General Pseudo-wires for TDM & Packet

Tuan

Several Example Transmission Services

3G
Off Air

WiFi / WiMax
Access Points

VoD Servers
BSC
Internet

BRAS
Core

Aggregation
IP/MPLS
Ethernet
L2 VPN
L3 VPN

MPLS
PE

CES
EoMPLS
L3

Bcast

Part 1

ATM-BASED CES

Introduction

In the development of ATM (or Broadband) standards,

AAL1 found its niche as a way to allow ATM to replace Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
circuits at fixed rates such as 1.536 Mbps (T1) or 2.048 Mbps (E1).

The use of AAL1 was subsequently extended to allow replacement of 64K circuits (or
traditional digital voice circuits),
providing a means to convey voice on ATM backbones instead of TDM infrastructures.

AAL1 was not initially developed to optimize Voice-over-ATM applications, but is considered
a de facto standard in the absence of a real specification.

ATM Layers

Applications
Video

Data

Voice

Higher layers

Application
information
ATM.DATA.
Request

ATM Adaptation Layer

(AAL)

Conversion to (from)

ATM data types

ATM-SDU

ATM Layer

ATM.DATA.
Indication

Forward (or receive)

Request

cell through network

ATM-PDU
Physical layer (PHY)

Indicate

ATM-SDU: ATM Service Data

Unit (48 bytes of user data
including ALL Header)

ATM-PDU: ATM Process Data

Unit (53 byte cells)

Convert to correct

electrical or
optical format

To (from) ATM switch

Role of AAL

Mask specifics of ATM transport from user application, e.g.

maps the services from their native format into fixed length ATM cells and back (SAR segmentation and reassembly)
takes care of jitter, error checking, removal of corrupted cells (CS convergence
sublayer; service specific)
Expected that different applications will have different AALs (for simpler network
management, number is kept at a minimum)

Emulates PDH connections over ATM network: E1/DS1,

CES

Structured

Unstructured

Nx64 w/CAS

Base Nx64

E1

E3

DS1

DS3

J1

E1

DS1

J1

E1

DS1

J1

Unstructured Service

The E1/DS1, E3/DS3, J1 stream (bit by bit) is encapsulated in the AAL1 frame and transmitted
via ATM network
The internal structure of the PDH signal is not considered by the ATM network
Any PDH framing can be supported
Clock recovery methods
Synchronous
Asynchronous
ATM wirtual connection (CBR)

CES
IWF

ATM network

TDM device

CES
IWF
TDM device

ATM interface

Structured Service

Nx64 kbps channels can be transmisted via the ATM network

Up to 30 in case of E1 interface can be transmited
Up 24 in case of DS1 interface can be transmited
Clock recovery method Synchronous
The PDH framing must comply with G.704 standard
Two service types
Without Signalling
With Channel Associated Signalling (w/ CAS )
ATM wirtual connection (CBR)
TDM interface
( E1 ot T1)

TDM interface
( E1 ot T1)

CES
IWF

ATM network

CES
IWF
TDM device

TDM device
ATM access interfaces
TDM interface
( E1 ot T1)

TDM device

CES
IWF

AAL1 Frame
AAL1 frame

4-bit
SN

4-bits
SNP

CSI sequence count

47 bytes payload

CRC

Parity

SN - sequence number
SNP - sequence number
protection
CSI - Convergence
sublayer indicator

Checks for mis-sequencing (using a 3-bit counter) and

Allows regeneration of the original clock timing at the receiver side (e.g. using a 4-bit
Residual Time Stamp transmitted over 8 cells).

AAL1 Protocol

CSI valid PTR field

SN frame number (0-7)

SN|CSI

PTR field points at the beginning of TDM frame

(in curent or next ATM cell)
AAL1 Frames
even
AAL1 Frames
odd

0|0

2|0
1|a

4|1|PTR
3|b

6|0
5|c

abcd SRTS value

Next TDM frame

7|d

AAL2

(not yet agreed by ITU) checks for mis-sequencing and allows regeneration of the original
clock timing at the receiver side.
The IT field indicates either the position of the segment in relation to a submitted message,
or whether the segment contains timing or other information.
3 segment types are: BOM, COM and EOM.
The LI field indicates the number of useful bytes in segment.
FEC provides error detection, and some limited correction.

AAL2 frame

4-bit 4-bits
SN
IT

45 bytes payload

6-bit
LI

10-bits
FEC

SN - Sequence number
IT - Information type
LI - Length indicator
FEC - Forward error control

AAL5

much simpler than AAL3/4. A bit in the cell header (PT) indicates when the last bit of the PDU
is transmitted.

higher
layers

higher layer data frame

convergence
sub-layer

payload

pad

8 byte
trailer

ATM cell
ATM
layer

5-byte
header

48-byte
payload

...

5-byte
header

UU- AAL layer user-to-user identifier

CPI- common part identifier

up to 40-byte
payload

UU
1

CPI length
1

CRC
4

Structured service with CAS

AAL1 pointer
First TDM frame

First TDM channel

Second TDM channel
Third TDM channle

Second TDM Frame

...
Last TDM frame
(from superframe)

Signalling bits for first TDM channel

Signalling block
Signalling bits for third TDM channel

ABCD
ABCD

ABCD

Block structure N=3

Signalling bits for second TDM channel

Part 2

MPLS BASED

General

The MPLS-based PSN Packets with RFC4553/Y.1413 Stds

Tunnel & VC labels

DA

SA

Type
8100

VLAN Tags
(optional)

Type
8847

Tunnel
Label

VC Label

Control
Word

RTP
(optional)

TDM
Payload

DA

SA

Type
8100

VLAN Tags
(optional)

Type
8847

Tunnel
Label

PW Label

Control
Word

RTP
(optional)

TDM
Payload

DA

SA

Type
8100

VLAN Tags
(optional)

Type
8847

Transport
Label

Interworking
Label

Control
Word

RTP
(optional)

TDM
Payload

L2 Header

Ethernet Frame Header Format Extensions

DA

DA (6-byte)

SA (6-byte)

Length/Type = 802.1Q
Tag Type (2-byte)

3-bit Priority

SA

Type
8100

VLAN Tags
(optional)

Tag Control Information

(2-byte)

1-bit
CFI

Length/Type
(2-byte)

12-bit VLAN ID

Canonical Format Indicator (CFI)

Type
8847

MPLS Label as in the RFC3032

MPLS Label (Tunnel/Transport or VC/Interworking/PW Label)

Label ID

3-bit Exp.

1-bit S

8-bit TTL

Part 3

IP BASED

The IP-based PSN packets with RFC4553/Y.1453 Stds

IP & L2TPv3/UDP HDRs

DA

SA

Type
8100

VLAN Tags
(optional)

Type
800

IP
Header

L2TPv3 Header
(PW demultiplexing layer)

Common interworking
indicators

DA

SA

Type
8100

VLAN Tags
(optional)

Type
800

IP
Header

UDP Header
(PW demultiplexing layer)

DA

SA

Type
8100

VLAN Tags
(optional)

Type
800

IP
Header

UDP Header

L2 Header

RTP
(optional)

TDM
Payload

RTP
(optional)

Common interworking
indicators

TDM
Payload

RTP
(optional)

Control Word (CW)

TDM
Payload

Encapsulation format without the use of RTP (ITU-T Y.1453)

8

IP version

IHL

IP ToS
Total Length

3-4

Identification

5-6

Flags

Fragment Offset

Time to Live (TTL)

Protocol

10

IP header checksum

11-12

Source IP address

13-16

Destination IP address

17-20

Source UDP port number

21-22

Destination UDP port number

23-24

UDP length

25-26

UDP checksum

27-28

Reserved
FRAG

Fragment Offset

R
Length

29
30

Sequence Number

31-32

Adapted Payload

33-N

Part 4

ETHERNET BASED

An Ethernet-based PSN with MEF-8 std

DA

SA

VLAN Tags
(optional)

Ethertype
88d8

ECID

Control
Word

RTP
(optional)

TDM
Payload

FCS

Part 5

TDM PSEUDOWIRES

Generic PW Encapsulation

PSN (MPLS, UDP/IP,

L2TPv3/IP, Ethernet)

Optional
RTP header

Control
Word

Payload (SAToP , CESoPSN , HDLC,

TDMoIP - AAL1, TDMoIP - AAL2)

Payload Options:

SAToP used for structure-agnostic transport of TDM bit-streams (DS1/E1, DS3/E3)

TDMoIP - AAL1 used for preconfigured setup
TDMoIP - AAL2 used for dynamic bandwidth
CESoPSN used for structure-locked encapsulation
HDLC used for CCS signaling (e.g., SS7).

SAToP PW Payload
PSN

CW

Payload (N )

N native TDM Octets

Packet size must be defined during the the PW setup.

Payload size can be in the range of 40 1550 bytes

SAToP does not assume alignment to any underlying structure imposed by TDM framing

All SAToP implementations must support the following N:

E1 - 256 bytes
T1- 192 bytes
E3 and T3 1024 bytes
But may use any value for N

Optional Octet aligned T1 SAToP payload consists of a number of 25-byte sub frames, each sub frame
carrying 193 bits of TDM data and afterwards 7 bits of padding (zeros)

CESoPSN Payload Basic NxDS0 service

N number of DSO channels in a frame (bundle).

L Packet payload size in bytes

L = m*N (m integer)

D - packetization latency (msec)

L = 8*N*D

CW

PSN

Timeslot 1

Timeslot 2 Timeslot N

Frame #1

Payload

Timeslot 1

Timeslot 2 Timeslot N

Frame #2

Timeslot 1

Timeslot 2 Timeslot N

Frame #m

TDM PW Control Word

CW

PSN

10

Reserved
Set to Zero

FRG

Length

Payload

16

31

SN (Sequence Number)

0 0 0 0 / FORMID (4 b)

Was used to indicate TDMoIP mode (AAL1, AAL1 - CAS, AAL2, HDLC)

Ensures differentiation between IP and PW packets for MPLS PSNs (first nibble MUST be set to zero when PSN is
MPLS)

Flags (4 b)

L bit (Local failure)

R bit (Remote failure)

M defect Modifier optional used to supplement the meaning of L bit

FRG in CESoPSN FRG bits MUST be used to indicate first, intermediate and last fragment
00 indicates that the entire (un-fragmented) payload is carried in a single packet
01 indicates the packet carrying the first fragment
10 indicates the packet carrying the last fragment
11 indicates a packet carrying an intermediate fragment

Length (6 b) used when packet may be padded by L2

Sequence Number (16 b) used to detect packet loss / mis-ordering

TDMoIP AAL1 Payload Formats

Payload (up to 30 AAL1
Subframes)

CW

PSN

SN

CRC

47-Octet
Payload

Non-P Format

OR

SN CRC

Pointer

46-Octet
Payload

P Format (Structured AAL1 Only)

C - Indicates if there is a pointer in the 2nd octet of the cell.

When set, a pointer exists.

SN - sequence number

CRC - Error cyclic redundancy code on C and SN

P- Even parity bit on C, SN and CRC or the even byte parity LSB for the sequence number
octet (P format cells only)

E - (P format cells only) Even byte parity MSB for pointer octet
Note: P format cells add a 7-bit pointer which delineates the boundaries of the encapsulated
data.

Interworking between ATM CES and TDMoIP/MPLS

AAL1 PDU
AAL1 SAR
ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM CES

IP/MPLS

ATM

IP/MPLS
SAR

AAL1 PDU
TDMoIP/MPLS

IP/MPLS-based CES
T1/J1/E1
Framers
TU/VT Mappers
M13 Muxes
T3 Framers

Preserve existing
Layer 2 ATM
Infrastructure

HDLC Engine

Software
Upgrade to
IP/MPLS
Infrastructure

TDM Framer

IMA Engine

NP
TM & Policing
IP/MPLS
Interworking

TDM Framer

AAL1 Engine

TDM Framer
SONET/SDH
Framer

optics

Sonet Framer

AAL1 SAR/CES
Structured &
Unstructured

TDMoIP AAL2 Payload

CW

PSN

CID

LI

UUI

HEC

Payload

Payload (up to 31 AAL2

Subframes)

CID

LI

UUI

HEC

Payload

CID Channel (timeslot) identifier unique for the connection.

Values below 15 are reserved therefore there are 248 possible CID values
LI Length indicator, one less than the length of the payload in octets
UUI User-to-user indication, the higher layer (application) identifier and counter
HEC Header error control

TDMoIP HDLC Payload

CW

PSN

Payload
Zero Bit Deletion

Flags

Data

CRC 16
HDLC Frame in TDM

HDLC PDU is transported in its entirety excluding:

HDLC flags

CRC

Bit/Byte stuffing

Flags

Part 6

PACKET PSEUDOWIRES

HDLC PW

HDLC Pseudo-wire

HDLC PW Layering Structure:

PSN (MPLS, UDP/IP,

Ethernet)

PW Header

Control Word
(optional)

HDLC Service Payload

HDLC Control Word:

CW

PSN

0
Reserved
Set to Zero

5 6

7 8

RES

10
Length

Payload

16
SN (Sequence Number)

31

HDLC Pseudo-wire (contd)

HDLC Payload:

CW

PSN

Flag

Payload

Data

HDLC PDU is transported in its entirety excluding:

HDLC flags

FCS

Bit/Byte stuffing

FCS

Flags

ATM PW

ATM PW Layering Structure

PSN (MPLS, UDP/IP,

Ethernet)

PW Header

Control Word
(optional)

ATM Service Payload

PSN Transport Header Varies depending on particular tunneling technology.

Used to transport encapsulated ATM information through packet network.

Pseudo-wire Header Identifies an ATM service on a tunnel. In the case of MPLS header is
one or more MPLS labels.

ATM Control Word May contain length , sequence number needed to carry the service

ATM N-to-1 Frame Control Word

CW

PSN

10

Reserved
Set to Zero

Flags

RES

Length

Payload

16

31

SN (Sequence Number)

First four bits must be set to zero

Length defined as the length of the Layer 2 payload plus the length of the control word if less
than 64 bytes, the length field MUST be set to the packet's length.
Otherwise the length field MUST be set to zero.

Multiple Cell Concatenation

PSN overhead can be reduced by concatenating multiple cells into the same packet

The number of cells in a packet can range from a single cell to 29 cells

For a single cell -> Cell of 53 bytes is forwarded to a 94 bytes frame size (overhead is ~ 70%)

For 29 cell -> 29 Cells of 1537 bytes are forwarded to a 1466 bytes frame size no overhead (since
only 1 byte of the cell header is forwarded in VC mode)
Note: calculation is based on IP PSN type without VLAN, in VC mode

The number of cells in a packet is determined by one of the following option:

Each PW is configured manually with a limit on the number of cells it will carry in a single packet

Each PW can be set with a timeout mechanism between 100 5000000 uSec

In case AAL5 mode is set to enable (supported from version 1.0), a reception of end of AAL5 frame
indication triggers a packet transmission.

ATM N-to-1 Data Encapsulation

CW

PSN

11

Payload

12

27

30

VPI

VCI

| PTI

|C

ATM Cell Payload (48 bytes)

VPI

VCI

| PTI

|C

ATM Cell Payload (48 bytes)

FR PW

Frame Relay PW Layering Structure

PSN (MPLS, UDP/IP,

Ethernet)

PW Header

Control Word
(optional)

FR Service Payload

MPLS Tunnel Label (s) Label is used by MPLS LSRs to forward PW packet
PW Label Identifies one PW (one LSP) assigned to a frame relay VC in one direction.
Together with the MPLS Tunnel label it forms the MPLS label Stack.
Frame Relay Control Word Contains protocol control information

Frame Relay Control Word

CW

PSN

0
Reserved
Set to Zero

5 6

7 8

RES

10
Length

Payload

16
SN (Sequence Number)

F FECN (Forward Explicit Congestion Notification) bit is copied into F bit

B BECN (Backward Explicit Congestion Notification) bit is copied into B bit
D DE (Discard Eligibility ) bit is copied into the D bit
C Command/ Response bit is copied into C bit

31

Frame Relay Payload Format

CW

PSN

Flags

Payload

Data

FCS
Frame Relay Frame

Frame Relay PDU is transported in its entirety excluding:

Flags
FCS
Bit/Byte stuffing

Flags

Thank You !