GatewayProtectionProgramme

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TheGatewayProtectionProgrammeisaschemeoperatedbytheBritishgovernmentinpartnershipwiththeUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees(UNHCR)andcofundedbytheEuropeanUnion(EU),offeringa
legalrouteforaquotaofUNHCRidentifiedrefugeestosettleintheUnitedKingdom.FollowingaproposalbytheBritishHomeSecretary,DavidBlunkett,inOctober2001,thelegalbasiswasestablishedbytheNationality,
ImmigrationandAsylumAct2002andtheprogrammeitselflaunchedinMarch2004.Sinceitsinception,theprogrammehasenjoyedbroadsupportfromtheUK'smainpoliticalparties.
TheGatewayProtectionProgrammeinitiallyhadaquotaof500refugeesperyear,whichwaslaterincreasedto750,buttheactualnumberofrefugeesresettledinmostyearshasbeenfewerthanthequotapermitted.Liberian,
Congolese,Sudanese,Burmese,Ethiopian,Mauritanian,Iraqi,Bhutanese,Eritrean,Palestinian,SierraLeoneanandSomalirefugeeshavebeenresettledundertheprogramme.Refugeeshavebeenresettledtoanumberof
locationsinEnglandandScotland.Ofthe18localauthoritiesparticipatingasresettlementlocationsby2012,eightareintheNorthWestregionofEnglandandthreeinYorkshireandHumberside.Evaluationsoftheprogramme
havepraiseditashavingapositiveimpactonthereceptionofrefugeesbylocalcommunities,buthavealsonotedthedifficultiestheserefugeeshavefacedinsecuringemployment.

Contents
1Programmedetails
2History
3Refugeesresettled
4Resettlementlocations
5Evaluations
6Seealso
7Notes
8References
9Externallinks

Programmedetails
TheprogrammeistheUK's"quotarefugee"resettlementscheme.[1]RefugeesdesignatedasparticularlyvulnerablebytheUNHCRareassessedbytheHomeOfficeforeligibilityunderthe1951ConventionRelatingtothe
StatusofRefugees.IftheymeettheeligibilitycriteriatheyarethenbroughttotheUKandgrantedindefiniteleavetoremain.[2]TheInternationalOrganizationforMigrationhelpsfacilitatepredeparturemedicalscreening,
counselling,dossierpreparation,transportandimmediatearrivalassistance.[3]OnceintheUK,refugeesareenteredintoa12monthsupportprogrammeintendedtoaidtheirintegration.[1]Theprogrammehasinvolvedlocal
authoritiesandNGOs[1]includingtheBritishRedCross,theInternationalRescueCommittee,MigrantHelpline,RefugeeAction,theRefugeeArrivalsProject,theRefugeeCouncil,ScottishRefugeeCouncilandRefugee
Support.[4][5]TheseorganisationsformedtheResettlementInterAgencyPartnershipattheplanningstageoftheprogramme,inordertopooltheirresourcesandformapartnershipforthedeliveryofservicestotheresettled
refugees.[4]
TheprogrammeisdistinctfromandinadditiontoordinaryprovisionsforclaimingasylumintheUnitedKingdom.[6][7]Since2008,ithasbeencofundedbytheEuropeanUnion,firstthroughtheEuropeanRefugeeFundand
thenthroughitssuccessor,theAsylum,MigrationandIntegrationFund(AMIF).[8][9]Overtheperiod200914,theHomeOfficeprovided29.97millioninfundingandtheEU18.67million.[10]AnnaMusgraveoftheRefugee
Councilarguesthattheprogramme"israrelytalkedaboutandtheHomeOffice,inthemain,stayfairlyquietaboutit."[11]

History

TheGatewayProtectionProgrammeisnotthefirstBritishrefugeeresettlementprogramme.Other,informalresettlementprogrammesincludetheMandateRefugeeScheme,andtheUK
hasalsoparticipatedintheTenorMorePlan.[4]Theformerisforsocalled"mandate"refugeeswhohavebeengrantedrefugeestatusbyUNHCRinthirdcountries.Toqualifyforthe
scheme,refugeesmusthaveclosetiestotheUKanditmustalsobedemonstratedthattheUKisthemostappropriatecountryfortheirresettlement.[12][13]TheTenorMorePlan,
establishedbyUNHCRin1973andadministeredintheUKbytheBritishRedCross,[14][15]isforrefugeesrequiringmedicalattentionnotavailableintheircurrentlocation.[16]Duringthe
1990s,2,620refugeesweresettledintheUKthroughthesetwoprogrammes.[17]In2003,theUK'sTenorMorePlanhadaresettlementgoalof10peopleandtheMandateRefugee
Scheme300.[18]Refugeeshavealsobeenresettledthroughspecificprogrammesfollowingemergencies.[19]Forexample,42,000UgandanAsiansexpelledfromUgandaduring197274,
22,500Vietnameseduring197992,over2,500Bosniansinthe1990s,andover4,000Kosovarsin1999.[4]
AnewresettlementprogrammewasproposedbytheBritishHomeSecretary,DavidBlunkettinOctober2001,[20]havingbeenhintedatbythepreviousHomeSecretary,JackStraw,ina
speechtotheEuropeanConferenceonAsyluminLisboninJune2000.[21][22]Thelegalbasisfortheprogramme'sfundingwasestablishedbySection59oftheNationality,Immigration
andAsylumAct2002.[1][20]ThisactwaspassedbytheHouseofCommonsby362votesto74inJune2002[23]andbytheHouseofLordsattheninthattempt,followingconcernabout
theintroductionofmeasuresallowingforthedetentionofasylumseekersinruralareas)inNovember2002.[24][25]
TheGatewayProtectionProgrammewassubsequentlyestablishedinMarch2004,[27]withthefirstrefugeesarrivingintheUKon19March.[28]Initially,theprogrammequotawassetat
500peryear.[29]TheBritishgovernmenthasfacedcriticismfromacademicsandpractitionersoverthesmallnumberofrefugeesithasresettledincomparisonwithotherdeveloped
states.[30]Forexample,in2001thecountrieswiththelargestquotaschemesweretheUnitedStates(80,000refugees),Canada(11,000)andAustralia(10,000).[4][31]Initially,DavidBlunkett
hadintendedtoraisethequotato1,000inthesecondyearoftheprogramme'soperation,butlocalcouncils'reluctancetoparticipateintheschememeantthatitwasslowtotake
off.[32][33][34]Ithasbeenarguedthattheirreluctanceshowedthathostileattitudestowardsasylumseekershadcarriedovertoaffectthemostgenuinelyneedyrefugees.[32]Thequota
remainedat500peryearuntilthe2008/09financialyear,whenitwasincreasedto750refugeesperyear.[29]Thenumberofrefugeesresettledundertheschemeissmallincomparisonto
thenumberofasylumseekersofferedprotectionintheUK.Forexample,in2013,17,647initialdecisionsonasylumclaimsweremadebytheHomeOffice,ofwhich5,734(32.5percent)
determinedtheapplicanttobearefugeeandgrantedthemasylum,53(0.3percent)grantedhumanitarianprotectionand540(3.1percent)granteddiscretionaryleave.11,105applications
(62.9percent)wererefused.[35]Worldwide,therewere51.2millionforciblydisplacedpeopleattheendof2013,16.7millionofwhomwererefugees.[36]

Burmeserefugeesinacampin
Thailand

Year Quota Refugeesresettled[26]

2004 500

150

2005 500

71

2006 500

353

2007 500

463

2008 750

642

2009 750

857

2010 750
669
TheprogrammehasbeensupportedbythemainBritishpoliticalpartiesatthenationallevelsinceitsinception,andtherehasalsobeensupportfromcouncillorsfromeachofthemain
2011 750
432
partiesatthelocalauthoritylevel.[37]Ontheoccasionofthetenthanniversaryoftheschemein2014,refugeegroupsandotherspraiseditasasuccessfulprogrammeandcalledforittobe
2012 750
985
expanded,particularlyinlightoftheSyrianrefugeecrisis.[28][37][38]Inearly2014,AmnestyInternationalandtheRefugeeCouncilcampaignedforthegovernmenttoofferresettlementor
4,622
humanitarianprotectiontoSyrianrefugeesaboveandbeyondtheGatewayquotaof750peryear,"toensurethatresettlementopportunitiescontinuetobeavailabletorefugeesfromtherest Total
oftheworld".[39]Theanniversaryoftheprogrammewasalsotheoccasionoffurthercriticismofthe750quota,withsomecommentatorsarguingthatthisismeanspiritedandcontinuesto
compareunfavourablywiththerefugeeresettlementprogrammesofstatesincludingtheUnitedStates,CanadaandAustralia.[40]Others,suchasacademicJonathanDarling,havebeenmoreskepticalaboutexpandingthe
scheme,forfearthatanysuchmovewillbeaccompaniedbygreaterrestrictionsontheabilityofpeopletoclaimasylumintheUK.Hearguesthat"wemustbecriticalofanyattemptstoexpandsuchaquotabasedschemeatthe
expenseofamoreprogressiveasylumsystem".Furthermore,hearguesthatthe"hospitality"oftheschemeishighlyconditionalandcanbeviewedasaformof"compassionaterepression",withtheUNHCR,theHomeOffice
andlocalauthoritiesallinvolvedin"sorting,decision,andconsiderationoverwhichindividualsarethe'exceptionalcases'",totheexclusionofothers.[41]
InSeptember2015,inthecontextoftheEuropeanmigrantcrisis,LabourPartyleadershipcandidateYvetteCoopercalledforanincreaseinthenumberofrefugeesresettledintheUKto10,000.[42][43]Theprimeminister,David
Cameron,subsequentlyannouncedthattheUKwouldresettle20,000refugeesfromcampsincountriesborderingSyriaovertheperiodto2020undertheVulnerablePersonsRelocationScheme,whichwasestablishedinearly
2014andisdistinctfromtheGatewayProtectionProgramme.[44][45]

Refugeesresettled
Thenumberofrefugeesresettledundertheprogrammehasbeenbelowthequotaineveryyearexceptfor2009and2012.[46][26][47]RefugeesresettledhaveincludedLiberiansfromGuineaandSierraLeone,Congolese(DRC)
fromUgandaandZambia,SudanesefromUganda,Burmese(includingKaren,Mon,Pa'OandRohingyapeople)[27]fromThailand,EthiopiansfromKenya,andMauritaniansfromSenegal.[48]Provisionwasmadefor1,000
IraqirefugeestoberesettledintheUKbetween1April2008andtheendofMarch2010.In2008,236Iraqiswereresettledandasof18May,afurther212hadbeenresettledin2009.[49]However,inMay2009theprogramme

wasshutdownforthoseIraqisresettlingduetohavingworkedinsupportofBritishoccupyingforcesandthereforeatriskforreprisals.[50]Thisdecisionwascriticisedas
Nationality
prematureand"meanspirited"bysomemembersofParliament.[50]Nonetheless,otherIraqiscontinuetoberesettledundertheGatewayProtectionProgrammeand
Bhutanese
between2004and2012,atotalof1,116Iraqiswereresettledaspartoftheprogrammemorethananyothernationality.[26]Othernationalitiesofrefugeesresettled
Burmese
undertheschemeincludeBhutanese,Eritreans,Palestinians,SierraLeoneansandSomalis.[26]
Congolese(DRC)

Resettlementlocations

Eritrean

Ethiopian
InMarch2009,outofthe434localauthoritiesintheUK,[51]15wereparticipatingintheprogramme.[52]By2012,atotalof18localauthoritieshadparticipated.[53]Ina
Iraqi
reviewofthescheme,academicsDuncanSimandKaitLaughlinnotethat"itisclearthat,aswithasylumseekersdispersedbytheUKBordersAgencyunderHome
Officedispersalpolicy,mostrefugeeshavebeenresettledawayfromLondonandsoutheastEngland,apolicywhichmayleadtoseparationofextendedfamilies".Ofthe Liberian
Mauritanian
18localauthorities,eightareinNorthWestEnglandandthreeinYorkshireandHumberside.[53]
Palestinian
ThefirstrefugeesresettledundertheprogrammewerehousedinSheffield,[32]whichwasthefirstcitytojointheschemeandwhichhadbrandeditselftheUK'sfirst'City
SierraLeonean
ofSanctuary'.[54]OthershavebeenhousedincitiesandtownsincludingBradford,BrightonandHove,Bromley,Colchester,Hull,Middlesbrough,Motherwell,Norwich,
Somali
andtheManchesterareaincludingBolton,Bury,Oldham,Rochdale,Salford,StockportandTameside.[55][27][26][56][57][58][59][60][61][62]Sheffield,BoltonandHullhave
Sudanese
receivedthelargestnumbers,accountingforjustunderhalfofallrefugeesresettledundertheprogrammebetween2004and2012.[63]Thelargeproportionofrefugees
Total
whohavebeenresettledinNorthWestEnglandhasbeenattributedpartlytostrongleadershiponmigrationissuesinGreaterManchester.[64]

Refugeesresettled(20042012)[26]
257
460
1,038
8
897
1,116
118
53
81
4
418
172
4,622

In2007,NorthLanarkshireCouncilwonthe"CreatingIntegratedCommunities"categoryintheUKHousingAwardsforitsinvolvementintheGatewayProtectionProgramme.[65][66]ResearchwithCongoleserefugeessettled
withNorthLanarkshireCouncilinMotherwellhasfoundthatthemajoritywanttostayinthetownandthattheyviewitpositivelybothasalocationinitsownright,andincomparisonwithotherresettlementlocations.[67]
InApril2007,BoltonMuseumheldanexhibitionofphotosofSudaneserefugeesresettledinthetownundertheprogramme.[68]Afilm,titledMovingtoMarswasmadeabouttwoethnicKarenfamiliesresettledfromBurmato
SheffieldundertheGatewayProtectionProgramme.[69][70][71]ThefilmopenedtheSheffieldInternationalDocumentaryFestivalinNovember2009andwasairedonthetelevisionchannelMore4on2February2010.[70][72][73]
OneethnicKarenrefugeeresettledwithhisfamilyinSheffieldin2006,KlerHeh,signedaprofessionalcontracttoplayfootballforSheffieldUnitedF.C.inMarch2015.[74][75][76]
On17July2009,threeCongolesemenresettledinNorwichundertheprogrammewerekilledinacarcrashontheA1road.[77]TheHomeOfficereleasedapromotionalvideoinOctober2009thathighlightedthesuccessofthe
programmeinresettlingthefirst15CongolesefamiliesinNorwichin2006.[78]In2011,theHomeOfficestoppedusingNorwichasaresettlementlocationinfavouroflocationsinYorkshireandLancashire,reportedlytothe
disappointmentofthelocalcouncil.[79]

Evaluations
ResettlementhasbeenpresentedasameansoftheUKfulfillingitsobligationstowardsdisplacedpeopleinthecontextofhostilepublicattitudestowardsasylumseekers.[30]ResearchhasshownthatmembersoftheBritish
publicaregenerallywelldisposedtoprovidingprotectiontogenuinerefugees,butarescepticalaboutthevalidityofasylumseekers'claims.[80]Areportpublishedin2005statesthat"someparticipatingagencieshavebeen
reluctanttopursueaproactivemediastrategyduetolocalpoliticalconsiderationsandissuesrelatingtothedispersalofasylumseekers".[81]However,inFebruary2006,theParliamentaryUnderSecretaryofStatefortheHome
DepartmentAndyBurnham,whenaskedabouthowtheprogrammefittedinwithcommunitycohesionstrategies,statedintheHouseofCommonsthat:
"Theearlyevidencefromareasinwhichauthoritieshaveparticipatedintheprogrammeshowsthatithasbeensuccessfulinchallengingsomeoftheattacksonthenotionofpoliticalasylumthatwehaveheardin
recentyears.InBoltonandSheffieldinparticular,thetownshaveralliedaroundtheindividualswhohavecometothem.Theprogrammehasbeenapositiveexperienceforthereceivingcommunityand,ofcourse,
forthevulnerableindividualswhohavebenefitedfromtheprotectionthatthosetownshaveoffered".[82]

AreportintotheexperienceofrefugeesresettledinBrightonandHoveundertheschemebetweenOctober2006andOctober2007waspublishedbytheSussexCentreforMigrationResearchattheUniversityofSussexin
December2007.ThereportfoundthattherefugeeshadstruggledtogainemploymentandEnglishlanguageskills.[83]AnotherevaluationreportundertakenfortheHomeOfficeandpublishedin2011alsofoundthatonlysmall
numbersofresettledrefugeeswereinpaidemployment,notingthatmanywerestillmoreconcernedaboutmeetingtheirbasicneeds.[84]
InFebruary2009,theHomeOfficepublishedareportevaluatingtheeffectivenessoftheGatewayProtectionProgramme.Theresearchitwasbaseduponfocusedonrefugees'integrationintoBritishsocietyinthe18months
followingtheirresettlement.[55]Theresearchfoundthatrefugeesshowedsignsofintegration,includingtheformationofsocialbondsthroughcommunitygroupsandplacesofworship.Thereportnotedthatlowemployment
ratesandslowprogresswithacquiringEnglishlanguageskillswereparticularconcerns.Youngerrefugeesandchildrenhadmadethemostprogress.[85]NospecificlanguagelessonsareprovidedundertheGatewayProtection
Programme.Instead,GatewayrefugeeswhorequirehelpwiththeirEnglishlanguageskillsareprovidedwithaccesstomainstreamEnglishforSpeakersofOtherLanguages(ESOL)courses,whicharerunbyarangeofstate,
voluntaryandcommunitybasedorganisations.However,theInternationalCatholicMigrationCommission(ICMC)EuropereportsthatinSheffield,itcanbedifficultforresettledrefugeestogainaccesstoESOLclasses
becausedemandhasgenerallyexceededsupply[86]asituationalsonotedbyanevaluationofthescheme'soperationinMotherwellundertakenin2013.[87]TheMotherwellevaluationfoundthatmostofthemalerefugeeswere
inemployment,butthatmanyofthemwerenotinjobsthatallowedthemtousetheirskills.Themajorityofwomenwerenotinwork,reflectingalackofjobopportunitiesbutalsoalackofchildcareprovision.[88]
AnumberofprogrammeevaluationshavefoundthatmanyresettledrefugeeshavebeenthevictimsofverbalorphysicalattacksintheUK.TheHomeOffice's2009evaluationnotesthatbetweenonequarterandhalfofeachof
fourgroupsofLiberianandCongoleserefugeesresettledundertheprogrammehadsufferedverbalorphysicalharassment.[89]AnevaluationundertakenbyacademicsatSheffieldHallamUniversityfortheHomeOfficein2011
foundthatonefifthoftherefugeessurveyedfortheevaluation(whohadbeenintheUKforayear)hadbeenthevictimsofverbalorphysicalattacksintheirfirstsixmonthsintheUK,andjustoverafifthhadbeenattackedin
thesecondsixmonthsoftheirresettlement.Manyofthevictimsofthisabusehadnotreportedittotheauthorities,andtheauthorsoftheevaluationsuggestthatthisisareasonwhytherewasagapbetweentheperceptionsof
refugeeandserviceproviders,whogenerallysuggestedthatcommunityrelationsweregood.[90]Verbalandphysicalattacksagainstrefugeeswerealsonotedinthe2013Motherwellevaluation.[91]

Seealso
ModernimmigrationtotheUnitedKingdom

Notes
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2.
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4.
5.
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91.

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MigrationResearch,UniversityofSussex.
PlattsFowler&Robinson2011,p.15.
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Externallinks
GatewayProtectionProgramme(https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/provideservicesforasylumapplicantsrefugeesandmigrants#refugeesgatewayprotectionprogramme)
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