
employed on such an occasion. The songs are
taken
from
The
ceremonies
Properties.
-
blue
as
flags,
used to promote peace.

Staffs,about three feet long,with small
there
as
many
of blue head-bands
be
to
tied
worn
at
the
from
and
the left arm.
across
same
The
All the dancers
are
sexes
and
DANCE
facingthe East, in
stand
latter
drum.
dance
THE
ber
num-
the breast and
belongs to both
girlsshould, if possible,
joinin it.
Directions.
boys and
blue sashes.
rightshoulder
the waist under
This
dancers, the
are
one
or
more
deep, accordingto the number, their staffs held in

the righthand so that the flagswill hang in front of each
dancer, covering the chest,as they begin the following
rows
song:
Song No.
Away,
away,
dark
Leave
Go
the
clouds,away!
sky!
far away,
dark clouds,to-day!
Leave the sky!
Stormy clouds,go far
away,
far away,
longerstay!
Leave the sky!
Go far away,
dark clouds,to-day!
Stormy clouds, no
Leave
the sky!
Stormy clouds,go far way, far away!

Stormy clouds,begone!
GAMES
INDIAN
far
way,
way,
"
way, dark
i=K=i
-"
far
dark
clouds,a
clouds,to
-N-
AND
DANCES
the
day ! Leave
! Leave
way
sky !
Go
sky ! Storm-yclouds, go
*=^
"="
"
far
way,
the
way,
Storm
clouds,no
long
-N-
stay !
er
"
^yH-
-v
Leave
the
Go
sky!
far
to
the
Leave
day !
fV
Storm
sky !
dark
way,
-IS
s=i
clouds,
clouds, go
z".c.
fc
-N
^
3tl=i
'
9E
far
far
way,
way!
FIRST
In the first line at
the East
raised
the
mz.
Storm
"
3tZ
^:"
clouds, be
N-
fs
gone
APPEAL
each
look up toward
that direction.
"away'
and
line
the dancers
move
'Leave
should
step forward
the
in
sky!' they
should point their flagstoward
the East, keeping the
staff out
it by
level with the body, and accent
on
a
thrustingit forward as if pointingto the East, being
careful not
to
change the level of the staff. At the
be
second "Leave
the sky!" the level of the staffs must
to
about
At
the
chin of the dancer
and
the
same
GAMES
INDIAN
AND
DANCES
51
pointingmotion repeated at this level. At the third

'Leave the sky!" the staffs are raised to the level of the
dancers' eyes and the same
pointingmovement
repeated.
'Leave
the sky!' the level of the staffs
At the fourth
is raised to a line with the top of the head and the pointing
motions
again given. At the last line, Stormy
clouds, begone!" the staffs and flagsshould be raised
aloft and waved
with precisionto the rhythm of the
The steps and movements
of the body should be
song.
and forward, to give a pulsatingeffect,
that of backward
;'
all in exact
the second
the
The
Appeal
dancers
to
drum
should
be
series of
movements
stitutes
con-
the East.
turn
next
The
third stroke heavier than
This
fourth.
and
all the movements
same
the North, repeat the song

of staff and body in exactlythe
to
manner.
The
dancers
the song
and
movements
now
toward
turn
turn
as
toward
before.
the West
without
movements
They then
a
the music.
in I time, the first and
beaten
and
time with
the South
This
any
and go through
variation.
repeat song and

bringsthe First Appeal to
and
close.
SECOND
APPEAL
gather in a loose group in the center

of the open space, where they divide into two lines that
this crosseach other at rightangles. When
must
cross
figureis formed, all,as they stand, should face the East.
The staffs should be held at an angle similar to that of a
baton and then swayed to the rhythm of the following
song of pleadingand of hope:
All the dancers
GAMES
INDIAN
AND
Song No.
DANCES
Come, soft skies of blue,

hue
O'er the earth of verdant

in
Bend
Clouds
by thy
peace!
all are
breath
sunny
gone,
Blue Sky!
Joy
fillsour
now
Sorrows
hearts anew,
cease;
Songs of birds sing of thy

Blue
peace,
Sky!
skies
soft"
Come,
of
O'er
blue,
N-
fr~TI o
*=J=2
-""
the
*-
earth of ver-dant
-"-
Bend
in
peace
Clouds
Ep-H
thy
by
sun
-9-
ny breath
Blue
gone,
-9-
Sor
As
to the
rows
the dancers
right,then
to the left and
Sky! Joy
of
Songs
birds
-9-
sing
sing they should

to
return
return,
so
fills our
now
^'
-^.~
cease
all
"
HEtE*
are
hue
of
take
-9-
hearts
-9-
thypeace,
-new,
-9-
-9-
Blue
Sky
step sidewise
the first position;then
that the whole
step
has
cross-figure
times
and
West,
North,
should
dancers
song
the
and
dancing
in
The
level.
previous
are
waved
and
aloft
raised
Sky!"
figure
South
and
break
should
into
as
back
groups
rhythmically,
to
the
song,
be
returned
to
be
repeated
the
singers
the
and,
disperse
\Yhen
should
flags
then
and
rhythm
maintained
of
flowingly.
the
sung
song
53
rhythm
and
smoothly
sung
"Blue
words
the
the
be
should
which
DANCES
the
accentuating
motion
swaying
AND
GAMES
INDIAN
to
face
Then
East.
still
several
the
singing
their
the
tents.
the
He-de
The
AN
OMAHA
the
State
their
name.
surrounded
From
etc.
tribe has
Wa-chi
been
JOY
centuries
For
OF
the
home
of
in the
known
as
region now
bears
of Nebraska, north of the city which
There they dwelt in permanent
villages,
by their garden plotsof corn, beans, squashes,
in June all the
these villagesevery
year
tribes except
infirm went
the sick and
the buffalo herds in order

and
DANCES
FESTIVAL
NOTE.
INTRODUCTORY
the Omaha
AND
GAMES
INDIAN
54
to
forth to
obtain their
pelts. As this tribal hunt
was
follow
supply of
meat
essential to the needs
serious affair,
a
people,it was
very
ceremonies
and conducted
under
initiated with religious
strict rules enforced by duly appointed officers. It was
food and
at the close of this great tribal hunt, when
lingeredand
clothinghad been secured, while Summer
that brightness
the leaves had not yet begun to fall,
so
the land, that this Festival of Joy took
stillover
was
place. Like all Indian ceremonies, the He-de Wa-chi
for the welfare of the
embodied
a
teaching that was
from
and dramatically
nature
tribe,a teaching drawn
tribe was
made
enacted by the people. The Omaha
up
of ten distinct groups, each one
a
having its own
name,
of the
set
of
life of the
names
for
those
born
within
the
group,
and
to
religious
symbols and ceremonies committed
tinct
its care.
By tribal rites and regulationsthese ten diswelded together to form the tribe,
were
groups
whose
strengthand prosperitydepended upon internal
harmony and unity.
certain
INDIAN
tree
space
the tree
about
black
muslin
trunk; these
nightsenjoyed during
of the camp
have
group
name
in the
wands
can
green
paper
be
used;
or
to
to
should
paper
serve.
be
put
symbolize the days

life.
camp
to
to
those who
branches
these
The
bers
mem-
Each
group
will take part
available,
not
are
decorations
fluttering
should be attached, also
of the group.
in the wide
number
If actual
dance.
be made
can
are
the
of the Omaha
manner
should be divided into groups and each

and a color.
Small branches
should
gathered,equal in
should
circle that is to be made
the color
streamer
be
of
assigned a place
about
the
tree.
all are
ready the followingCall should be sung.

Indian words are retained, as they are easy to pronounce
When
The
DANCES
pole after the

around
tree
a single
of red and
Bands
be
AND
for the central
if so,
and
GAMES
and
fitthe
echoingcadences
meaning, and
are
adapted
THE
No.
long
CALL
Zha-wa
i-ba i-ba e-he,
Zha-wa
i-ba i-ba ha e-he.
rejoice;i-ba
of the syllableba; e-he
vowel prolongation
to rejoice."]
"I bid you come
Zha-wa
the
of the Call.
Song
[Words:
to
to
come;
=
ha
I bid you.
INDIAN
GAMES
AND
DANCES
57
words
English translation of the native words does not

the stirring
"To
appeal of the Omaha:
rejoice!
The stress of the music of the Call
I bid you."
'Zha-wa," to rejoice;the notes which carry the
if to
to float afar as
'e-he," 'I bid you," seem
reach
the
This
convey
Come!
is
on
most
The
summons.
member
of the tribe with
cadence
of the Call echoes itself,

the
as
the
line is like the first,

only lower in tones.
second
\Yhen
all of the
the Call, each

and
distant
of the drum
are
gathered in response to
stand in its appointed place
must
group
hold
member
every
have
camp
to
now
be
decorated
given;
wand.
Four
the beats must
beats
not
be
the reverberations of the drum

rapid. When
be maintained, each one's
absolute
quiet must
cease,
from his right hand, while
wand
must
hang downward
the followingchant is given,sung by the leaders of the
The words
are
by John B. Tabb, the music is
groups.
invocation.
arranged from the Omaha
loud
or
Song No.
INVOCATION
springethfrom the sod,

upward unto God;
from the skies,
cometh
All that
Tendeth
All that
Urging
All that
it anon
from
spring-eth
to
the sod,
rise.
Tend-eth
up
ward
un
that
God
-/
-9"
/
All
to
com
eth
from
the skies, Ur
ging
it
non
to
rise !
INDIAN
$8
This
chant
point
of the
Tribal
Sacred
GAMES
AND
DANCES
takes the
place of the
ceremony
by the Omaha
Pipes. The
prayer
Keepers of the
in the
prayer
originalhas
words, vocables
the
At
should
be
close of the
Omaha
song
second
was
four
stopping at
the
the song
when
advances
the
all
toward
advance.
for each
once
at
first
follows.
close of each
four times,
sung
respond
rhythmic
drum
sing the
of the ceremony
song
tribe made
tree,
and
measure,
is the dance
music
the sacred
The
all the camp
no
is what
of the
strokes
two
the leaders should
followingsong;
beginning of the
the
chant
Then
given.
line of the
This
music
only are used, for the

(God).
appeal to Wakon'da
carries the
this
at
sung
forward
movement.
Song No.
APPROACH
Ev'ry
Leaders:
Response by
Song by all:
TO
liftup
one
all:
3
TREE
THE
the branch
Up it goes !
Dancing, singing,we
Happy
leaves!
Swinging
as
will
we
So
Blithe and
like leaves sway
Dancing
the breezes
ever
blow,
be
joyous as
Hi-o!
leaves!
we
go.
to
and
fro.
INDIAN
Ev
lift up
'ryone
GAMES
AND
the branch
! Up
DANCES
it goes !
$=f=t=t="E"E^
^
Swing -ing
ev
'Hi-o!"
to
as
must
be
After
at
and
to
the
breez
Blithe and
is the call
When
pause.
brief pause
Hap-py leaves
blow,
es
joy
ous
given by
as
the
So
we
Danc-ing leaves
will
go.
we
Hi-o!
leaders for the dancers
this call is heard, all the branches
lowered
once
fro.
f"
-*-
be
er
Danc-ing,sing ing,
-*"+-
g^
like leaves sway
we
59
and
every
the leaders will
person
stand
again sing the
still.
mand,
com-
the
'Ev'ry one lift up the branch!" then comes
''Up it goes!" The song immediately follows,
response,
held high and waving in rhythm to the
all the wands
Each one
of
melody while the second advance is made.
these advances
should be but
few steps, on
account
of
mic
dancing steps, the rhythmovements
body and the swaying wands
should
give an undulating line suggestiveof waving
the grounds should
available space on
The
branches.
be calculated so as to permit the four approachesaccompanied
the tree,
by the dance-song to reach a point near
yet far enough to permit the forming of two circles of
At this point the company
dancers
around
its base.
the limitations
of space.
of the
The
INDIAN
6o
should
GAMES
divide into
two
circle and
the other
circles are
now
rightto left,the
parts,
form
to
dance
to
AND
the tree,
left to
to
an
These
to
one
right.
the trunk
retain their wands
others
form
to
circle.
outer
an
from
the leaders tie their wands

all the
part
one
around
other
DANCES
At
go
inner
two
from
this time
of the tree, but
while
they dance in
these concentric circles. All should
sing the dancesong, keeping time with the feet and waving the wands
As the dance goes on, the
to the rhythm of the music.
time
and
song
accelerated
be
can
and
stands
dance
must
be broken
never
binding force of
for the
circles become
in all these movements
but
narrower,
the
and
wider
the
rhythm of
for the rhythm
social and
common,
lovinglife.
Song No.
AROUND
DANCE
4
TREE
THE
I
Dance
the leaves in
Dance
the leaves in
Leaves
dance
ever
ever,
The
sunlight,
dark night,
the tree,
on
Tree!
NP-
Dance
in
the leaves
sun
the leaves
light,Dance
"-
in
dark
night,
i
Leaves
ev
er,
ev
dance
er
on
the
tree, The
Tree.
High
Dance
Each
liftthe green
we
and
one
wave
is
The
our
green
branch,
branch,
green
branch
Tree !
of the tree,
61
DANCES
AND
GAMES
INDIAN
3
we
Bind
them
While
them,
all return
Now
the tree stem,
to
sing the glad word, Unity!
we
O Tree !
Strong our
Strong our
hearts in
hearts in stillnight,
bids
Wa-chi
the He-de
Thus
daylight,
be,
us
OTree!
This
When
dance-song
at
last the leaders
the call,"Hi-o!"
of
Approach
When
to
they did for the
as
at
in the Dance
pause
the Tree.
signalis given, the
this
their wands
repeated as often as desired.

wish it to stop they must
give
be
can
the foot of the tree
should
members
from
the
toss
placewhere
they had stopped dancing.
people had the

of the prairie
at their disposal,
vast
yet each
expanse
tribal group
kept its appointedplace,not only during
four approaches toward
the dance, wherein they made
In the ancient
Omaha
ceremony
the
all the groups formed into two

great circles the tribal order of their relative positions
circles were
made
two
still preserved. The
was
up
the sacred tree, but when
girlsdanced in one
and boys formed the
direction next to the pole; the men
in the oppositedirection. This
circle and danced
outer
Old
and fun.
the occasion of much
dance was
hilarity
the delight
danced with vigor,and great was
and young
according to
of the tribe
sex.
as
branches.
The
it spun
At
women
around
and
the emblematic
the close of the dance
tree, carrying
all tossed the
INDIAN
62
GAMES
AND
DANCES
the foot of the
of
pole, leavinga mound
the widespreadingplain.
green on
If boys and girlstake part, as they should, in this
let the girlsform the inner circle and
the
ceremony,
boys the outer circle as they dance about the tree in
branches
true
at
fashion.
Omaha
life every
In real Indian
of song,
no
how
matter
vocation
homely
So, keeping faith with
has its
be
may
that
accompaniment
the employment.
ancient
American
let the camp

be put in order after the ceremony
be called the
while all singthe following
song, which may
custom,
ClearingUp:
Song No. 5
THE
all
camp
This
merry
in
scene,
as
well
or
der
in which
as
CLEARING
Ere
to
UP
our
tents
we
be
all should take part,
useful.
can
take
us.
be made
AND
GAMES
INDIAN
INDIAN
INTRODUCTION.
been
in
played
our
the
oldest
Dr.
Stewart
and
other
All the games

here presented have
land for untold generations,while
remains
for them
before
is
'There
in
found
According to
authorityon Indian
evidence
no
imported into America

the
been
this continent.
on
games,
after
or
have
Culin, the well-known
were
games
63
GAMES
of the articles used
traces
DANCES
conquest.
at
On
that
time
any
the
these
either
other
hand
they appear to be the direct and natural outgrowth of

Dr.
Culin calls
aboriginalinstitutions in America."
in the myths of the
attention to the reference to games
those of the Pueblo
various tribes. Among
people
of the divine Twins
is made
mention
who
live in the
rule the
mer
day and the night,the Sumand the Winter, "Always contendingthey are the
the games
are
originalpatrons of play and their games
(Bureau of American
now
Ethnology,
played by men."
lead too far afield to follow
Vol. 24, p. 32.) It would
relation between
ceremonials and games,
the interesting
relation that is not peculiarto the culture found on
a
east
and
the
American
the west,
The
around.
much
east
each
the
and
Continent
environment
same
sets
in
other; the
the rains descend

and
trees
why
and
of
which
man
obtains
in
wTorld
the
generaloutline is
rises in the
everywhere; the sun ever
the west; day and night always follow
winds play gently or rend with force;
in showers
spring up,
Therefore, when
but
man
the wherefore
come
has
or
fall in floods; flowers
maturity and
questioned Nature
to
of life,
similar
answers
then
as
have
die.
to
the
come
64
INDIAN
GAMES
AND
DANCES
from
all parts of the earth; so it happens that man's

which often sportively
reflect his serious thoughts,
games,
show
strange similarity.
Indian
to
Dr.
that
games
Culin,
may
depend
be divided
upon
"into
chance, according
those in which
the
hazard
fall of certain impledepends upon the random

ments
employed, like dice,and those in which it depends
the guess or choice of the player; one
is objective,
upon
the other subjective."Games
of the first or objective
class are
generallyplayed in silence,while those of the
second or subjectiveclass,called guessinggames,
are
accompanied by singing. (Ibid.,
p. 44.)
In
game
where
the sides
the
two
sides contest,
as
in
ball
frequentlyplayed by two different

tribes or by two
in the same
tribe. In such
villages
the playersoften went
of traincases
ing
through a course
in order to prepare
them for the contest.
Bathing,
exercise and diet had to be followed according to prescribed
the
Cherokee
the
custom.
Among
partakingof
rabbit was
forbidden, because the animal is "timid, easily
alarmed and liable to lose itswits ; so if the playerate of
infected with like characterthis dish, he might become
istics.
Mystic riteswere sometimes performed to prepare
the playerso that he would be successful. (Ibid.,
p. 575.)
According to the Indian belief,the pleasureof games
but
restricted to mankind
not
was
was
enjoyed by
The followingstory from the Cherbirds and animals.
okee
is told by Mr. James Mooney and quoted by Dr.
Culin (Ibid.,
pp. 578, 579):
animals once
"The
challenged the birds to a great
accepted, the preliminaries
play. The wager was
game,
were
"
INDIAN
GAMES
arranged, and
the appointed spot
the
were
of the
up
the
DANCES
the
ball.
On
65
assembled
contestants
the animals
positionin
birds took
throwing
last the
at
were
AND
the
on
tree-tops
ground, while
to
await
the side of the
the
animals
all
ponderous weight bore down
bear, whose
at
opposition;the deer, who excelled all others in running;

and the terrapin,
who
invulnerable to the stoutest
was
blows.
On the side of the birds were
the eagle,the
hawk
the
and
swiftness
great
Tlaniwa
all noted
for
their
flight. While the latter were

preening their feathers and watching every motion of
their adversaries below, they noticed two
small creatures,
hardly largerthan mice, climbingup the tree on
which
was
perched the leader of the birds. Finally
they reached the top and humbly asked the captain
to be allowed to join in the game.
The captainlooked
at them
foura
and, seeing that they were
moment,
mals
footed, asked them why they did not go to the aniwhere
they properlybelonged. The little things
explainedthat they had done so, but had been laughed
of their diminutive
size.
at and
rejected on account
On hearing their story the bird captainwas
disposedto
take pity on
serious difficulty
them, but there was
one
in the way
how
could they jointhe birds when
they
had no wings? The eagle,the hawk
and the rest now
and
power
of
"
crowded
around, and
to
how
to
try and
do it!
make
All at
bethought himself
the dance.
and
The
perhaps
after
some
corner
it
was
cided
de-
wings for the littlefellows. But

one
once,
by a happy inspiration,
of the drum
head
discussion
was
made
could
be
which
of
cut
was
to be used
in
ground-hog leather,
off and
utilized for
GAMES
INDIAN
66
wings.
No
attached
thus
from
the drumhead
legs of
the
the
originated
the
and
to
dodging
bat
and
DANCES
suggested than done.
sooner
leather taken
AND
bat.
were
of the
one
The
ball
Two
piecesof
cut into shape and
small animals, and
was
now
tossed
up
his expertness in
about, keeping the ball constantly
circling
told
was
to
catch
it,and
allowing it to fall to the ground,

convinced the birds that they had gained a most
soon
valuable ally. They next turned their attention to the
!
behold a worse
other littlecreature
difficulty
; and now
All their leather had been used in making wings for the
in motion
bat
and
and
there
never
was
no
time
to
send
for
more.
In
this
suggested that perhaps wings might be

made
by stretchingout the skin of the animal itself.
So two
largebirds seized him from opposite sides with
their strong bills,and
by tugging and pulling at his
in stretchingthe skin
fur for several minutes succeeded
the fore and hind feet until at last the thing
between
the
the flyingsquirrel. Then
was
done, and there was
the
bird captain,to try him, threw up the ball,when
flyingsquirrel,with a gracefulbound, sprang off the
limb and, catching it in his teeth, carried it through
dilemma
it
was
the air to another

'
all was
tree-top
feet away.
began, but at the very
the ball and carried it
hundred
ready the game

the flyingsquirrelcaught
outset
kept it in the
up a tree, then threw it to the birds,who
air for some
time, when it dropped; but just before it
reached the ground the bat seized it,and by his dodging
the swiftest
of even
and doubling kept it out of the way
of the animals until he finallythrew it in at the goal,
the victoryfor the birds."
and thus won
When
GAMES
INDIAN
AND
NOTE.
objectswhich
Dr.
of hazard
in games
tossed
or
The
67
Games
Hazard
INTRODUCTORY
DANCES
Culin
thrown
are
for convenience
'dice
designatedas "dice" and he calls the games
games." (Ibid.,pp. 44, 45.) He found these games
hundred
and
one
thirty tribes belonging to
among
stocks.
Throughout this wide
thirtydifferent linguistic
not
distribution the "dice"
are
only of different forms
from
made
but are
a
variety of materials: split-cane;
has
wooden
plum
staves
All
stones.
beaver
or
shells; persimmon, peach
or
blocks; pottery;
or
teeth; walnut
muskrat
the
bone
or
"dice"
the
of whatever
sides different in color,in
two
kind
marking,
or
of the smaller type are tossed in a basket

like long sticks,similar to arrow
that are
Those
Those
have
in both.
bowl.
or
shafts,
thrown
by
they are primarilyderived, were

hand.
Myths of the Pueblo tribes speak of the game,
in which "dice"' shaped like a shaft were
used, as being
The
split-cane'dice" were
played by the War Gods.
which
from
"sacrificed"
the altar sacred
on
In this connection
the
"dice
game"
it is
the
to
to
interesting
of hazard
was
Gods
of War.
find evidence
associated
that
with
the
tribes very
different,both in
thought of war
among
language and customs, from the Pueblo Indians. Among
the word
used to indicate
the prairies
the tribes livingon
a
"point" made in a "dice game" is derived from
the
won
same
on
root
as
the
word
used
indicate
an
honor
the field of battle.
examples of the class of

games" are here given: the first a
Two
to
games
called
Pueblo
game
'dice
played
INDIAN
68
"~
"
"
AND
GAMES
DANCES
"
-
almost
exclusivelyby
among
the
the
men;
kindred
Omaha
and
played by
women.
second
found
game
tribes and
almost
clusively
ex-
I
PA-TOL
Three
Properties.
"
six inches
'big as
fist"
for markers
as
billets ;
wooden
in diameter
GAME
STICK
or
square;
flat stone
piecesof wood; as
are
players; counters
there
about
forty stones
like
or
about
sticks
many
to
as
score
the
game.
Directions.
"
three billets,
called
The
pa-tolsticks,are
half inches
inch wide and

long, one
half an inch in thickness; it is important that the wood
be firm and hard.
Two
from which they are made
of
the billets are
side, on the other side a
plain on one
diagonalline is incised from the left-hand upper corner
inches below the right-handupper
to a point about
two
another
diagonal line is incised from the rightcorner;
four and
made
hand
lower
corner
hand
lower
corner.
to
about
two
third
The
inches above
pa-tolstick
the left-
has the
same
design on one side,and on the other side the design is

repeated and an additional diagonalline incised from
lower
the right-hand upper
the left-hand
to
corner
corner.
It would
well
be
lines in order that the

the
A
to
blacken
designscan
be
all these incised
during
readilyseen
playingof
the game.
circle,called the Pa-tol House,
feet in diameter, is made

the size of
fist"
so
as
about
three
by settingfortystones
to
form
or
four
"about
the circumference.
Be-
GAMES
INDIAN
tween
tenth and
every
AND
eleventh
DANCES
69
there must
stone
be
an
openings must face

the north, east, south and west; they are spoken of as
is placed in the middle of the
flat stone
The
"rivers."
opening of
four
five inches.
or
These
circle.
playerhas
Each
marker,
is called his "horse."
convenientlycan
as
game
As
small stick
many
seat
or
take
can
themselves
twig,which
part in the
around
the
pa-tolhouse.
The
followingdescriptionof the game is given by
and quoted by Dr. Culin (Ibid.,
Dr. Charles F. Lummis
seated themselves,
the playershave
pp. 191, 192): "When
the first takes the pa-tolsticks tightlyin his
right hand, lifts them about as high as his chin and,
bringingthem down with a smart vertical thrust as if
when
they
to harpoon the center
stone, lets go of them
are
within
six inches of it.
some
three sticks strike
The
hittingon their ends squarely,and,

rebounding several inches, fall back into the circle.
in which they fall decides the denomination
The manner
the stone
one,
as
of the throw, and
the different values
diagram. Although
number
he
to
seem
which
dexterity
and only
so.
might
of chance,
his arrangement
and force with
much
first flush this
in the
shown
nothing could be farther from

An expert pa-tolplayerwill throw the
desires with almost unfailing
certaintyby
it a game
the truth.
make
at
are
of the sticks in his hand

which
any
one
thus.
the hardest
he
strikes them
acquireby
may
The
five throw
of all,and
[See diagram.]
I have
and the
down.
manner
It is
sufficient practice,
is deemed
very
found it
certainly
INDIAN
70
"According
as
the next
in the second
his horse
The
second
same
will do
river,and
into the
to
horse back
the
to
notch
he has
expert player
"
as
that
case
will
of the
in
take
his
to
again when
over
starts
man
he will not
calculate with
bring his
first man,
has
the second
which
to
the first is
direction,he
which
throw
the
his horse
run
same
is killed and
In
"
ten, however,
to
startingpoint,to try
he gets another turn.

the oppositedirection
on
starting point
If in the
the first man
case
be
direction that
same
make
same
ahead
startingpoint.
tween
lays his horse bethe pa-tol
hands
elect
may
opposite.
his best
his
make
may
in the
player
is very certain to be, it lands

river,and he has another throw.
the circle in the
going or
which
man
another
or
around
horse
throw
the
If his throw
man.
first man's
the
as
and
fifth stones
the fourth and

to
rivers
of the
one
throw
of stones
is five,for instance, he
If the throw
sticks
his
equal number
an
circle,using
the
DANCES
of
the number
to
his marker
moves
AND
GAMES
do
unless
in
an
good deal of
meeting, to kill and to avoid being killed by

direction he
he starts in the same
the firstplayer. When
of being killed,while he
chance
is behind and runs
no
has just as good a chance to kill. But if,even
then, a
for
high throw carries him ahead of the first man
being
jumping does not count either way, the only killing
skill for the
when
two
horses
in the
come
in danger, and
he will try to
his pursuer
fast
as
as
notch
same
run
on
possible.The
out
more
his
rear
of the way
is
of
playersthe
complicatedthe game, for each horse is threatened

alike by foes that chase from behind and charge from
skilful player is liable to be sent
before, and the most
more
INDIAN
GAMES
back
to
game
is finished,which
the
AND
DANCES
startingpoint several times
the
is
as
soon
as
complete circuit. Sometimes

unskilled,agree
or
young
unless
71
there
is
horse
one
the
before
the
has made
players,when very
be no killing;but
there shall
to that effect,
explicitarrangement
is understood, and it adds greatlyto the interest
killing
of the game."
an
II
PLUM
GAME
STONE
This game
belongsto the second and non-ceremonial
of hazard and is generallyplayed by
class of the games
The Omaha
women.
type is here given,but it is similar
played by kindred tribes.

Properties. Five plum stones; a basket
to the game
as
-
hundred
bowl;
one
of the
blue
sticks will
The
hot
jointgrass
plum
iron;
stones
one
on
are
these
two
and
star
stones
are
other
small
stalks
twigs or
as
background
on
each
on
to
leave
of black.
star, four
stones
crescent
or
On
the other
black
side is left the natural
side of
pointed,is drawn
is scraped off,leavinga
five
all
over
The
on
color of the
other
one
stones.
three
side; the
These
prepared in camp, but the basket or wooden

bowl will probably have to be furnished from outside.
stones
can
be
figurethe black
clear designof a new
background of black.
burned
sides with
both
the lines of the
between
stones
black
burned
all the black within the lines
brown
used
cleaned and dried.

carefully
side of each of these
is carefully
scraped so
on
but
counters,
should be
stones
is marked, and
moon
as
Omaha
serve.
of the
Two
The
counters.
wooden
or
GAMES
INDIAN
72
AND
DANCES
basket
bowl.
or
players to one
hundred
is generallyone
The game
points.
The
two
playerssit oppositeand have the basket or
bowl between
them, with the five plum stones lyingin the
Directions.
The
bottom.
at
Two
"
side.
one
hundred
one
As
counters
points are
within
are
winner
the
made,
reach
takes
of counters
from the general pile
correspondingnumber
beside her on
the side opposite to the
and lays them
general pile; when this is exhausted, then the winner
from the winnings of her opponent.
takes her counters
wins all of the one hundred pointshas the game.
Whoever
should
Lots
be
first play. The

bowl
basket
or
drawn
wins
who
one
decide
to
who
the
the rim with both
by
shall have
the
first play takes
the
hands
and
givesit a
sufficient to throw, up all the stones, but not violent

fall outside the bowl or basket;
them
enough to make
would not count.
If the throw is not such
suJ
a throw
toss
as
all the stones, make
tb" move
within
about
The
make
the bowl, that throw
and
moons
whites
three
turn
will not
the combinations
followingare
points:
Two
them
all
and
move
count.
that count, that is,
(natural color)
=
10
points.
Two
stars
One
moon,
one
three blacks
star
points.
three whites (natural color)
and
10
point.
One
No
As
and
other
will be
counted.
such
one
moon,
manner
star
and
combinations
seen,
If
one
as
there
are
make
the
a
point.
anything in
count
tosses
to
three blacks
number
bowl
which
and
combination
the
game.
cannot
the stones
be
fall in
that does
not
73
forfeit;the player merely fails to
is no
there
count,
DANCES
AND
GAMES
INDIAN
points. The player who wins a point, or

keeps on tossing the bowl until she fails to make
any
She
then
must
let her
keep tossing the bowl

There
are
able
are
make
to
the
win
that
in the combinations
she
as
Indian
the
players among
skilful and
long
as
the
toss
opponent
ten
women
win
who
are
fall
stones
points,
a point.
will
who
bowl,
can
score
point.
very
frequently
points.
Guessing Games
NOTE.
INTRODUCTORY
"
of the
Games
"subjective"
by Dr. Culin, were

guessing games
is a great
generally accompanied by singing. There
five examples
of this class, and
variety in the games
class, designated
from
drawn
as
sections
different
of the
country
presented.
Indian
here
are
S,
games
do
of this character
not
always depend
quickness of vision and

In games
of this
skilful manipulation by the players.
random
make
motions, all their
class the Indians never
so
much
on
movements,
arms,
out,
games
that
game.
chance
whether
as
on
of the
the
body,
the
feet, the hands
or
being always in strict accord with the accompanying

implied in the game is acted
song, while the drama
less clearly. In these
the same
time, more
or
at
mon
the Indian players seem
to be impelled by a comimpulse, making a unity
rhythmic and dramatic
enhances
the
interest
and
pleasure excited by the
GAMES
INDIAN
74
DANCES
AND
I
PU-IN
NOTE.
INTRODUCTORY
the
of
natives
the
among
"strange whimsies"
in London,
game
States; its
Northeastern
the
still persists
among
game
favorite
by William
England Prospect,"published
form of this
probable that some
It is
1634.
was
first mentioned
were
in his book, "New
Wood
This
"
descendants
scattered
of
nearlyextinct tribes,but it is not likelythat at the

proclaim his prowess, as
present day the victor would
was
formerly done, by wearing in the holes of his ears
those
of his successful
the number
marked
that
the counters
guesses.
of wheat
Properties. A number
about a foot long; a mat
"
blanket;
or
other
or
straws
cut
pointed staff for
the Leader.
Directions.
Ten
"
bundle;
should
must
which
guesses
be
bundle
as
all be
The
rest
each
and
tens
one
must
player.
for each
into
straws
has
bundle
allowed
the
in
be
must
game
rated
sepaa
straws.
There
The
bundles
The
straws.
ters
coun-
are
consists in
game
eleven
as
wisp, making
players.
as
The
eleven
have
bundles
tied alike.
of the straws
tied with
ten
must
many
be laid aside
guessing
number
fixed upon
of
before
startingto play.
All the bundles
of the
mat.
The
follows the Leader
thrown
Leader, who
players to
player holds in
leads the
Each
are
the
mat
heap upon the center

is generallychosen by lot,
containing the bundles.
in
his left hand
with his staff as
his
he
ten
moves
counters
around
and
the
GAMES
INDIAN
76
AND
DANCES
guess.
If he loses,he
the game
proceeds until
drops one of his

the mat ; the guessinggoes on as described,
counters
on
issuccessful and puts a counter
in his hair,
until some
one
the mat
when
the bundles are all thrown
and the play
on
begins again as before. Should the person designated
by the Leader to guess think that he holds the bundle
with eleven straws, he must
If
point it at the Leader.
this surmise is correct, the person guessingputs a counter
in his hair and all bundles are again thrown
the
on
playerwho
must
mat.
In this way
playerhas
some
of counters
all
and has them
requisitenumber
standing in his hair. Throughout the game the singing
be kept up, accompanied by rhythmic movements
must
of the feet and the body, the playersactingas though
the tall grass for a desired clump.
searching among
When
a
point is won, the Leader should shout out the
the song or the play.
without interrupting
counter
won,
Among the Indians the game, once started,is kept going
the
won
without
halt
or
in the
break
callingout of the winnings in

singingor the playing.
The
The
victor should
hair the rest of the
or
song
no
the
way
movements.
disturbs the
his successful counters
wear
in his
day, if possible.
II
ATA-A-KUT
INTRODUCTORY
one
of the basket
infrequentlyoccurs
NOTE.
"
This
game
making tribes
in
Indian
is
played
of California.
games,
there
among
As
not
is in this
AND
GAMES
INDIAN
DANCES
77
and of the
pastime a reflection both of the environment
used it. The
vocations of the people who
drama
or
of the play is the search for a particularreed,
theme
of the game
is marked
which for the purpose
in a special
way.
Properties.
-
the reeds should
mat
blanket
or
about
and
be similar in thickness and
fiftyreeds;
about
foot
long.
Directions.
The
number
the
game
winning
if
be
ten
aside
the
and
of these latter must
have
black
ends
The
The
mat
The
counters
south.
near
at
the
north, those
Two
spectators
too
or
that reed
wide
so
reed
particular
guessed.
should
are
laid
be
are
the
player shall
the chance
to
east
at
set
must
painted
the two
that must
and
east
be
west.
near
the
southern
divided
end of the mat,
counters
the
inch
an
It is this
blanket
or
the eastern
at
and
one,
be
game-reeds. All
as
playerssit oppositeeach other, one

the
edge of the mat, the other near
two
edge.
about
its location
or
northern
The
band
of the reed.
detected
the rest used
be alike save
should
reeds
twenty
middle, that is, midway between
the
around
stitute
pointswhich shall conshould first be agreed upon;
then
number,
counters
as
of
in half,one-half put at
the other half at the western.
belong
the
west
to
the
to
the
playersitting
player at the
player. The
singers stand back of each

grouped about the mat, but must not be
players. Lots are drawn to decide which
The
'hold the reeds."
player who loses
"hold
the reeds"
becomes
the
one
who
is
to be the guesser.
the reed with

All the game-reeds, including
the black
INDIAN
78
painted on
band
the
mat
it,are
gathers all
AND
reeds into two
pilein
The
player who
game-reeds in
the
his back, where
behind
DANCES
in
thrown
blanket.
or
reeds"
them
GAMES
bunches,
is
he shuffles and
for each hand.
one
GAME
ah
When
ya
ha
his
hands
with
body
brings
divides the
with
he is
bunch
singersstanding
SONG
tha,
tha,
the music
sways
ha
ya
He
ah
He
ah
ya
ha
ya
ha
the reeds
side
and
to
side, moves
simulates
his
tha.
begins,the player holding the
from
the
When
one
of
"hold
to
his hands,
ready to bring his hands forward, each

of reeds grasped by the middle, the two
behind him start the followingsong:
He
the center
arms
being blown
reeds
and
by the
winds.
The oppositeplayer,by the movements
of body
and arms,
indicates that he is pushing his way
through
tall reeds tossed by the wind, searchingfor something
he desires to find.
Both playersin all their movements
must
keep in rhythm of the song, observe strict time and
strive to make
their actions tell the story plainly. The
through all his motions must
keep his eyes on
guesser
GAMES
INDIAN
held
bunches
the
he is
When
to
contains
one
cation
indi-
an
the marked
he extends
guess
both
reed.
toward
arms
fixed upon,
if to grasp it. At
as
holder of the reeds must
his hand
open
the
let the reeds of that bundle

then
79
he has
the bunch
action
ready
DANCES
by his opponent, seekingfor
which
show
to
AND
searches
the
among
fallon
the mat.
reeds
spilled
marked; if he finds it,he holds it up
The
for the
so
one
this
and
guesser
that is
that all can
see
that his guess has been correct

and the reed discovered.
The two
singerswho stand behind him give the victory
shout, go
to
his
pileof
his
righthand, then
thrown by the holder
reeds are lyingin the
counters,
the
on
take
one
and
reeds of the other

the mat,
center,
as
so
bunch
are
that all the game-
the
at
placeit at
beginningof
the
game.
playerwho made
the game-reeds and
The
up
divides them.
When
he
the successful guess now

picks
his back
behind
shuffles and
is ready
to
bring forward his

singersstanding
holding the reeds, the two

behind him begin the Game
the
Song, while he waves
his role, that of the reeds
bunches, acting what is now
The other playernow
being blown about by the winds.
and must
becomes
the guesser
act
as
though he were
the blown reeds for the one
he desires.
searchingamong
The player who
"holds the reeds" is thought to have
the advantage ; that is why lots are drawn
at the beginning
two
hands
to
decide
who
shall have
that
part in the game.

the guessing
make
playerholding the reeds aims to

difficult as possibleby deftness in hidingthe banded
as
reed, so as to keep his advantage.
Every time a guess is made the reeds of the bunch
The
GAMES
INDIAN
80
guessed must
at
be
once
AND
DANCES
dropped
the mat,
on
that
the reeds while the guesser searches among

If he cannot
reed.
find it,the
for the marked
them
see
may
stand
who
lost,take
behind
him
call
counter
from
his
that
out
point
placeit at
pileand
all
singers
has
the
been
right
drops
again
playerholding the reeds, who at once

all the game-reeds on the middle of the mat, to be
taken up by him, shuffled and divided behind his back,
the waving of the bunches
he resumes
of reeds
when
blown
by the wind and the guesser who lost starts to
of the
hand
make
another
his
lost would
he had
counter
reclaimed, until
and
been
this
In
right hand.
back
action
and
to
and
the
of
lost
can
be
of this game
for considerable
opportunity
yieldspleasure both
an
This
spectators.
placed at
playershas won
counters
required
little drama
the tribes where
played among
and
of the
able to hold the number
rhythmically affords
successful, the
counters
manner
for the game.

The
presentationof the
dramatic
be
be taken
the other
or
one
he
Should
guess.
it was
the
to
was
game
formers
per-
much
known.
Ill
HAND
INTRODUCTORY
is
NOTE.
played among
States.
The
languages of
GAME
This
game,
eighty-oneIndian
game
these
bears
tribes.
different
Hand
Culin states,
Dr.
tribes of the United

names
Game
in the various
is
translation of any native name

to the fact that the objectis held in the hand
term
and
not
descriptive
;
it refers
during the
AND
GAMES
INDIAN
DANCES
81
'
"
form of
play. The following
the
formerly played among
Lewis
of Idaho.
State
and
is the way
Perce
Indians
this game
Nez
Clark, who
it was
of the
the
were
first
meeting with these Indians,

mention this game, and Capt. Bonneville givesan account
of it when
he visited the tribe duringthe third decade of
white
record
to
men
their
the last century.
Properties. A bone or wooden bead about two inches

in lengthand half an inch in thickness; thirtycounting
and
sometimes
sticks (these are
spoken of as arrows,
the
there are indications that they were
once
arrows
of the twin gods); a mat
arrows
oblong in shape ; two
logsor piecesof board about the length of the mat, and
sticks (tobe used as drum-sticks)as playerscan
as
many
"
sit on
side of the
one
Directions.
the
the
the
The
mat.
mat
should
laid
be
and
east
west,
logsor boards put on the north and south edges and

countingsticks placedin two pilesof fifteen each on
The playerssit on the ground, a
ends of the mat.
row
each
on
Lots
"in
"
are
drawn
hand."
stand
behind
side of the mat

to
The
the
decide which
Leader
row
of
and
to
the north
and
side shall have

the
singersmust
playerswho
have
south.
the bead
always
the bead
"in
oppositeside must have the drum-sticks

and beat on the log or board in time with the singers.
each
When
the playersare seated in two rows, one
on
side of the mat, the Leader hands the bead to a player
the right to have the bead
the side that has drawn
on
"in hand," and then takes his place beside the singers,
and
the following
starts
who
stand behind that row,
All in that row
joinin the singing.
song.
hand."
The
INDIAN
82
AND
GAMES
HAND
Ha
ho
GAME
tha
DANCES
SONG
Ha
a,
ho
tha
ha,
Ha
a,
tha
-H-
ho
ho
"
=1-
tha.
IV
Lit
tie
stone, where
are
hid
you
ing?
Ha
III
playerson the oppositeside,who are to guess who
is hiding the bead, at once
begin to beat the time of the
song on the log or board that is in front of them, on the
watch
time they must
edge of the mat, and at the same
the playersare
the other side where
tryingto pass the
The
from
bead
another
hand
one
to
the other
without exposingthe bead

of hands,
actions the movements
rhythmical and
players in the row
be
act
if each
as
pass
have
one
in time
from
and
with
arms
the bead
either had
the bead
it on, whether
he
actuallyhas
and
the
body
'in hand"
the
must
tryingto
was
the bead
must
All
song.
or
to
person
In all these
view.
to
has
that
one
or
does
not
it.
When
one
whereabouts
on
the
of the
oppositeside thinks he detects the

bead and is willingto risk a guess,
INDIAN
84
GAMES
AND
DANCES
IV
HIDING
INTRODUCTORY
NOTE.
is
number,
uneven
are
made
of wood
and
of
segments
of
designs composed
groupingsof dots. Some
cabalistic,and
known
game,
there
of the
and
and
who
men
are
disks
such
treat;
often command
circles with
regarded
are
claim
to
to the
disks
have
they
considered valuable
are
high price. All of
ornamented
markings
that will bring luck

knowledge of spells
ornament
under
with
as
This
"
favorite among
the Indian tribes
Pacific Coast.
The disks,always of
varietyof names,
the North
on
living
an
DISKS
THE
the disks in
alike except
that is used in this game
ornamented
are
be
this must
be different from the others.
It may
one;
set
with
decorated
red, for the
or
sun,
with
dark
color
black, for the night. This disk is frequently

is to guess
called the "chief," and the aim of the game
almost
pileof
Properties.
"
small mat
a
on
to
The
countingor
serve
as
two
four drum-sticks;
drum;
and
half inches in diameter.
the nine disks, the twenty tallyshould be in color or

four drum-sticks
the
wood.
into the
either red
the
is
played; a
are
tally-sticks
put;
the game
designson
sticks and
decorated
which
on
disks about
nine wooden
burned
mat
which
that is
board
is hidden.
disks the "chief"
in which
alike;the ninth
or
brown
is the "chief."
as
the
Eight of
the
bundle
be different and
must
be
have
predominating color ; this disk

stitute
of excelsior is to be the sub-
for the fiber of cedar bark

Indians of the Northwest
disks should
Coast
which
when
is used
by the
playingthis game
DANCES
available,dry leaves
if excelsior is not
material
AND
GAMES
INDIAN
other
some
substituted, within which,
be
might
or
85
dry
under
or
All the articles used
which, the disks could be hidden.
should be made
in camp.
in this game
except the mats
of playersis required
number
An uneven
Directions.
-
The
for this game.
back
littledistance
placed
a
and
line with
its
of the mat
end
western
is
player who
The
side.
nine disks, is put at the

before these is the place for the
should
be drawn
playersare
southern
to
sit
to
side.
on
The
the
On
sit the
mat
the
at
is
who
is to do
who
the
on
of the
end
of the six
side and
the northern
playerwho
four
or
to
are
hide the disks.
to
determine
eastern
and
northern
players who
is hidden, three
facing the player who
mat
material is used in
whatever
stands
messenger
sit.
drummers
the
'chief
the
where
is laid the
northeast
hide the disks.
side of the
southern
guess
to
In
tally-sticks.
singersand
the four
place,together with
the
to
of excelsior,
or
bundle
The
west; at a
the small mat
is
put the twenty
are
which
and
east
the northwest
to
small mats
the
around
board
it
on
is laid
mat
Lots
eight
or
on
the
hiding of
ever
by lot. Whoshould be capable of
takes this part in the game
considerable dramatic action. Among the Indians the
who does the hiding of the disks personifies
one
person
the disks
who
over
practicesmagic; he makes
passes
which the disks are hidden,
fiber under
and the cedar
and does what he can
to
makes
signs and movements,
those who are to guess
throw a spellof confusion over
the disks
where
When
can
be either selected
the "chief
the
or
drawn
is hidden.
playersabout
the mat,
the
singersabout
the
INDIAN
86
board
and
drum
of the mat
end
are
AND
time
by beating with
drum; the players about
the board
on
their
the
joinin the singing.
mat
HIDING
The
bundle
the
DANCES
the messenger
standing at the eastern
all in readiness,the singersbegin the
keeping
following song,
drum-sticks
GAMES
mat
player at
the western
of excelsior
and
which
must
about
under
many
be in
or
other
DISKS
end
of the mat
material
and
movements
as
and
does
the
so,
on
terial,
ma-
all of
the disks
rolling
dividingthem into
finally
rhythm with the
the material
he
the
opens
spreads it
puts all the nine disks under
then
making
THE
song,
parts, well covered
two
DANCES
AND
GAMES
INDIAN
material.
the
by
up
87
with his hands
He
tinues
con-
though invoking
mysterious forces and to shuffle around the two pilesof
the disks are
hidden.
material in which
Suddenly a
the player at the end
player points to one of the piles;
to
to
ceases
make
passes
shuffle and
the other
him.
the disks rolled toward
and
the messenger
the
and
tally-sticks
other
the
hides
and
the
Then
end
goes
the
disks.
he
as
to
it before
mat
where
the
under
disks back
to
sits who
person
player begins again his passes

mixes togetherthe nine disks and
the material; then
under
successful
the
rolls the
messenger
That
the material
and
finds it, all of the
give the victoryshout

of
the small mat, brings one
stands
of the
movements
hides them
If he
the side of the guesser
playerson
guesser.
to
looks
end, who
in the
the messenger
standingat
if the "chief
is among
to see
the mat
pilerollingdown
disks concealed
the
sends
as
which
they
he divides the disks

are
hidden
into
two
about
until a player points to a
piles,shuffles them
and sends the disks
he at once
when
pile,
stops shuffling
the mat
the pilepointedat rollingdown
to the
under
messenger.
If the
disks, the side
to
"chief
which
is
not
found
the unsuccessful
among
guesser
the
belongs
takes from
the small
point,and the messenger
and stands it at the end of the row
of
mat
a tally-stick
playerson the oppositeside. The disks are then sent
hides them.
the mat
to the player who
spinning over
mixes up the disks, hides them, shuffles the piles
He
loses
until another
by
player on
the guess prove
guess
the
to
is made.
side that
If that
had
be successful
"
guess
justlost
that is,the
should
be
point,and
pilepointed
INDIAN
88
contain
at
GAMES
"chief
the
that had
tally-stick
the oppositeside and
guesser.
He
could
been
by
won
taken
from
DANCES
AND
-then
the messenger
the
been
of
put at the end of the row
stands it in front of the successful
take
not
back
unless all the
guess
takes
the small mat.
that
tally-stick
had
tally-sticks
side
One
or
the other
had
been
must
win twenty pointsto be victor in the game.

In the process
the tally-sticks
therefore
of winning the game
may
be taken
back
and
forth before
twenty.
The
victory shout
The
is made.
guess
is resumed
and
as
playerwho hides
keep all his dramatic
body and head
arms,
the entire
successful
a
given only when
singing stops at a victory shout
is
as
soon
the
side wins
one
the
disks
the disks.
He
actions and
rolled back
are
be careful to
must
of hands,
movements
rhythmic accord with
in
steps and movements

be in time with the song.
of the messenger
The
to
the song.
must
also
I-OU'-TIN
class of
guessing games.
adapted
from
Ponca
and
one
green,
blue and
at
The
game
form
belongs to the
here presented is
the game
as
played by the Omaha, Otoe,
whom
it is a favorite.
Pawnee
tribes,among
Properties. A
be used;
This
NOTE.-
INTRODUCTORY
blanket
one
standard,
or
rug
white;
two
or
three
the
camp
officialscarfs,one
wands,
one
the other
with
green;
end
with
red tassels; two
one
can
flagstaff
decorated
blue,
with
ornamented
eight tally-rods,
small balls of
DIAGRAM
Standard
Blanket
or
rug
NORTH
Wands
Tally-rods
Custodian
Judges
Guessers
10
I-OU'-TIlf
Drum
FOR
and
balls
Singers
Players
O
08
WEST
01
"00
EAST
08
'"*
\0.
SOUTH
there
Guessers;
two
disputes,and
are
Custodian
The
place them
to
Custodian, the six Singers,
the
duty of the Judges to select

the
lead in the
to
openingceremony.
all the properties,
must
charge of
has
order, decide when
preserve
the
directed, move
as
DANCES
AND
GAMES
INDIAN
90
side
from
drum
to
the close of the game

gather all the articles
requiredfor the game and put them in a place of safe
side,and
at
keeping for
not
wear
either side but
to
The
rosette,
any
Judge
This
is crossed
it is tied.
the left side,where
on
wears
the
breast
from
the
long
be-
blue
the
wear
the
The
breast from
Judge
This
officialscarf.
the green
side
not
the
is the blue rosette, to the waist
which
rightshoulder, on
must
over
does
part in the game.
take
side
wears
This officer
the Custodian
as
north
the
on
officialscarf.
the waist.
all who
to
Custodian
The
scarf tied about
the officialwhite
does
time.
another
at
use
the south
on
is crossed
is the
left shoulder, where
over
green
rightside,where it is tied.
for each side, sit in an
open
rosette, to the waist at the
six
The
on
group
Singers,three
the ground near
wearing blue
rosettes
the ends
the north
on
rug,
those
and
those
wearing
playerstake their
those wearthe ground on the line of the circle,
ing
seats
on
blue rosettes on the north half, those wearing green
rosettes
green
rosettes
When
two
South.
all
places the Custodian leads the

which they are to sit a little
on
in their
are
to
"
The
to
The
half of the circle.
the rug,
blue
of the wands
gives four
back
the south
on
Judges
back
on
the south side.
of the
Custodian
then
the
North,
takes
up
green
the
to
the
tally-rods,
Judges and retires to stand

behind the Judges,ready for duty.
each
of the rug,
to
of the
INDIAN
Up
this
to
the
among
on
the
Judges instant silence
to the
them
hands
divides
Custodian
the
as
91
talkinggoes
and
laughing
moment
players,but
and
tally-rods
DANCES
AND
GAMES
all present.
falls on
OPENING
THE
CEREMONY
Judges rise in their places. The north side

Judge holds the four tally-rodsin his right hand, the
south side Judge holds the four tally-rodsin his left
The
two
hand;
the
There
they face
two
then
walk
the
North,
abreast
forward
move
Judge holds
North, while all the players on
sing the followingsong:
and
pause,
each
the
to
his
up
standard.
few steps,
tally-rodsto
the
sides of the circle
both
Song
i
Hail!
To
blow
To
bringjoy to-day;
care
Make
3="=1E
swift for
Hands
"
play.
-2
*-
3-*-A--
4-
99
away,
Eyes keen,
Makes
P.I
Thy wind send
O North!
A-
^r
Hail ! O North
! Thy wind
send
fc^
4"
bring joy to-day;
At
Make
*"
(5
"""
walk
r"r
4-^t
eyes keen,
the close of the stanza
turn,
tally-rods,
blow
To
care
HE
Make
the
way,
-dpE
the two
toward
hands
To
H
=t=fc":
J
swift for
play.
Judges lower their

East, pause, then
INDIAN
92
elevate their
GAMES
AND
DANCES
all the
and
tally-rods,
playerssing the
ond
sec-
stanza.
2
Hail ! O East ! Thy wind send

To
blow
care
away,
To
bringjoy to-day;
Makes
Eyes keen,
swift for play.
Make
Hands
At the close of the
the two
Judges lower their

the South, pause,
turn, walk toward
tally-rods,
again
while all the playerssing the
elevate their tally-rods,
third
stanza
stanza.
3
Hail ! O South !
To
To
Make
blow
care
Thy wind send

away,
bringjoy to-day;
Make
Eyes keen,
Hands
At the close of this
swift for
stanza
play.
the two
Judges lower their
toward
the West, pause,
turn, walk
tally-rods,
once
and all the playersjoin in
elevate their tally-rods,
more
singingthe fourth stanza.
Hail ! O West
To
To
Make
blow
care
4
! Thy wind
send
away,
bring joy to-day;

Make
Eyes keen,
Hands
swift for
play.
the close of the song the

rods and walk to the rug, where
At
seats
the
behind
the
on
tally-rods
Judges lower their tallythey take their appointed

respectivewands.
They then lay all
the space
between
them.
INDIAN
GAMES
AND
contest
takes
now
93
CONTEST
THE
A
DANCES
place between
the
two
persons
for
Guessers, one
chosen
by the Judges to be the two

each side,to decide which shall begin the game.
of the
Judge for the north side calls the name
chosen
be
to
him
escorts
Judge for the

to
escorts
him
also
of his hands,
from
closed except
index
to
he
one
one.
Three
open
the
the hand
a
todian
Cus-
his side
Should
hands
and
as
and
arms
fore-
down.
The
and
moment
if
then
he thinks has the ball.

be
immediately
the ball be in the other
lyingthere.
being in
the hand
guesses
in order to
game.
one
fingers
is extended
up
a
all the
hand, it must
correct
of the Guessers
right to
with
Both
for
to be
be shown
correct, the ball
counts
the Custodian
belongingto
which
finger,
watches
his wand
hand, it must
was
person
his back, then he holds
other Guesser.
pointsto
opened, palm upward.
as
of the
name
side hides his ball in
the north
side Guesser
soon
the wand
rhythmicallymoved
be
pointswith
As
todian
Cus-
the circle. The
in front of him
the
the
pointing to
south
the
the circle. The
side,and
it behind
shifting
hands
must
each
person
of the small balls.
one
both
for that
place within
givesto
Guesser
The
out
his
side and
place within
side calls the
south
to
then
and
his
to
be Guesser
chosen
for that
Guesser
the
The
pointed
be
must
secure
If the guess
at, it
made
by
for his side the
In this contest
the
Guessers
alternate, first the north side Guesser, then the

of the Guessers
until one
south side Guesser, and so on
must
has
won
three
correct
guesses.
That
decides
it.
His
INDIAN
94
side is
to do
to
the
GAMES
AND
hide the ball and
other side's Guesser
is
guessing.
GAME
THE
The
the
DANCES
Custodian
front of the
Guesser
takes
carries it
rug,
and
sets
from
the drum
to
its
positionin
the side of the
ful
success-
it before the three
Singerswho are
belongingto that side
singingof the song

that side must
of the circle of players. Every one
on
sing the song as they hide the balls. Only those on the
side that is hiding the balls sing. They can
only sing
the song that belongs to their side.
to
lead in the
SONG
M.M.
J =:
FOR
THE
NORTH
SIDE
GAMES
INDIAN
There
given are
Indians sing them
takes
the two
The
songs.
with these songs

they hide the balls.
as
Custodian
The
95
used
those
vocables
DANCES
for either of these
words
no
are
AND
balls from
when
the
the Guessers
designated by the
Guesser who has won
the right for that side to begin.
The two
designatedmust be two who are sitting
persons
together. They each take a ball,and they must hide the
balls in the same
did the Guessers
manner
as
during
the contest.
The
fingersof the hands are closed,all
which is extended
but the index finger,
if pointing.
as
and
them
hands
The
hands
and
two
to
arms
persons
move
up
and
down
side to the other; all of these
one
in exact
time
the song
to
and
also from
and
movements
must
the drum-beats.
be
These
are
swaying, rhythmic movements
pleasingto the eye
and add to the enjoyment of the game.
While the two
having the balls are hiding them, swaying their
persons
hands and arms,
the Guesser, who is of the oppositeside,
is watching intentlythe hands of the players. When
he
is ready to make
he points his wand
a
to where
guess
he thinks the balls arein front, if he suspects
-directly
the balls to be in the two
balls
to
are
one
in the
the other; in that
his
arms
his wand,
and
As
the hands
As
so
soon
extends
soon
indicated
that all
can
counts
guess
as
as
correct
If he thinks the
pointshis
his empty
the Guesser
case
extended.
palms upward,
rightor wrong.
Every correct
Guesser.
outside hands, he
two
of the hands
inside hands.
stands
the Guesser
be at
must
see
guess
hand
toward
with
both
of
pointswith
once
opened,
whether
one
wand
the guess
for the
is made,
is
side of the
the
Judge
INDIAN
side takes
for that
his side; this
toward
side takes
other
his side has
by
win
and lays it
tally-rods
that a point has been won
shows
the Judge for the
guess is wrong,
and lays it
of the tally-rods
one
of the
one
The
side has
other
lost
one,
while
the other's loss.
gained by
be gained
must
eighttally-rods
by a side givesthat side the
sweeps
all the
sweep,
side.
one
up
his side.
on
To
If the
side.
for that
over
up
DANCES
AND
GAMES
Three
game.
Whenever
to
the
sweep
Custodian.
standard, stand
is made
are
handed
over
two
one
other the South
(hisside)
standard, stand
there,
The
one
winning side rise,go
form
circle around
it.
two
toward
There
Song.
VICTORY
Guessers
facingEast, the
All the
a
balls
Judges rise, go to the

facing North (hisside),the
The
there,
the
SONG
go
other
the standard
to
the
West.
and
they sing the Victory
GAMES
INDIAN
98
DANCES
AND
Ball Games
INTRODUCTION
Indian
ball games
have
feature not
one
found
in the
played by us; that is,with the Indian the

ball is never
pitchedand tossed by hand during the
play. At the opening of an Indian game the ball must
be tossed by hand, but after that the ball is struck by
a
racket, stick or club and in that way sent from player
to playerand
to the goal. An exceptionto this genon
eral
ball game
rule is found in an Omaha
given in the
followingpages.
The opening ceremony
requiresthe ball to be handled
in a peculiarand ceremonial manner
and moved
by the
ginning
hand of the Umpire before he tosses it up for the beof the actual play.
The balls used by the Indians are of different materials
buckskin stuffed with hair; formed from roots, such
vine ; wood ; bladder netted with sinew ;
the wild-grape
as
and in a few instances,of bone or stone.
here given.
Three ball games
are
ball games
as
"
I
BALL
INTRODUCTORY
NOTE.
AND
"
RACKET
The
is almost
game
in which
the ball
played by
exclusively
it is played by women,
tribes where
but there are
men,
and one
tribe,cited by Dr. Culin, where it is played by
form
of ball game
and
women
men
together. The
less widelydistributed over
where the racket is used was
is struck with
racket
GAMES
INDIAN
the country
found
region of
99
frequently
most
was
the Atlantic Coast
Lakes.
There
It had
forms
two
are
and
limited
of
the
singleracket is used
where
rackets are employed to catch
two
merly
latter form is peculiarto the tribes for-
the other
the ball.
Great
the
Ball Game,
Racket
It
livingnear
Pacific.
the
on
range
DANCES
others.
some
tribes
among
in the
and
than
AND
The
where
one
The
States.
here
livingin the Southern
game
the Chippewa
given ispresentedas it is played among
tribes dwellingin Minnesota.
Properties. A ball,not too hard and the size usually
rackets as there are
employed for cricket. As many
equallydivided
players. Red and yellow head-bands
and enough for all the players.
to number
as
The
be as
field should
Directions.
large as the
East of the
ground will permit. At the extreme
camp
field a tall pole should be set as a goal and a like pole
for the other goal. To the pole at the East
at the West
should be tied and a yellow streamer
red streamer
to
a
These polesshould be practically
the pole at the West.
-
"
in line and
as
distant
possibleto
made
cut
each
The
them.
set
other
26
whittled
inches
flat
on
long.
side for
one
round. to the shaft
bent
of the
circular
Sometimes
made
round
upon
both
flat.
the
One
or
handle
sides of this bent

end
shaft
or
veniently
con-
should
from
so
is
to
as
to
be
form
portionof
must
the rim
receive the ball.
of this flat end

handle
it is
sapling
is completed it
end
of the sapling is
sufficient length to be
receptaclewhich
The
as
rackets
in camp.
A racket can
be made
the racket
at such length that when
will be
are
from
be
the
where
bound
sapling
it curls
firmly
INDIAN
ioo
the
AND
DANCES
with
Holes
are
thongs or heavy twine.
sometimes
bored
through the rim and the thongs or
and woven
twine are passed through them
into a loose
to the coiled end, making a
netting to form a bottom
in which to catch or hold
shallow cup-shaped receptacle
to
shaft
GAMES
the ball.
The
lad should make
rackets
his
are
not
difficultto make.
racket and
own
mark
the stem
Each
with
by which he can identifyit should he drop

it during the play. Care should be taken when
making
the racket to have
the cup-shaped receptacleat the
device
some
end
of the shaft of such
size
its rolling
about, in which
to
as
hold
it would
the ball without

be
easilydropped
be largeenough
when being carried on a run ; yet it must
and hold the ball as it is flyingabout.
The
to catch
playersshould be divided into two partiesby casting
who
lots. Those
belong to the east goal should wear
have
the west
red head-bands; those who
goal should
An Umpire must
be selected.
wear
yellow head-bands.
of the goal posts to make
The
strike one
ball must
a
of points that shall constitute the
point; the number
Two
should be agreed upon.
players,one from
game
each goal. One helps the ball for
each side, stand near
the goal
his side; the other hinders the ball when
near
by tossingit back into the field again so that his side
may
case
catch it.
THE
GAME
players stand at their posts beside the two

goals;all the others gather in the field. The Umpire
the center
of
takes the ball and goes to a place as near
the field as possible.All being in readiness,he throws
The
four
the ball with

the
watches
his racket
AND
GAMES
INDIAN
DANCES
101
straightup in the air. Every player

ball and makes
ready to try and catch it in
force
the ball,he
his racket
If
it descends.
when
at
runs
that
so
full speed toward

the
in catching
succeeds
one
ball will
his
ing
goal,hold-
fall out.
not
The
playersrush after him, tryingto strike his racket

and dislodgethe ball. If he is hard pressed he may
try
his side who
has a clearer
to toss the ball to a playeron
if the ball is caught by the player to whom
it
space;
the new
holder
was
sent, then all the playersturn
upon
other
of the ball and

be
must
care
try
taken
block his progress.

to strike the
never
In this game
to
arm
body of
or
player;only the racket should be struck.

danger of receivinginjuriesif this rule is not
a
There
is
strictly
observed.
Perhaps one of the most difficultfeats in this game is

when
to the goal to
a
player has brought his ball near
turn
so
while it holds the ball
his racket
ball with such

miss
force that
the
as
to
send
the
it will strike the post squarely

The
is owing to the
difficulty
goal.
of the racket when
horizontal position
holding the ball.
Of course,
the keenest playing is about the goal,where
the guard of the side oppositeto the playerdoes his best
and
to
not
catch the ball
on
its way
to
the post and
send
it back
into the field.

The
ball should
be
allowed
to
touch
the
ground
Umpire throws it into the air until it

falls at the pole after a point has been made
by the ball
strikingthe post. It is the duty of the Umpire to go to
the score, return
the pole,mark
with the ball to the center
of the field,where
he again sends it up into the air,
from
the time
not
the
the
and
DANCES
afresh for
starts
game
AND
GAMES
INDIAN
102
second
point
be
to
made.
is good sport; it developsand
This game
and
agility
skill,
requires
strength.
II
TA-BE
ball game
of tribes that formerlylived on
NOTE.
INTRODUCTORY
to
and
is
as
number
called by different
it was
the game
This
"
The
ceremonial.
the
prairies,
here given
opening of
performed
as
game
the Omaha.
played among
was
The
names.
The
who
person
known
was
had to belong to the tribal group

opening ceremony
to the Wind, for
that had charge of the rites pertaining
of
the figureoutlined on the ground by the movements
of the symbols
the ball in the opening ceremony
one
was
when
The Wind
of the Wind.
spoken of ceremonially
the
was
points of
as
Wakon'da
the
compass.
did
These
connection
man's
disturb the
not
for each
of the
Winds
Four
four
were
garded
re-
with
pleasureof
the
forces
the Indian
of
when
to
contrary, it tended
pendenc
his happiness by bringingto his mind his deWakon'da, together with the feelingof
upon
enteringupon
enhance
one
of the Giver of Life, known

the messengers
as
and
kindred
tribes. The
by the Omaha
recognitionof
Nature
Winds,
Four
called the
game;
on
the
being in accord with the power representedby the Wind.

Properties. A ball about three or four inches in
the ball
and kindred tribes made
diameter; the Omaha
"
out
of the root
of the
wild-grapevine.
As many
sticks as
EAST
I
or
O
(f)
2
o
"D
tt"
o"
"
00
V
3
5
rt
rt
rt
,!3 O
U
O
"1
ctf
3
^"
J3
1S3M
INDIAN
104
side.
When
he has
they
manner
AND
finished
dividingthe
removed.
the
each
takes
designmarked
his
cut
or
whose
sticks
badge
or
whose
sticks
tie
the color of the West,
on
All the
goal at
sticks
of the
were
streamer
in the
blindfold is then
playersrun to the
it
stick,recognizing
own
the stick.
upon
pileto the
in the bunch
were
East
All those
tie
must
the circle and
in the east
East, red.
must
lines. One
other
line
directlytoward the
be only those whose
extends
pileand
The
yellow.
stand in two
now
on
All those
the West
toward
the East ; all in this line must

were
the East
the color of the East, red.
playersmust
from
starts
toward
one
The
the West.
sticks in this
that is done, all the
When
heaps and
two
DANCES
bunches,
two
the other toward
and
by
in
are
GAMES
who
line
have
starts
the color
on
from
the circle
goal,and is composed
in the west
of those whose sticks were
pileand who have
four Guardians
the color of the West, yellow. The
on
of the Path take their places. The
no
Umpire wears
All being in readiness,the Umpire advances
color.
to
and
stretches out
the middle
toward
the west
of the circle.
CEREMONY
OPENING
THE
Umpire placesthe ball in the

circle,then he gently urges it with
The
toward
the North
until it reaches
the
exact
center
his stick in
of the
a
line
edge of the circle.
picksit up and puts it back in the center of the

circle. Again he gentlypushes it with his stick along a
until the edge of the circle is
line toward
the South
There
he
reached, when
circle with
he
returns
his hand.
the
In the
ball
same
to
the
manner
center
as
of the
before
he
INDIAN
the ball
sends
the
edge
in
AND
to
DANCES
slowly along a line
of the circle is reached
it
returns
GAMES
the center.
line,this time
Once
he
to
the West.
picks up
more
the East; when
to
105
When
the ball and
the ball is moved
it touches
the line
of the circle it is
of
center
been
made
lines cross
picked up as before and placed in the

the circle. The symbolic figurethat has thus
is that of a circle within which two
straight
each other at rightangles; the circleis divided
into four quarters,
for each of the Four
one
Winds.
GAME
THE
stands at attention,with his stick

Every player now
at the
ready for action. The Umpire pauses a moment
of the circle,
then he picksup the ball lyingthere
center
it into the air as high as he can.
and throws
All the
tion
players,who have watched the throw, run in the direcwhere the ball seems
likelyto descend, in order to
have a chance to strike it toward
of the goals.
one
the ball must
be sent through a goal;
To win the game
around the goal does
to strike it so that it goes over
or
The ball must
be made
to take a straight
not count.
line,to "make
a straight
path" through a goal,then the
When
is won.
the side
a good shot is made, all on
game
of the
one
who
When
the
goal is won
victorycry
made
the stroke
should
winning side
the
send
up
should
shout.
give the
;Ta-be!'
of the game,
Ill
INTRODUCTORY
as
the
DOUBLE-BALL
GAME
NOTE.
stories credit the Moon
giver of this
game
Some
to
the women,
by whom
it is
AND
GAMES
INDIAN
106
exclusively
played throughout
There
the game.
use
ball Game
known
was
are
the United
States
except
the
California,where
the tribes in Northern
among
DANCES
men
indications that
the
Double-
this continent
in the
remote
upon
past.
The
peculiarball employed for this game is composed

small stuffed pouches connected
two
by a band, or
like
five inches long, made
about
billets of wood
of
two
with heads
thick pegs
carvings; a
ornamented
thong five
leather
end
at each
attached
and
to
to
all sides with
on
eight inches long
of each of the
the neck
is
lets.
bil-
two
Culin reports an ingeniousspecimen made

by
Maricopa Indians of Arizona; that double-ball is
Dr.
the
stripsof leather braided to form a

band, each end of which is enlargedby braidingso as to
make
eightinches
a ball,the finished article being about
in length. (Ibid.,
p. 665, Fig.882.)
sticks as
double-ball ; as
Properties. One
many
players; red and yellow head-bands, equal in number,
for the two
sides of players.
from
made
narrow
Directions.
followingmanner
brown
strong, closelywoven
inches long. For six inches
in the
camp
should
be
about
stripbetween
inches wide.
and
the
narrower
these
stripof
cloth from
from
be
wide
both
wide
ends
middle
should
ends
are
to
leather
ends
of
or
the
strip
portion of
be
form
section the
in
made
fifteen to twenty
inches wide; the
seven
The
should
double-ball
The
three
about
the
band
to
the
pouches,
connect
pouches. The two edges of the stripshould be

lapped and strongly sewed the entire lengthof the strip,
the
two
except
small
opening
about
an
inch
long
left
on
the
GAMES
INDIAN
sewed
'balls."
the
are
should
be decorated
and
little tuft
middle
be
Two
half
to
be
can
These
escape.
of
the
pouches
bright colors
in
fastened
yarn
curely
se-
are
at
the
is
that
by
slightlycurved.
individual
an
device
claimed
line with
the West,
each
and
other,
camp
grounds \vill permit.

the
as
wicket
eastern
and
A
a
red
at
one
far apart
at
the
the
as
East, the
limits of the
streamer
yellow
be
to
to
streamer
tied
the
wicket.
western
The
players
numbers
red
divided
are
lots should
and
shall have
wear
edges
the
pouch. The sticks should

long, not too heavy and
marked
other
to
opening
by its owner.
wickets, made
by crotched poles about five and a
six feet high,having a bar fastened across
the top,
it
placed in
are
can
designspainted
of the
be
the
sides
The
tassel of red
or
stick should
that
sand
no
thirty-two inches
end
pointed at one
about
somewhat
so
with
bottom
of the
Each
that
together so
107
this
of the
are
pouches
DANCES
pouches. Through
filled with dry sand, then
side of each
pouches
AND
the
the
to
show
drawn
that
other
parties of equal
two
to
decide
all of
goal, and
eastern
head-bands;
head-bands
be
into
side
theirs is the
which
side
that
must
wear
western
side
must
yellow
goal.
be chosen, to whom
Umpire must
belongs the duty
of tossing the ball when
to keep the score,
necessary;
and to settle any disputes.
be tossed so -as to hang
To make
a point the ball must
An
on
the
made
crossbar
as
to
how
of
the
many
wicket.
An
points shall
agreement
constitute
must
the
game.
be
GAME
THE
in
playersstand
The
feet apart,
color
one
on
DANCES
AND
GAMES
INDIAN
io8
fifteen to twenty
side,the other color opposite.
two
about
rows
one
near
the
the middle
near
"ball"
try
to
catch
it down
send
oppositeside try
and
their sticks the
on
If
send
to
should
to
goal of
prevent
to
success
be allowed
touch
"ball"
from
the time it is tossed until it is lodged on
the
reaches
goal scores
NOTE.
INTRODUCTORY
from
modified
was
sense,
"
the
ground
the wicket.
ground loses
This game
was
widely known
various tribes dwelling within
one
tribe to
the United
another
the
into several types, but
changed,
not
unit.
articles used
graves,
direction.
JAVELIN
AND
the
played among
now
occupied by
territory
passage
ment
move-
keeps the "ball' up until it

two
points,equal to four counts.
HOOP
the
to
the side that
and
count,
and
fall to the
side that lets the "ball"
The
to
this
other
The
not
tries
her side ; those of
in the
"ball"
the
of the
connecting
succeeds, she
one
the
the line toward
Umpire
placesare
the descent
watch
rows
of the double-ball.
cord
the
and
of the
the
all those whose
into the air,and
straightup
by
as
all
When
rows.
in readiness the double-ball is tossed
are
lines and
the two
Umpire takes a place between

as
possibleto the middle of
The
The
in
in the
game
that
so
is very
over
became
game
fundamental
all these
playing it have
cliffdwellingsof
various ruins scattered
the
In its
States.
types
acter
char-
are,
in
old upon
this land ; the
been found
in ancient
the Southwest
the country.
and
in
INDIAN
Among
the
this game
GAMES
Pueblo
appear
AND
DANCES
109
tribes the articles used

the
among
in types of
paraphernalia on altars
prepared for certain ceremonies.
From
study of these
ceremonies
in connection with the myths of the people
it seems
probable that the hoop used in this game represents
the shield of the War
God.
When
the hoop has a
the edges, the
nettingthat fillsthe center and covers
nettingsimulates the magic web of the Spider Woman,
that frequently
a person
figuresin the myths and stories
of different tribes. Her web
as
a
generallyserves
tection
profurnished by her in a conflict.
The
netted hoop appears
decoration upon
the
as
a
interior of pottery bowls formerlymade
by the Indians
of the Southwest.
of these bowls the netting
In some
is dotted with spots. Dr. Culin regards this particular
design 'as representingthe spiderweb with the dew
it,"and adds: "The 'water shield' [of one of the
upon
Zuni War Gods], from which he shook the torrents, was
suggested,no doubt, by dew on the web."
(Ibid.,
p. 425.)
To
one
web
unfamiliar with the Indian's habit of mind

strained
seem
with
the
to
connect
the beads
torrential rain, but
of dew
to
one
on
it may
spider's
familiar with
native
thought as expressedin myths where the Indian

has dramatized
his conceptionsof nature
and of natural
forces and
be
to
phenomena, the connection ceases
strange.
On
the Pueblo
with
arrows,
altars the netted

bows
or
shield is
darts.
always
ciated
asso-
In the various types
of this game
the arrows,
darts, bows, javelinsand lances
that are
associated with the hoop are
interchangeable,
some
tribes
using one
and
other
tribes another.
Under
AND
GAMES
INDIAN
no
their different forms
all the varied types with

scattered
among
unrelated
and
DANCES
as
tribes the game
found
holds
to
in character,
its original
primarilyreligious
significance,
being
appeal
an
for the
protectionand
the
perpetuity
of life.
requiredfor this game, the hoop

and the javelin. In one
type the hoop is covered with a
less closelyand elaboratelywoven.
In
or
nettingmore
all the netted designs it is usually possibleto trace a
figureas of a path crossingat rightanglesin the center
of the space within the hoop and ending at four equidistant
cates
pointson the edge of the hoop. This path indithe path of the Four
Winds, which stand with
their life-giving
the North,
at the four directions,
power
In some
localities the netting
East, South and West.
from the yucca, in other placescorn
of the hoop is made
With
used.
the closelynetted hoop arrows
husks are
Only
apt
are
two
articles are
to be
cob with
corn
through
the cob,
of these have
stick about
the
such
prayer-stick
upper
as
as
the shaft
eighteeninches long thrust
sharpened at
of feathers tied to
is a
Some
found.
the lower
end;
is offered at
end
and
this feathered
a
tuft
stick
shrine.
hoop is of stone ; the

lance is associated with this kind of hoop.
There are a varietyof nettingsfor the hoop and much
darts and javelinsused
diversityin the styleof arrows,
In another
type of the game
in the game.
The
simplestis chosen
reason
made
and
that
both
in the camp
javelinswere
the
to
the
be here
articles used
where
in the game
it is to be
always made
presented,for the
should be
played. The hoop

by the youths who joined
GAMES
INDIAN
making
in the sport, and the

of the fun.
DANCES
AND
of
hoop
in
javelinwas
and
part
Properties. A hoop and two javelins.

The hoop is made in the followingmanner
: A pieceof
rope, not of a heavy kind, about sixteen inches long will
give the foundation for a hoop about four inches in
The
ends should be splicedtogether so
two
diameter.
The ringof rope
as to leave the edge of the hoop even.
with a stripof leather or cloth in order to give
is wound
rolland yet be flexible
the hoop such a surface that it can
and light.
is made
of three parts, the shaft and the
The javelin
barbs. The shaft is of wood, four feet long, round
two
-
inches
an
tree
shrub
or
so
is made
flat
outer
side.
Several
of
inch wide
as
to
so
and
both
sides ;
the
are
around
the
the other
The
are
bent
shaft but
not
the
on
quarter
for
bound
a
on
and
up
stand
of the barbs
stems
end
are
The
flat side of the branch
free,which
barb.
cut,
are
long; these
inch
are
both sides of the shaft
on
point backward
firmlybound in place on
inches from
from
cut
flange is made
leather
piecesof
an
quarter
smooth.
the inner side.
on
the inner and
length to
along
flat
each
that the barbs
three
section three
preserve three inches of the stem

forks ; the branch is cut so as to be
fitted into the sections cut
shaft,and
cut
on
leave the ends
like teeth
now
small branches
two
is made
long and
stem
so
to
as
the branch
five inches
half their
from
formed
are
from which
an
end
one
long is cut into both sides of the shaft

and sides made
inch deep, and the bottom
barbs
The
from
inch
An
smooth.
and
of
the shaft.
of the
very
side of the
shaft
deeply.
About
band
The
is
two
GAMES
INDIAN
H2
javelinsare made
to the players.
Directions.
from
fiftyto
at
south
end.
north
the
south
should
The
end
red band
color of the East.

the West
wear
at the
color of the West.
two
ends
two
yellow bands
Both
two
head,
playerswho
at
the
the East
on
the East
on
these
as
red
stand
players
is the
toward
partners, and these should

their heads, yellow being the
are
about
The
the
of
and
players; two
and
toward
stands
about
The
Four
course
partners.
are
to South
place is toward
who
one
North
long.
of the
whose
one
the
and
wear
feet
possiblein justice
as
from
course
end
the north
stand
the
level
hundred
one
DANCES
nearly alike
as
"
AND
in the game, therefore,

cannot
help each other in
opponents
by side. Partners
for their side all the
the playing,but both playerscount
pointsthey make.
is grasped by the middle, the barbed end
The javelin
end
is shot
the back, and the plain rounded
toward
toward the hoop.
of pointsthat will constitute the game
The
number
Ten
should be decided upon before beginningthe game.
stand side
is the usual
number
be drawn
to which
as
among
the
of the four
Indians.
Lots
should
playersshould
be the
hoop. The one who draws the hoop

and the playerwhose place
then takes one of the javelins,
is beside him takes the other javelin.
first to
throw
the
THE
GAME
and the hoop

the playerswith the javelins
signal,
start
run
on
a
along the course; the one with the hoop
throws it a little upward with all his force and both
At
INDIAN
the
players watch
ready
to
reach
and
stops it
that
is
one
on
javelin
that
DANCES
instant
shaft
throw
of the
below
counts
the
the
hoop
the
band
If the
two.
barbs, that
entirely through
goes
they think they
through
passes
the
on
113
hoop, having their javelins
the
hoop
it falls
thereon,
caught
shaft
If the
that
so
cut
was
hoop
If the
AND
of the
course
hurl at the
it.
can
GAMES
counts
hoop
so
one.
it
that
nothing. If
javelin,that counts
and
the hoop, that is a draw
both
javelins catch on
the point made.
If on this run
neither player can
count
and
throwing of the hoop and javelins neither of the
the player at the other end who
a
count,
players scores
threw
the hoop now
takes
is the partner of the one
who
stands
it. He and his opponent
the hoop to throw
who
the hoop is thrown
beside him
and
start
on
a
now
run;
In this way
the players
the javelins hurled
before.
as
alternate in throwing the hoop
of the course
at the ends
North
South, but the right to throw the hoop belongs
or
makes
the best point. The
to the player who
hoop thus
from
the east
west
or
players according to the
passes
points made.
does
fall
not
The
is
game
developed in
tossing of
the
on
the
the
athletic
an
sport, and
much
skill
be
can
throwing of the javelins and also in

scoring by
hoop so as to prevent
the
the
opponent.
If the
prevent
the
same
grounds
having
time.
are
two
large enough,
courses
and
two
there
games
is
nothing
going on
to
at
INDIAN
114
MY
FOLLOW
This
is
game
DANCES
AND
GAMES
LEADER
widely played
among
the
Indian
tribes,
particularlyby the boys, and also by the girls. The

which
Leader
improvises the steps and the movements,
all who
follow must
repeat and keep time to the song.
The
here given is traditional
in the Omaha
tribe.
song
It has been
down
handed
from one
generation of young
folk to another
for how
"nobody knows."
many,
"
THE
A
go
is chosen, and
Leader
where
hands
and
GAME
he
goes,
feet
dance
he
all who
as
he
does.
join in
dances,
The
the
game
the
move
skipping
and
must
arms,
dancing
time with the song
that all must
be in exact
must
sing.
The
gives opportunity for fancy steps, winding,
game
intricate figures,"cutting capers" and merry
pranks.
as
Song
Follow
What
my
Leader
he'll do
next,
where'er
nobody
he goes;
knows.
PART
III
INDIAN
NAMES
INDIAN
n8
from
in
danger.
man's
Such
GAMES
AND
therefore,marks
is
life and
name,
DANCES
strictly
personalto
an
the man,
epoch
and,
degree, indicative of his character or attainments.

It sometimes
happens, although but rarely,that a man
to
on
such
noted
an
occasion
but
name,
than
rather
ancestor
decide
may
the character of the
to
take
the
name
of
acquire an entirelynew
act of takinga new
name
is not
thereby changed.
of Indian
These
facts concerning the significance
throw
lighton the widespread custom
personalnames
Indians of never
observed
or
addressing men
among
of using those
or
women
by their personal names
To do so is a breach
of good
in their presence.
names
The
manners.
refers either to
clan
else to
or
both
cases
the
has
been
shown,
as
personal name,
rites sacred to the bearer's
the religious
in
notable act performed by the man;
a
stands
for something that is too
name
with
closelyconnected
a
terms
these
are
life of
the
individual
to
of designatdifficulty
ing
wishes to address is met
by the use of
person one
in some
Of course,
of relationship.
companies
and proper, but there
true
would be literally
terms
it fit for
make
the
terms
which
are
The
use.
common
used
in
wider
and
sense
which
imply actual kinship. (The subject of Indian

is too complex to be enand their terms
tered
relationships
here.) There are terms which are employed
upon
father"
Grandmerely to indicate respect. For instance,
is used when
addressing or speaking of the
do
not
"
President
of the
"Father"
when
United
States;
"Little
addressingor speakingof
of the Interior and
the Commissioner
Father"
the
and
Secretary
of Indian Affairs,
INDIAN
both
of
Indian.
his
by
is
which
bestowal
of
or
the
common.
many
details,
of
as
may
seen,
child
address
his
marked
tribes
class
ceremonies.
of
but
whether
name,
second
with
attended
their
regard
why
or
him
is;
name
'Indian
to
known
have
we
we
what
attributed
be
to
as
when
him
ask
or
well
relationship
explains
mute
is
his
stolidity,"
characteristic
race.
The
the
also
stands
name
is,
there
119
as
of
terms
reason
ignorantly
we
the
not
of
but
us,
This
personal
silence
first
to
DANCES
President,
the
use
generally
adult
of
it.
for
reason
an
The
strange
appear
AND
below
rank
whom
the
to
GAMES
the
United
fundamentally
the
name
described,
already
These
States,
they
is
of
was
differed
ways
al-
among
particularly
had
the
much
in
in
GAMES
INDIAN
120
PRESENTING
CHILD
THE
the Omaha
Among
after the birth of
AND
DANCES
TO
observed
was
ceremony
child that
COSMOS
THE
on
shortly
lines reflects
broad
the Indians.
generalbelief among
In the introductory chapter of this book the Indian's
feelingof unquestioningunity with nature is mentioned.
The
and ritual furnish direct
followingOmaha
ceremony
testimony to the profundity of this feeling. Its
expressiongreets him at his birth and is iterated at
every important experiencethroughout his life.
When
the clan that

child
to
has
charge
tent
wherein
the
parents send
of the rite of
The
the Cosmos.
to
the
child is born
Omaha
an
priestthus
introducingthe
summoned
the infant lies and
to
comes
takes his stand
He
raises his
just outside the door, facing the East.
right hand, palm outward, to the sky, and in a clear
ritual :
ringingvoice intones the following
Ho!
Ye
Sun, Moon, Stars,all ye that

I bid you
move
in the heavens,
hear me!
Into your midst has come

a new
life;
Consent
ye, I implore!
reach the brow of the first
its path smooth, that it may
Make
hill!
Ho!
Ye
Winds, Clouds, Rain, Mist, all ye that

I bid you
Into your midst
Consent
Make
its
second
path smooth,
hill!
move
in the air,
hear me!
has
ye,
that
come
new
life;
implore!
it may
reach
the brow
of the
GAMES
INDIAN
DANCES
121
Hills,Valleys,Rivers,Lakes, Trees, Grasses, all ye of
Ye
Ho!
AND
the earth,
I bid you
Make
hear me!

a new
life;
Consent
ye, I implore!
reach the brow of the third
hill!
Birds, great and small, that flyin the air;

Ye Animals, great and small, that dwell in the forests;
Ye
Ho!
Ho!
! Ye
Ho
Insects that creep among
the grasses and burrow
in the
ground,
I bid you
Make
hear me!

a new
life;
Consent
ye, I implore!
reach the brow
of the
fourth hill!
Ho!
Make
All ye of the heavens, all ye of the air,all ye of the earth,

I bid you hear me!
a new
life;
Consent
ye, consent
ye all,I implore!
its path smooth
then shall it travel beyond the four
"
hills!
In this
to
the
the Cosmos
of the
powers
to
the child,the "new
manner
render
struggleover
the
of which
heavens
aid
to
the
it
and
was
now
of the
'new
duced
intro-
life,"was
a
earth
part.
were
All
voked
in-
life" in its onward
the four
rugged path that traverses
hills of life,typifying Infancy, Youth, Maturity and
Old Age.
INDIAN
122
An
infant
When,
arrived
sacred
member.
of
the
this
rites
in
ceremonial
into
the
given
be
must
charge
act
tribe
and
the
age,
tribal
its
child
became
to
fant.
in-
alone,
time
name,
birth
name
an
about
go
dearing
en-
personal
possible
of
of
the
or
pendent
de-
(only
that
could
it
reason
was
years
wholly
was
given
the
child
four
or
rites
the
to
means
it
was
which
of
three
when
name
it
responsibility
however,
at
life,"
for
sacred
neither
achievement,
no
DANCES
"new
used),
were
either
generally
others;
terms
implies
merely
was
upon
AND
GAMES
had
one
group.
inducted
was
recognized
longing
be-
By
by
INDIAN
GAMES
GIVING
AND
DANCES
CHILD
THE
123
NAME
This ceremony,
the Omaha
formerly practicedamong
and cognate tribes,took place in the spring,"when
the
singing." A tent was
grass was
up and the birds were
sacred by the priestwho
had the
made
set apart and
As the occasion
hereditaryrightto perform the ceremony.
of tribal interest,
was
one
people flocked to
many
the
A
of the rite.
scene
largestone
of the fire that

inside the
brought and placed on the east side

was
burning in the center of the space
When
ready the old
everythingwas
the door awaiting the arrival of the
was
tent.
prieststood
at
child.
all the mothers
Then
had
who
children of the
their way
this tent, each
to
leadingher littlechild,who carried in its hands a
proper
wended
age
pair of moccasins.
mother
addressed
desire
child
my
the
As
the
reached
two
priest,
saying:
to
wear
the
new
tent
'Venerable
moccasins."
one
(This
the
man,
was
'
symbolic form of expression.) I desire my child to

with the light
walk long upon
the earth, to be content
of many
days. We seek your protection!" The priest
made
formal reply and the little one,
a
carrying its
moccasins, entered the
tent
alone.
After
few ritualistic
phrasesthe priestaccompanied the child to the fire place,

where
he and the child stood facingthe East while the
He bade
priestsang an invocation to the Four Winds.
them
hither and stand in this place in four
to come
groups.
At
the close of this Ritual Song the
child by the
the
stone,
as
arms
so
feet rested upon

then he lifted the
that its littlebare
it faced
the
South;
priestlifted the
feet
were
the
more
stone,
the
upon
again the child
stone,
the
it faced
and
Then
East.
the stone,
on
lifted and
was
it faced
as
priestlifted the child
as
DANCES
its feet rested
and
arms
the West;
it faced
as
the
again by
child
AND
GAMES
INDIAN
124
the
North;
its
once
its feet touched
the
the
the
priestsang
followingRitual Song:
Turned
by the Winds
Yonder
he goes
Goes
of the Winds
Into the midst
as
be
by the Winds,
Winds
the Four
of the Winds
into the midst
do I send
standingthere
him,
is spoken of
which
and the entire ceremony,
song
yonder,
standing,
are
This
is whirled
who
I send
one
the four hillsof lifeand
where
There
the
goes
"Turning the child," are highly symbolic and

fullyexplained at this time. The Winds
great invisible Wakon'da
messengers
of the
the breath
of life and
of this song the

of the child and
Here
unto
Because
strength to
priestput
the
another
sang
of this truth you
Here
declared
Here
in this
is the
bring
the close
on
the feet
Ritual Song which
says:
spoken the truth;
has been
you
moccasins
new
the
are
and
At
man.
cannot
shall stand.
truth;
place has been shown
you
the truth.
Therefore, arise! Go forth in its strength!

As
the
priestsang
its feet and

these
steps
Then
the
made
are
the
it take
last line he
four
typical of its
priestled
the
child
set
the
steps toward
now
to
child
East;
the
entering into
the
entrance
on
life.
of the
INDIAN
126
GAMES
BESTOWING
bestowal of
DANCES
AND
NEW
NAME
adult
generally
when
tribal ceremony
all the people
took placeat some
much
as
were
gathered together. In this way
licity
pubas
possiblewas
given to the act. Among the
tribe there were
three requirementsthat had to
Pawnee
The
new
in order to take
be met
First,a
could
man
performance of
an
upon
name:
new
only take
act
an
name
new
indicative of
after the
name
abilityor strength
of character;
Second, the
of the
presence
had
name
people to
to
be assumed
whom
the
openly in
it
act
the
rated
commemo-
known;
was
Third, it was
in connection
These
necessary
with such
three
that it should
ritual
as
be announced
that here
given.
requirements indicate (i) that
stood for what
he had
shown
himself
man's
be
by the
lightof his actions; (2) that this was recognizedby his
ing
tribesmen, and (3) that it was
proclaimedby one havcharge of mediatory rites through which man
can
be approached by the supernatural.
The old priest
who gave the following
ritual and explained
name
it said:
If
seeks
the
one
"A
man's
has within him
help of
the
life is
a
an
determined
to
onward
ment.
move-
purpose
his life will climb
and
up."
Here
he made
a
gesture indicatinga line slantingupward;
then he arrested the movement
and, stillholding
his hand where he had stopped,went
"As
to say:
on
is climbing up, he does something that marks
a man
a
place in his life where the powers have given him an
powers,
INDIAN
opportunity to
place, this
act,
forms
live
others
on
that
men
can
level."
dead
127
ments;
peculiar endow-
stage in his
indicate that he is
to
name
new
"Some
added:
He
his
level different from
on
DANCES
acts
takes
he
and
career
AND
in
express
this
so
GAMES
he
occupiedpreviously."
rise only a little way,
illustrated his words
He
'
horizontally. Men having power

climb step by step." Again he made
his
to advance
meaning clear by outlininga flightof steps.
The
following ritual is recited on the occasion of
and is a dramatic
in three
name
taking a new
poem
the institution of the rite
parts. The first givesbriefly
of changing one's name
in consequence
ment;
achieveof a new
by moving his
hands
second
the
accomplishthis
to
man
beginswith
he cried to the powers
fast when
and
It
act.
the
how
shows
enabled
was
his
for
lonelyvigil
help; the scene
the circle of the lesser powers,

which makes
council,deliberate on his petition
shifts
then
to
and
them
the
summon
in
crying
man
only by
able
man's
to
as
be
to
do
the favor
the
deed.
-the
names-
are
sent
earth
to
lonely places,to grant him
This part closes with

that
its way
finallywins their consent; then the winds

and these, gatheringat the
messengers
of the lesser powers,
command
who, in
to
one
few
vivid words
to
the
his desire.
which
set
forth
of the powers
had the man
been
The
third part deals with the
to
be discarded
and the
one
now
ritual is in
assumed.
The
ritual
intoned
possibl
rhythmic form, imto reproduce in English. The
dition
followingrencontains nothing which is not in the original
text
explainedand amplifiedby the priest.
The
was
in
loud voice
the
man
who
was
GAMES
INDIAN
128
to
receive
he could be
DANCES
before
stood
name
new
AND
the
priestwhere
by the entire assembly.
seen
RITUAL
thus it
Twas
Harken!
In ancient
days,
to
came
Leader
pass:
his
and
men
earth,man's vast abode

Roofed by the heavens, where dwell the gods.
tell,
can
They reached a place the spot no man
this wide
Walked
dangers dread and vanquished them;

to life,
Then, standing as if born anew
Faced
Each
warrior threw
That
had
Leader
The
Harken!
Turned
Stood
and
his
them
his
and
the brave
set
the mark
be like them!
Their
Vict'rysong
the villagerose,
near;
men,
done.
men
the top
singing their song,
the hill,
where
toward
were
men
home.
then toward
Proclaimed
Looked
yet these deeds
ere
o'ertake,if ye would
must
name
Vict'rysong, and
there the
Made
Ye
Leader
The
Harken!
his
been
the
away
on
Heralding thus the favor of the gods

By which they had surpassedall former deeds
Made
Harken!
Unto
their claim to be accounted
new
whence, think
And
these
men
ye,
to
courage
borne
was
dare,
Strength to endure hardship and war?

Mark
How
The
Given
well my
the
as
gods help man's
Leader
to
words,
I reveal
feebleness.
of these warriors
prayer.
Oft he went
was
man
forth
men.
"
INDIAN
GAMES
Seeking a place no
would
There
AND
could
one
129
find.
lifthis voice,
and
he stand
DANCES
Fraught with desire that he might be

Invincible,a bulwark 'gainstall foes
Threat'ninghis tribe,causing them fear.
Night-time and day this cry sped on,
Traveling far,seekingto reach
Those
Harken!
placesfar above,
"
the circle vast
Within
Harken!
This
Harken!
watching o'er men.
sit the gods
Where
poor
man's
went
prayer
on,
Speeding afar into the blue
Harken!
place
dwell the lesser gods,
Where
And great Ti-ra'-wa,
mightierthan all!
Harken!
It
Harken!
this prayer,
its plea,and
Favored
him
Who
because
was
Received
To
there the
above, reached
Heavens
god
considered
it,
passed it on
place was
whose
"
next,
in that
grand ring,,
received the prayer,

it,and sent it on
in his turn
Considered
"
Harken!
Around
Harken!
Where
Harken!
And
that
circle vast,
sit the gods above.

thus it
was
the prayer
the consent
won
by this man
Of all the gods. For each god in his place
Speaks out his thought, grants or rejects
Man's
suppliantcry, asking for help;
But none
act until the Council
can
grand
Sent
Comes
Has
to
but
accord, thinks
one
will all must
as
one
obey.
mind,
INDIAN
I3o
AND
GAMES
DANCES
Harken!
The
Council gave
Harken!
And
great Ti-ra'-wa,mightierthan all!
Harken!
To
their purpose
make
aid
and
Succor
Heralds
known,
freelyto give,
called,called by the Winds.
were
in the West
Then
consent;
the Clouds
uprose
black, ladened with storm.

Slowly they climbed, dark'ningthe skies,
and
Heavy
close
While
on
On
their dread
To
where
the
come
statelycouncil
bade
Then
them
sat
go
to the earth, carryingaid
Back
him
This
whose
mandate
Taking
Harken
in
for them.
Waiting
To
tillall were
way,
gods
marched
side the Thunders
every
their
Another
given,the
course
turned
Thunders
slantwise
followed
their circle vast.
reached
had
prayer
hard
the
toward
sky.
"
Lightning broke forth out of the cloud,

Zigzag and dart, cleavingtheir way
Slantwise to earth, their goal to reach.
Harken
For
these two
were
not
all
proclaim the god's behest

in flocks
Swift on their wings Swallows
Swept in advance, ranging the path,
That
Black
hastened
to
breasts
and
Red, Yellow
Flying about, clearingthe

For
those who
and
"
White,
way
bore the message
of the
to dare,
Granting the man
courage
Strength to endure, power to stand
Invincible,a bulwark
'gainstall foes.
gods
earth,
INDIAN
'Twas
Harken!
The
that
Knowing
Once
Attend!
We
used
Long
days
Well
Harken
done
Where
Clothed
Gained
Harken!
all
To-day
act
all
his
with
by
has
new
his
Sha-ku'-ru
strong,
him
at
victory.
won
act
passed
shall
lifted
he
name
now
men
say
by.
"
him
behold
fame,
deeds,
gods;
name.
an
but
tribe
the
was
by,
him,
strike
his
marking
ago,
by
His
Harken!
him
call
to
it
131
drear,
promised
change
'-ka-tit
Ri-ruts'
Harken!
more
dangers
had
gods
and
could
naught
the
whom
by
sent
steadfast
through
men
DANCES
pass:
help
the
walked
he
his
to
came
grasped
Henceforth
To
it
thus
Leader
Leading
AND
GAMES
in
strong
blessed
Wa'-ruk-ste
man
of
shall
strength
new
the
gods.
he
be
called.
INDIAN
132
GAMES
TAKING
view
In
the
and
and
seems
for
even
being
shown
from
whom
should
be
the
to
the
upon
this continent
unseemly
be
not
hold
we
borrow
these
we
seek
live close
to
reverently
take
all the
an
Indian
all have
When
place
where
the
front
The
song:
of the
entire
sacred
days in which
camp
the
Indian
loved
of the
camp
group,
company
be
can
should
seen
boy
the
or
morning.
girl should
all of whom
then
toward
it rises
when
not
stand
pause.
wear
well
should
face
join
in the
the
the
over
all should
should
name
should
ceremony
move
There
the woods.
for
of the
day
early in the
assemble
sun
The
members
the
gathered, they
candidate
head-band.
have
that
held
been
that
the
on
name,
lake, the hilltopsor

The
have
nature
among
should
camp
those
there
well.
and
it is decided
When
the
to
sumed
as-
regard
some
While
as
during the
names
be
generations,still it would
spiritof those rites when
the
to
hardly
thought of the people
of rites such
for untold
to
it
should
borrowed.
are
names,
instance
name,
without
and
described, rites that
here
names
period
names
personal
in every
taking of
customs
travesty
no
Indian
Indian
short
been
to
the
giving or
appropriate that
CAMP
IN
which
reverence
the
DANCES
NAME
significanceof
dignity
surrounded
so
INDIAN
AN
of the
AND
any
to
the
East.
following
DANCES
AND
GAMES
INDIAN
134
Singingwe go, way ha way ho!

Dancing also,way ha way ho!
No
The
one
more
merry
second stanza
should be
kept in rhythm until the

*
Change the
pronoun
to
than we,
dancers
the proper
^^
way
f-"/^M
ho!
repeatedand the steps

disperse.
finally
sex.
ha way
11
INDIAN
have
chosen
have
out
any
Indian
and
here
names
of many
of the
DANCES
the Continental
the
words
nasal
labial,
peculiar
are
difficult to
most
Americans
languages,which
equallydifficultfor
or
to
Girls and
for
pronounce.
Omaha.
1.
A-di'-ta
Priest
2.
An'-ge-da
From
3.
De'-mon-thin
Talks
4.
E-di'-ton
Standingas
5.
Ga-he'-ge
Chief
'
sound
Camps, have been

of them
are
pronounced ; none
easily
in the various
gutturalsounds common
represent by the letters of our alphabet
for Boys,for
presented,
because
135
BOYS
FOR
NAMES
All vowels
The
AND
GAMES
INDIAN
every
as
direction
Omaha.
he walks
a
sacred
Ponca.
object Omaha.
Omaha.
Omaha.
Ha'-nu-ga-hi
he goes !" A coyote

Nettle weed
8.
He'-ba-zhu
Little horns
Ponca.
9.
He'-ga
Buzzard
Omaha.
10.
He'-sha-be
Dark
11.
He'-thon-ton
Towering antlers (elk)
Omaha.
12.
Ho-ho'
Fish
Omaha.
13.
Hon'-ga
Imperialeagle
Osage.
6.
Gu'-da-hi
7.
14. Hu'- ton- ton

15.
1
6.
17.
1
8.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
I'-ku-ha-be
There
Roar
He
Omaha.
antlers
Omaha.
of thunder
who
causes
Ponca.
fear
Ponca.
Ponca.
I-shta'-pe-de Fire eyes (lightning)
Omaha.
Ka-ge'-zhin-ga Little brother
Ka-wa'-ha
Very old name,
meaning lost Omaha.
Black horse
Ka'-wa-sab-be
Osage.
White horse
Ka'-wa-ska
Osage.
Yellow horse
Ka'-wa-zi
Osage.
Ponca.
Great turtle
Ke'-ton-ga
Ponca.
Little turtle
Ke'-zhin-ga
Omaha.
Curlew
Ki'-ko-ton-ga
Omaha.
Ki'-mon-hon
Facing the wind
INDIAN
136
GAMES
AND
Male
DANCES
buffalo
27.
Ki'-wa-go
Ku'-ge
Sound
28.
Ku'-rux
Bear
Pawnee.
29.
Ku'-sox
Left hand
Pawnee.
30.
Le-sha'-ro
Chief
Pawnee.
31.
Mi'-da-in-ga
Playfulsun
Osage.
32.
Mi'-ka
Raccoon
Ponca.
33.
Mi'-ka-si
Coyote
Omaha.
34.
Min'-dse
Bow
Osage.
35.
Mon-chu'
Bear
Omaha.
36. Mon-chu'-pa
Bear's head
Omaha.
Mon-e'-ga-he
38. Mon-ge'-zi
Arrow
26.
37.
Pawnee.
of the drum
chief
Yellow
Omaha.
Ponca.
breast
Omaha.
39.
Mon-ka'-ta
He
40.
Mon'-sa
Arrow
41.
Mon'-te-ga
New
42.
Ni-ni'-ba
Pipe
Omaha.
43.
Ni'-shosho
Swallow
Omaha.
44.
Non-ke'-ne
Graceful
of the earth
Ponca.
shaft
Osage.
Osage.
arrows
walker
(deer)
Runner
Non'-nun-ge
46. Non'-pe-wa-the He who is feared
Captain
47. Nu'-da-hun-ga
Elk
48. O'-pa
Seeking the hills
49. Pa-he'-ta-pe
45.
Omaha.
Osage.
Omaha.
Omaha.
Omaha.
Omaha.
50.
Pa'-na-hoo
Owl
Omaha.
51.
Pa'-sun
American
Omaha.
52.
Pa-thon'
eagle
White-headed
eagle
53.
Pe;-de-ga-he
Fire chief
Omaha.
54.
Pe'-num-ba
Seven
IPonca.
55.
Sha-ku'-ru
Sun
Pawnee.
56. Sha-thu'
Sound
of the water
Wolf
Shon'-ge
58. Shon'-ge-sab-be Black wolf
White wolf
59. Shon'-ge-ska
57.
Omaha.
Ponca.
Omaha.
Omaha.
Ponca.
INDIAN
61.
Shon'-ge-zi
Shon'-ton-ga
62.
Sho-sho'-ka
60.
Ta-de'-u-mon-
wolf
thin
The'-ha
137
Ponca.
Grey wolf
Osprey
Ponca.
Bunch
Ponca.
To
Omaha.
of clouds
Pawnee.
the wind
Omaha,
Walking in the wind
Omaha.
White
Omaha.
buffalo
Soles
69. U'-ba-ni
70.
DANCES
Grey wolf
67. Te-thon'
68.
AND
Yellow
63. Shu'-ka-bi
64. Ski'-rik
65. Ta-de'-ta
66.
GAMES
Omaha.
Diggingin the earth (little

Omaha.
creatures)
Spread out (herd of buffalo)Omaha.
Omaha.
Easy to break, fragile
U-ga'-e
71. Wa-he'-he
72.
Wa-ke'-de
One
73.
Wa-po'-ga
Grey owl
Omaha.
74. Wa-shis'-ka
75. Wash-kon'-hi
Shell
Omaha.
76. Wa-sho'-she
Brave
Omaha.
77. Wa-thu'-he
78. Wa-zhin'-ska
Startles the game

Wisdom
Omaha.
79. We'-kush-ton
One
who
shoots
Omaha.
of the thunder
Power
who
Omaha.
Omaha.
givesfeast
quently
fre-
Omaha.
80.
Wi'-a-go
Feather
Dakota.
81.
Zha'-be
Beaver
Omaha.
INDIAN
NAMES
2.
A'-bey
A'-bey-tu
Green
3.
A'-bet-zi
Yellow
4.
A'-ka-wi
South
1.
FOR
GIRLS
Leaf
Omaha.
leaf
leaf
wind
Omaha.
Omaha.
Omaha.
5. A-sin'-ka
Youngest daughter
Osage.
6. Chon'-ku-sha
Robin
Dakota.
Leaf
Dakota.
7.
Chon'-wa-pe
INDIAN
138
8.
9-
GAMES
AND
Chon'-wa-pe-ska Red leaf

Chon'-wa-pe-tu Green leaf
10.
Cho-xon'-zhe-da
Willow
ii.
Da'-a-bi
The
visible
12.
Don'-a-ma
The
sun
13-
Ha'-ba-zhu-dse
Red
corn
14.
Ha'-ba-zi
Yellow
15- Ha'-ba-tu
16.
DANCES
Ha'-ba-ska
17- Hon'-ba-he
Blue
Dakota.
Dakota.
Dakota.
sun
visible to all
corn
corn
White
corn
Omaha.
Omaha.
Osage.
Osage.
Osage.
Osage.
Dakota.
Dawn
Dakota.
18.
I-shta'-sa-pa
Dark
19.
I'-ni-a-bi
Home
20.
Ka-shi'-a-ka
Meadow
21.
Mi'-a-kon-da
Sacred
22.
Mi'-gi-na
Omaha.
23-
Mi'-mi-te
24.
Mi;-na
Returning moon
moon
Standing new
Oldest daughter
25-
Mi'-pe
Good
Omaha.
26.
Mi'-ta-in
Crescent
27.
Mi'-the-be
Shadowy
28.
Mi'-ton-e
New
29.
Mi'-wa-thon
White
30.
Ni'-da-wi
Fairy girl
31-
Pa'-zi
Yellow
32.
Pa'-ha-zi
Yellow
33-
Raw-ska'
Anemone
Omaha.
34-
Raw-tu'
Violet
Omaha.
35-
Raw-zi'
Sunflower
Omaha.
36. Ta'-de-win
Wind
Ta'-in
New
37-
38. Ta'-in-ge
eyes
builder
Omaha.
lark
Omaha.
moon
moon
moon
Wa-ha'-ba
Corn
40.
Wa-ha'-ba-ska
White
41.
Wa-ha'-ba-tu
Blue
Omaha.
Osage.
Ponca.
Ponca.
Omaha.
moon
moon
Omaha.
Omaha.
head
Ponca.
(bird)
hair (young animal) Ponca.
maiden
Omaha.
Ponca.
moon
Coming
39.
moon
Omaha.
moon
Ponca.
Omaha.
corn
corn
Omaha.
Omaha.
GAMES
INDIAN
AND
DANCES
139
42. Wa-ha'-ba-zi
Yellow
43. Wak'-cha
Flower
Dakota.
44. Wak'-cha-zi
Sunflower
Dakota.
45. Wa-shu'-dse
Wild-rose
Omaha.
46. Wa-te'-win
Victorywoman
Omaha.
Wa-zhin'-ga
tu
48. Wa-zhin'-ga-
Bird
Omaha.
Blue bird
Omaha.
49. We'-thon-ki-tha
To
47.
50. We'-ton-a
51. We'- ton-be- the
52. Wi'-he
53.
Wi'-te-ga
Omaha.
corn
together(asin
society)
Old name,
meaning lost
One who giveshope
Younger sister
come
New
Omaha.
Omaha.
Omaha.
Omaha.
Dakota.
moon
54. Zit-ka'-la
Bird
55. Zit-ka'-la-sha
Red
bird
Dakota.
56. Zit-ka'-la-tu
Blue bird
Dakota.
57. Zit-ka'-la-zi
Yellow
Dakota,
INDIAN
E'-zhon
U-ti
Dakota.
bird
NAMES
FOR
CAMPS
Ney'-a-ti
Camp among the Elms.

A Camp among
the Lindens.
A Camp by the Lake.
Tosh'-ka-hi U-ti
A Camp
Wa-shis'-ka A-ti
Hin'-de-hi U-ti
CENTRAL
among
the Oaks.
Camp by the Brook.
CIRCULATION
CHILDREN'S
HOOM

Indian Games and Dances With Native Songs - Alice C Fletcher

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Indian Games and Dances With Native Songs - Alice C Fletcher

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Indian Games and Dances With Native Songs - Alice C Fletcher

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Games

its rise in the

its hills and

regarded his relation

intimacy find their expression

they lived, worked

people in their social life.

the cultivated maize, these and

that led the Indian to the

'Thus," the old

taught us the necessityof truthfulness,

appreciation of the value

thought through the

is evoked, for music

expression.An old Indian priestexplained

of songs that have

meaning but we would lose much pleasure

for the few broken

fragmentary character, would have no value as

music, they aim

They have no preliminary

short, they have

simple lines the rules of phrasing and motivization

regions,feathers are the principaland emblematic

in their purport and

luxurians found in Guatemala

probably an ancestor of the maize. The word "maize"

passed since corn

this hasty glanceat the

of its close relation

the love and

regarded as a gift from God.

four kernels from

family by the keeper of this

ordinary seed corn, that it

preceded the distribution of the four red kernels, the

part, if that is possible.

place, one-half of the dancers, closely

firstline only of the Ritual

the left repeat the

Ritual Song No.

all that live.

in the third line, 'Behold, I

eat, lifefor life,behold, I give!

should follow this Ritual

food, the workers

first song are

free for the necessary

Properties. As this dance

for each dancer.

required made of brown cloth,with broad

head-bands, carry bows and have

into the distance and

the action may

actingthroughout the singingboth

imaginationand skillof the group of dancers, who

fourth, sixth and

the space set apart to represent the

it. As the firstline of the first stanza