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I992 Labor-7RE,: J. F. Massicott
I992 Labor-7RE,: J. F. Massicott
source. The signal source was unchanged. The output from all
three sources was passed through the optical isolator and into
the fibre as before. 91mW of 1.48pm pump power was
launched of which 82mW was absorbed. The launched signal
was again held constant at -31dBm but this time, for each
wavelength step, the input auxiliary pump power was varied
between -30 and 1dBm. The gain and noise figure were
obtained as before.
Conclusions: A configuration for the 1.6pm amplifier combining high gains with good noise performance has been demonstrated. Using 82mW of pump power at 1.48pm together
with an auxiliary pump of -9dBm at 1.555pm, a maximum
gain of 31 dB at 1.57 pm has been achieved. With adjustment
of the auxiliary power level, a gain of 24dB with less than
1dB variation is obtained over a bandwidth of 30 nm. The
noise figure of this dual pumped amplifier approaches the
minimum possible for a 1.48pm pumped device, remaining
below 5dB over a bandwidth of 35nm. This represents an
improvement in noise figure of up to 5 dB over a similar using
a single 1.555pm pump.
17th August I992
J. F. Massicott, R. Wyatt and B. J. Ainslie (British Telecom Laboratories, Martlesham Heath, Ipswich IPS 7RE, United Kingdom)
References
ATKINS, C. G., MASSICOTT, J . F., ARMITAGE, J. R., WYATT, R., AINSLIE, B.
1570
l;80
I590
1600
wavelength ,nm
1610
M., TACHIKAWA, Y., and SUGITA, E . : Noise characteristics of Er3+doped fibre amplifiers pumped by 0.98 and 1.48pm laser diodes,
IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett., 1990,3, pp. 205-207
LAMING, R. I., and PAYNE, D. N . : Noise characteristics of erbiumdoped fibre amplifier pumped at 980nm, IEEE Photonics
Technol. Lett., 1990,6, pp. 418-421
MINISCALCO, w. J., THOMPSON, B. A., DAKSS, M. L., ZEMON, s. A., and
ANDREWS, L. J . : The measurement and analysis of cross sections
for rare-earthdoped glasses. SPIE Fibre Laser Sources and
Amplifiers 111, 1991, Vol. 1581, pp. 80-90
OLSHANSKY, R . : Noise figure for erbium-doped optical amplifiers,
Electron. Lett., 1988,22, pp. 1363-1365
MASSICOTI, I. F., WYATT, R., AINSLLE, B. I., and CRAIG-RYAN, s. P.:
Efficient,high power, high gain, Er3+ doped silica fibre amplifier,
Electron. Lett., 1990, 14, pp. 1038-1039
WYATT, R.: Spectroscopy of rare earth doped fibres. SPIE Fibre
Laser Sources and Amplifiers, 1989, Vol. 1171
1570
I580
1590
1600
wavelength, n m
1610
PE
Fig. 3 Noise figure for the single and dual pumped I 6 p m amplifier,
1.48 pm
1.555pm
Vol. 28 No. 2 0
1925
quality can be prepared. With regard to a cryogenic environment, the large device size is directly related to the heavy
refrigeration burden. Developing high-T, filters with miniaturised configuration is, therefore, very important in reducing the
size and operating power of the refrigeration systems and in
integrating the filters with other circuit elements onto a single
substrate.
In this work, we designed and fabricated narrowband
high-T, filters using miniaturised microstrip hairpin resonators, which have a suitable structure to reduce the size of the
filter configuration.
Miniaturised hairpin resonator [4] : The miniaturised hairpin
resonator consists of two sections, a symmetrical parallel
coupled line and a single line. One end of the coupled line is
open and the other end is connected in parallel by the single
line. The resonator length decreases compared with that of the
conventional half-wavelength resonator when Z, Z , < Z:,
where Z, and Z , are the characteristic impedances of the odd
and even modes in the coupled line section, rapectively, and
Z , is that in the single line section.
m
U
1
U;
0
-
c 5 -
c_
Fig. 1 Miniaturised hairpin resonntor filter and conuentionnl parallelcoupled-linefilter with snme electricol speci$cations
a Hairpin
b Conventional parallel-coupled-line
t
10
0
11)6111
5"
50
temperature. K
* Also with Information and Communication Research Center, Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd., Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki
214, Japan
I
4 5
1136121
50
frequency, GHz
1926
-
References
1
Vol. 28 No. 2 0
r
SUGINOSHITA, F., IMAI, K., YAZAWAN, N., SUZUKI, K., N J I O , S., TAKE-
N-
k=O
n = 0, 1, ..., N
- 1 (3)
J. I. Agbinya
Indexing term: Signal processing, Transforms, Algorithms
= 0, 1 , 2 , _ _
N_
/ 2 ,-
Y ( k )=
N
k = - 1, ..., P N - N / 2 - 1
2
k PN -N/2
N
k P N -- 1, .._,
PN - 1
2
0 . 5 X (N / 2 )
X(k -PN
+N)
(5)
J(2)
k=O
k = 1 , 2 , . ..,P N - 1
n = 0, 1 , . ..,S - 1 (7)
The inverse modified DCT-I for the interpolated sequence
yl(n) is given by the expression
PN- I
yl(n) =
1 Y ( m )cos mnn
M
II= 1
(1)
Y ( k )=
where
= 1, 2, ...,N
otherwise
[O
{F
k = O , l , ..., N
k =N
1, ..., P N - 1
(9)
1927