7.

Deflections of Truss, Beams, and Frames

: Work-Energy Method
Geometric Method
Direct Integration Method
Moment Area Method
Conjugate Beam Method (Elastic Weight Method)
Work Energy Method
Advantage : Applied to beams, trusses, and frame
Disadvantage : Computing only at one point

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

7.1 Work
Work (Done) = Force Displacement
Force
P

Disp.

dW = Pd
P

W = Pd
0

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

 Linear Elastic Deformation

Force
P

1
W = P
2

Disp.

Constant Force during a deformation

Force

W = P

Disp.

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

 Work (Done) = Moment Rotation

dW = Md

W = Md
0

W=

1
M
2

W = M

--- Linear Elastic Defoemation

--- Constant Moment Magnitude

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

Homework 1 (5 Points)
Summarize the unit system of force, displacement, work and energy

- USCS (U. S. Customary System)

- SI (International System)
- MKS (Meter-Kilogram-Second)

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

7.2 Principle of Virtual Work

External Work : Work done by External Force
Internal Work : Work done by Internal Force
External Forces : Loads, Reactions
Internal Forces : Axial Forces, Shear Forces, Bending Moments
P
B
A

Ax
Ay

External Work = Internal Work

Cy

Axial Force
()
Shear Force
()

Bending Moment
()

We = Wi

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

 Virtual Work
Virtual Work = Work done by Virtual Force
= Virtual Force Real Displacement
Virtual Work = Work done due to Virtual Displacement
= Real Force Virtual Displacement
Virtual Work = Virtual Force Virtual Displacement
Virtual External Work = Work done by Virtual External Force
Virtual Internal Work = Work done by Virtual Internal Force

Principle of Virtual Work (John Bernoulli, 1717)

Virtual External Work = Virtual Internal Work
Wve = Wvi

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

B
2
1

P
C

B
FvBC
2

C P
v

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

C P
v

1
FvAC

Virtual External Force : Pv

Virtual Internal Force : FvAC , FvBC
FvBC
2

C P
v

1
FvAC

Fx = 0
Pv FvAC cos1 FvBC cos 2 = 0
Pv = FvAC cos1 + FvBC cos 2
Fy = 0

FVAC sin 1 + FVBC sin 2 = 0

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

B
FvBC
2
1

C P
v

FvAC

Virtual External Work = Virtual External Force Real External Displacement

Wve = Pv

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

10

FvBC
P

C P
v

FvAC

Virtual Internal Work = Virtual Internal Force Real Internal Displacement

2
1

BC

AC = cos1

BC = cos2

Wvi = FvACAC + FvBCBC

AC

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

= FvAC cos1 + FvBC cos2

= (FvAC cos1 + FvBCcos2)

11

Wve = Pv
Wvi = (FvAC cos1 + FvBCcos2)

Pv = FvAC cos1 + FvBC cos 2

Virtual External Work = Virtual Internal Work

Wve = Wvi
(Virtual External Force Real External Force)
= (Virtual Internal Force Real Internal Force)

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

12

7.3 Deflections of Trusses by the Virtual Work Method

Real System
P1
P2

Determination of the vertical deflection at joint B

Axial Force of member j = F
Axial Deformatio n of member j =

L
F ( From Mechnics of Materials )
AE

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

13

Virtual System
- Virtual External Force Pv = 1
- ,

P1
P2

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

14

P1
P2

Wve = (Virtual External Force Re al External Displaceme nt )

= 1

Wvi = (Virtual Internal Force Re al Internal Displaceme nt )

= Fv
= Fv = Fv

L
F
AE

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

15

 = Fv

L
F
AE

Fv = Virtual Internal Force due to Virtual External Force 1

F = Re al Internal Force due to Re al External Force

Deflections due to Temperature Changes

= Re al Internal Displaceme nt due to Temperatur e Change
= (T ) L
= Coefficien t of Thermal Expansion
= Fv = Fv ( T ) L

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

16

Example 7.1
Determine the horizontal deflection at joint G.

20k

40k

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

17

(1) Analysis of Real System

G
20k

Re al Interval Force F
40k

(2) Analysis of Virtual System

1
G

Virtual Interval Force Fv

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

18

(3) Determination of Deflection

= Fv

member

L
L
1
F = Fv F
E
A
AE
L (in )

A(in 2 )

Fv (k )

F (k )

( L / A) Fv F

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

19

Example 7.2

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

20

Example 7.3

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

21

Example 7.4

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

22

7.4 Deflections of Beams by the Virtual Work Method

Real System

(x)

L
Virtual System for determining
1
B

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

23

Wve = (Virtual External Force Re al External Displaceme nt )

= 1

Wvi = (Virtual Internal Force Re al Internal Displaceme nt )

P

(x)

dx
x

L
+ d

Mv

Mv
dx

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

24

 + d

Mv

Mv
dx

dWvi = M v ( + d ) M v = M v d
M
dx ( From Differenti al Equation of Beam Deflection )
EI
M
dWvi = M v
dx
EI
L
M
Wvi = M v
dx
0
EI
d =

= Mv
0

M
dx
EI

M v = Virtual Bending Moment due to Virtual External Force 1

M = Re al Bending Moment due to Re al External Force

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

25

Virtual System for determining

1

Wve = 1
L

Wvi = M v
0

= Mv
0

M
dx
EI

M
dx
EI

M v = Virtual Bending Moment due to Virtual External Moment 1

M = Re al Bending Moment due to Re al External Force

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

26

Wve = 1
Wvi =

M
Mv
dx
EI

= Mv
0

M
dx
EI

Virtual Internal Work = Virtual Internal Work done by Bending Moment

+ Virtual Internal Work done by Shear Force

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

27

Homework 2 (10 Points)

Derive the Force-Deformation Relatioship of Truss

L
F
AE

Derive the Force-Deformation Relatioship of Beam

d
1
=
M
dx EI

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

28

Example 7.5
w

A
L

EI= CONSTANT
Determine the slope and deflection at point A.
Real System

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

29

w(x)

x
w
L
3
xw
1 1
wx
(x)( ) ( x) =
M (x) =
L
2 3
6L

w( x) =

Virtual System for Determining Slope at A

1

M v ( x) = 1
7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

30

A =

L 1
wx 3
wL3
M vM
(1)(
)dX =
dx = 0
EI
6L
24 EI
EI

(-) : Virtual Force

wL3
A =
24 EI
Virtual System for Determining Deflection at A
1

M v = x
A =

L 1
wx 3
wL4
M vM
( x)(
)dX =
dX = 0
EI
6L
30 EI
EI

(+) : Virtual Force

wL4
A =
30 EI
7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

31

Example 7.6

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

32

Example 7.7

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

33

7.5 Deflections of Frames by the Virtual Work Method

Internal forces of trusses Axial Forces
Internal forces of beams Bending Moments
Shear Forces
Internal forces of frames Bending Moment
Shear Forces
Axial Forces

Wvi = Fv

FL
+
AE

= Fv

FL
+
AE

= Fv

FL
+
AE

Mv

M
dx
EI

Mv

M
dx
EI

Mv

M
dx
EI

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

Mv

M
dx
EI

Mv

M
dx
EI

34

Example 7.8

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

35

2 k/ft

Example 7.9
10 k
B

E = 29,000 ksi
I = 1,000 in4

15 ft

A = 35 in2
D

A
10 ft

10 ft

Determine the lateral deflection at point C.

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

36

1. Real System

2 k/ft
10 k

Bx

Ax

Ay

By

Ax = 1.67 k ()
Ay = 12.50 k ()
Bx = 11.67 k ()

B y = 27.50 k ()

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

37

2 k/ft
10 k
B

1.67 k

27.50 k

12.50 k

Segment

X coordinates

Origin Range (ft)

11.67 k

F (k)

M (k ft)

AB

0 15

12.50

1.67 x

BC

0 20

11.67

25.05 + 12.5 x x 2

CD

0 20

27.50

11.67 x

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

38

2. Virtual System
1k

Bx

Ax

Ay

By

Ax = 0.50 k ()
Ay = 0.75 k ()
Bx = 0.50 k ()

B y = 0.75 k ()

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

39

1k
B

0.50 k

0.75 k

0.75 k

Segment

X coordinates

Origin Range (ft)

0.50 k

Fv(k)

M v(k ft)

AB

0 15

0.75

0.50 x

BC

0 20

0.50

7.50 0.75 x

CD

0 20

0.75

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

0.50 x
40

3. Calculation of Deflection

C1 = Fv
=

=
C 2

L
F
AE

1
[0.75 15 (12.50) + 0.5 20 (11.67) + (0.75) 15 (27.50)]
AE

52.05 ( k 2 ft )

AE
M
= Mv
dx
EI
=

52.05 12
= 0.00062 in ()
35 29,000

20
15
1 15
2
0
.
5
(
1
.
67
)
(
7
.
5
0
.
75
)(
25
.
05
12
.
5
)
(0.5 x)(11.67 x ) dx
x
x
dx
x
x
x
dx

0
0
EI 0

9,375 ( k 2 ft 3 )
EI

9,375 12 3
= 0.55862 in ()
=
29,000 1000

C = C1 + C 2 = 0.55924 in ()
C1
0.00062
= 0.00110
=
C
0.55924

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

41

7.6 Conservation of Energy and Stain Energy

Work
Energy
- Capacity for doing work

Principle of Conservation of Energy

Work done by external forces = Work done by internal forces
External Work = Internal Work

We = Wi

Strain Energy, U

We = U

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

42

Strain Energy of Trusses

External Forces Internal Forces (Axial Forces)

F
=

L
F
AE

1
F 2L
U j = F =
2
2 AE
F 2L
U =
2 AE

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

43

Strain Energy of Beams

External Forces Internal Forces (Bending Monents)

M
M
dx
d =
EI

1
M2
dx
dU = Md =
2
2 EI
2
L M
dx
U =
0 2 EI
Strain Energy of Frames

F 2L
+
U =
2 AE
U =

M2
dx
2 EI

M2
dx
2 EI

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

44

7.7 Castglianos Second Theorem

Alberto Castigliano, 1873

U
= i
Pi

U
= i
M i

i = Pi Pi
i = Mi Mi
Application to Trusses

F 2L

(
)
=
P 2 AE
F 2
F
= 2F
P
AE
=

F FL
P AE

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

45

Application to Beams
L M M
L M2
dX
=
dx =

0
0
P 2EI
P 2 EI

M M
dx
M 2 EI

Application to Frames

F FL
+
=
P AE
=

F FL
+
M AE

M M
dX
P 2 EI

M M
dX
M 2 EI

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

M M
dX
P 2 EI
M M
dX
M 2 EI

46

Example 7.10
2k/ft
A

12k
B

E = 29,000 ksi

30

EI = constant

I = 2,000 in4

10

Evaluate the deflection at point C.

2k/ft

12k = P

B
30

P
3

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

C
30 +

4P
3

47

2k/ft

12k = P

B
30

P
3

C
30 +

4P
3

For segment AB (0ft 30ft)

M = (30
M
x
=
P
3

1
Px
3
x2
) x 2 x x = 30 x
3
P
2

For segment BC (0ft 10ft)

M = Px
M
= x
P
7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

48

M M
dx
0 P EI
10
1 30 x
12 x
2
[ ( )(30 x
=
x )dx + ( x)(12 x)dx]
0
0
EI
3
3

C =

k ft
3
k ft ft = k ft
k

6500
=
EI

C =

6500 k ft 3
EI

6500 123
= 0.194 in
=
29000 2000

C = 0.194 in ()

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

49

Example 7.11
1.5k/ft
C

12ft
40k

12ft
A
30ft
Evaluate the rotation at point C.

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

50

1.5k/ft

M
C
40k

D
B

40

6.5

M,

M
38.5 +
30

M
30

M
M

C =

M M
dx M = 0
M EI

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

51

Example 7.12

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

52

Homework 3 (40 Points)

Solve the following problems.
7.1 ~ 7.3
: 1 problem
7.4 ~ 7.7
: 1 problem
7.8 ~ 7.10
: 1 problem
7.11 ~ 7.13
: 1 problem
7.14 ~ 7.15
: 1 problem
7.18 ~ 7.23
: 2 problems
7.24 ~ 7.26
: 1 problem
7.27
: 1 problem
7.28 ~ 7.40
: 2 problems
7.41 ~ 7.45
: 1 problem
7.46 ~ 7.50
: 1 problem
7.50 ~ 7.54
: 1 problem
14 problems

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

53

Quiz 1 (60 Points)

1. . (20 Points)
(1) (Equations of Equilibrium)
(2) & (External Force & Internal Force)
(3) (Free-Body Diagram)
(4) & (Determinate Structures & Indeterminate Structures)
(5) Roller, Hinged Support, & Fixed Support
2. , . (20 Points)

10 kN/m

50 kN
200 kN-m

A
B
3m

C
3m

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

D
4m

E
4m

2m

54

3. . (20 Points)
F

4
3

9 ft
5

A
B
20k

C
20k

D
20k

4 at 12ft = 48ft

7. Deflection: Work-Energy Method

55