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Introduction To Psychology Class Assignment
Introduction To Psychology Class Assignment
Chapter 1: Introduction
Dre Parker, 12 years old, could have been the most popular kid in Detroit, but
his mother's latest career move has landed him in China. Dre immediately falls for his
classmate Mei Ying and the feeling is mutual but cultural differences make such a
friendship impossible. Even worse, Dre's feelings make an enemy of the class bully,
Cheng. In the land of Kung Fu, Dre knows only a little karate, and Cheng puts "the
karate kid" on the floor with ease. With no friends in a strange land, Dre has nowhere
to turn but maintenance man Mr. Han, who is secretly a master of Kung Fu. As Han
teaches Dre that Kung Fu is not about punches and parries, but maturity and calm,
Dre realizes that facing down the bullies will be the fight of his life (Columbia
Pictures, 2010)
In this report, we are going to use the theory of emotion proposed by JamesLange on Dre Parker. According to the James-Lange theory, emotion results from
physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment (King, 2014). Lange
explained his theory by relating his own concept to the concept of common sense. The
common sense tells us what we should do because of the external stimulus that we
perceived.
Other than that, we are also going to use the systematic desensitization in this
report. Systematic desensitization, an empirically researched behavior therapy
procedure that is time-consuming, and rooted on the principle of classical
conditioning. Systematic desensitization is the therapy approach use to eliminate the
client's fear response towards a particular stimulus by using systematic procedures to
help the client to relearn a desirable respond towards the feared stimuli.
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Systematic Desensitization
Systematic desensitization is the therapy approach use to eliminate the client's
fear response towards a particular stimulus by using systematic procedures to help the
client to relearn a desirable respond towards the feared stimuli. By pairing the state of
relaxation with phobia associated scenarios varying in degree in the level of fear, the
subject would eventually be able to replace the original emotion respond which is fear
with neutral relax state of mind.
In the movie, Dre who has been bullied and beaten up several times,
developed a fear toward his bully, Cheng. However Dre was not willing to subdue to
his fear and try to retaliate by sabotaging Cheng, in which Cheng responds chasing
Dre down to a dead ally and beating him, thus furthermore enforcing Dre's fear.
However through the help of Mr. Han, Dre had begun to learn the means that he need
to overcome his problem. He gradually defeats his opponent in the tournament and
eventually conquers his fear towards Cheng by defeating Cheng in the final.
We could argue the similarities of systematic desensitization process with the
process of how Dre overcome his problem. Emotionally wise Dre had initially
developed fear and avoidance attitude due to that Cheng was well trained in the art of
Kung Fu, however by defeating other opponent in the tournament, Dre gain
confidence in his own ability and convinced that he can handle Cheng, which he
previously cannot fight. Therefore, in a way the process of defeating opponent in the
tournament is similar to the hierarchy of fear scenario that was used to desensitize
during the process of desensitization therapy, where Dre approach and overcome his
fear scenario beginning by defeating the less challenging opponent to facing his bully
who is well trained in martial arts.
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bullied were more likely to have poor health outcomes. For example, 37.3% of
children who were physically bullied many times per week had depressed mood in
comparison to only 8.1% of children who were never bullied. After regression
analysis, children who were ever physically bullied were 80% more likely to have
depressed mood.
The discussion and application of this study clarifies the impact of repetitive
physical bullying on youth with regard to health outcomes. For example, depressed
mood was 4.6 times more common in youth who were bullied physically many times
per week in comparison to youth who were never physically bullied. In a survey with
91 American students between the ages of 11-14, frequency of exposure to bullying
was the greatest factor in predicting trauma. Comprehensive whole-school
interventions that include sanctions, teacher training, classroom curriculum, conflict
resolution training and individual counseling by school counselors when required are
somewhat effective in preventing bullying. School connectedness, a feeling that
youth belong to their school environment, has also been employed to deter bullying in
the school system. For example, a program that includes relationship building, selfesteem enhancement, goal setting, and academic assistance was found to improve
self-esteem levels and foster positive connections in multiple areas of the students
life. Most of the independent risk indicators associated with physical bullying is
preventable through appropriate social policy implementation and family support. It
also appears that preventing repeated bullying should be the main focus of
intervention in comparison to preventing more infrequent bullying.
The prevalence of health problems increased substantially as bullying
frequency increased from never to once or twice per month to weekly to many times
per week (Table 5). For example, only 8.1% of youth who were never physically
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bullied had depressed mood. In comparison, 16.2% of youth had depressed mood if
they were bullied once or twice per month. Depressed mood increased to a prevalence
rate of 26% and 37.3%, respectively, for youth who were physically bullied once a
week or many times per week.
The main factor in this study is physical bullying. Physical bullying victims
were more likely to be boys, be of First Nations or Mtis cultural status, have an
unemployed father, have a mother and a father who did not graduate from high
school, have a father with a non-professional occupation; and were more likely to live
in a low-income neighborhood. Victims of physical bullying were also more likely to
be overweight or obese. Not living with both parents and all parental relationship
questions were associated with physical bullying prior to statistical adjustment.
Bullying can impact the physical, emotional and social health of a child.
Victims of bullying are more likely to report sleep disturbances, abdominal pain,
headaches, sadness, low self-esteem, depression, anxiety and suicidal thoughts. A
Canadian study reviewing bullying among schoolchildren found that the long-term
consequences of being a victim of bullying included mental health problems,
criminality, school drop-out and unemployment.
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various psychologists, including Joseph Wolpe and others, and to discuss the
procedure and also the effectiveness and limitations of the methods revised.
There are numerous steps in methodology that were devised in systematic
desensitization. First on the approach is relaxation training. During the beginning of
therapy therapist will begin relaxation training with the client. Wolpe recommended
Edmund Jacobsons progressive muscle relaxation technique. Progressive muscle
relaxation involves tensing and relaxing various groups of muscles throughout the
body to achieve a deep relaxed state (Wolpe, 1961). Second stage of the therapy is the
construction of Anxiety Hierarchy. In order to achieve that therapist will work with
clients to develop a list of anxiety-producing situations or scenes, which in some way
co-operated your phobia. The list of hierarchy created can vary from 5 to 20 or more,
and the scenario depicted in the list would be graduate increasingly in the level of
phobia as the list goes down, from slightly uncomfortable scenario to frightening
scene and then to the most anxiety producing events. The final stage of the therapy is
the actual desensitization of the fear (Wolpe, 1961). Wolpe suggested that the client
do not require to place in direct contact with the actual feared situation, but only
through description and imagination of the feared scenario (Wolpe, 1961). The actual
process of desensitization began by the client to be instructed to enter a state of deep
relaxation, before the therapist began to describe the feared scene in the hierarchy list
to the client. The client's objective is to remain completely relaxed while imagining
the scene that was being described by the therapist. If the client was successful to
remain relaxed, then the therapist will proceed to the next scene on the hierarchy list,
if the client were to feel the slightest anxiety, they are instructed to raise their index
finger. When this happens, the presentation of the scene will stop until the client
would return to the relaxed state, and the therapist continues to proceed to work down
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the list. This process repeats until the client eventually will be able to maintain relaxed
throughout the list. The client will be required to repeat the process several times in
follow up therapy sessions. In Wolpe's work with his client, the number of sessions
required to complete the therapy varies. Some claimed to recover in few while some
took more. Average number of sessions require numbering in about 12, which also
suggest that systematic desensitization are more effective than psychoanalysis
treatment, which usually require years of therapy.
Findings show that subjects who suffer from phobia can be successfully
through desensitization treatment. According to Wolpe's report from his study, the
success rate is up to 91%, while the remaining 9% had their failure were contributed
by problems which did not allow proper desensitization such as the inability to
imagine the scenario. Furthermore, it is possible for the subject to desensitize their
fear without actually being physically presence in the feared situation. The concept of
Wolpe's theoretical approach was to use a counter response to inhibit the fear response
towards the stimuli. The idea is that two different respond co-exist together against a
single stimulus, hence physical relaxation inhibits the emotion of fear. Lastly, Wolpes
method also justified the stand that phobia is developed through association, which is
a process of learning; hence, phobia can be unlearned through desensitization.
In discussion, Wolpe's behaviorist approach was introduced during the 1950s,
it created controversy as psychoanalysis therapy was popular at the time and
skepticism towards behavior therapy had been raised. Critics from the pro
psychoanalytic argue that Wolpe's approach only treat the symptoms instead of the
underlying cause of the phobia, however, follow up reports of Wolpe's patients who
received successful desensitization at various times from six months to four years
after treatment show no evidence or resurgence of phobic episode. Application for
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Wolpes works applies to all forms of phobia and anxiety treatment. Application of
systematic desensitization has deemed more effective and efficient than
psychoanalysis.
The prevalence of the study conducted in this article relates to how one can
overcome their fear by applying the desensitization process in everyday life.
Comparing the techniques of Wolpe and how Dre is overcoming his fear when he
beats his opponent in the tournament, there are few similarities in the process.
Factors that involve in the process of systematic desensitization are such as
relaxation technique, the hierarchy list of phobic scenario
The cause and effect highlighted in the process of how fear can be acquired
through the process of association and learning, and thus how it can be undone
through association as well.
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whereas the other group received no encouragement when progress was made.
Several other had conducted similar studies such as Leitenberg et al (1969) and Rimm
and Mahoney ( 1969) furthermore conducted study to investigate the collation of
direct and indirect monetary reward would have an effect on the success of systematic
desensitization, where the Shaping subject was told they would earn tokens that can
later be exchange for significant amount of money, while the control group were only
told that they would receive money for participating in the experiment, but was omit
about the relation between the number of token they would receive relative to their
performance in the test, furthermore, a third no-treatment control group was also
assigned.
The result findings produced in the Wagner and Cauthen experiment as well as
the Leitenberg experiment shows that subjects who received appraisal would
demonstrate improvement in the elimination of avoidance behavior, hence affirming
their hypothesis. The study of Rimm and Mahoney regarding the relationship between
monetary incentive and the improvement is a failure as in the actual findings shows
that the number of token that the subjects was awarded relative to their performance
in the experiment in each group has shown no significant difference between the
groups, and thus the hypothesized monetary incentive bare no effects in the treatment
of any kind. In an attempt to explain the failure, Rimm and Mahoney suggest that in
order for a successful employment of operant modifier that were to alter the outcome
of the treatment, the subject must be given a reasonably achievable goal or result to
strive for.(Rimm and Mahoney, 1969) On the other hand, experiment conducted by
Leitenberg, Agras, Butz and Wincze (1971) had demonstrated that client has shown
the ability to improve on desensitization treatment and reduce avoidance behavior
when they are merely encouraged to face the source of their fears, even without any
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explicit attention, praises or reward when they show improvement. From facts drawn
from above, Davidson and Wilson suggested that factors consists of nature, of operant
conditioning can indeed have an effect in the improvement of systematic
desensitization treatment, and that the role of the therapist as the social reinforcement
factor might come into play when the therapist was involved in helping clients
maintaining relaxation during therapy.
The prevalence of this journal studied are to investigate various factors which
can affect the process of systematic desensitization and if they do how these factors
can be of use to improve the therapy itself. Factors that are studied in this journal
consist of: social reinforcement factors in systematic desensitization and imagery,
introspection, and behaviorism that factors involve in the therapy.
This journal discussed the cognitive side of possibility to explain the
mechanisms that were involved in the systematic desensitization therapy. Discussion
about how cognitive theory is found in some degree able to affect and improve
behaviorists systematic desensitization therapy.
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Chapter 4: Discussion
From the movie, we know that the main character, Dre is facing the problem
of depression. The depressed person will feel sad and worthlessness about themselves.
He or she will also have less desire to engage in formerly pleasurable activities. There
are similarities among the depressed people, that they could not find their meaning of
living, they do not even know why they exist in this world and feel empty and
worthless toward the society and even toward their family. They easily have negative
thinking and confusion, until they have the difficulty in concentrating, remembering
or making decision. They even have the thought of suicide. All these are a distress
signal from them (Psychology Today, 2008).
When a person suffered from depression, the support from his or her friends
and family is important to help them to recover or to get back to his or her normal life.
The society, especially the family members of the depressed person, plays the most
important role and function to tackle his or her problem (Cigna, n.d.). The family
members need to put themselves in the shoes of the depressed family member in order
to understand them better. The family members also need to show their caring for the
depressed person. Just like Dre in the movie, he needs the acceptance from others, so
if his mother do not accept who he is, it will be hard to find others to accept him.
Dres mother should aware of his depression earlier, and then learn about the
depression so that she can cope, help and keep the expectations realistic of Dres
depression. She can also share her feelings with Dre. By talking and sharing about the
issues and emotions, they can find the most effective way to deal with it. If it is
necessary, Dre and his mother can together, meet a family therapist. The therapist will
help Dre to understand that his mothers career that requires them to move on is not
the main cause of his depression (Families for Depression Awareness, n.d.).
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Chapter 5: Conclusion
First strength of the report is the issue that being discussed the report, which is
the bullying, is related to our life as sometimes we can see the bullying issue is being
discussed or wrote in the mass media such. Hence, the report can give a sight of daily
issues in life. Other than that, we had highlighted the cause and effect and the factor
contributed to the issue through the journal that have been proven it validity. Thus, the
report has the valid and solidness. The third strength is the motivation and emotion as
a factor to influence a person, action, as shown in the film that the main character, Dre
is motivated to face the bullying and not run away from the problem.
First limitation, we faced is the dilemma of choosing the right film to do for
our assignment. We do not know what genre of movie should be choose, the
psychological thriller or normal genre. At the end, we decide to choose the family and
action genre of the movie, which is the Karate Kid (2010). We also face the difficulty
to find a suitable journal. We have a hard time to find the journal that suitable to the
issue that we want to discuss in our report such as the single parent family and child.
Thus, in the end, we only focus on one issue only which is the bullying issue.
Through this assignment, we had learned a lot, especially about the issue that
being discussed in the report. We are more aware the effect of bullying toward a
person and the society and the importance of preventing the bullying issues from
getting more serious. Besides that, we learn that human are not perfect, but we try to
look from the bright sides of it which is the courage and motivation to face the
problem. Human emotion plays an important role in it. Sometimes, our emotionally
give us the will to keep on going. At last, it is important to have a good teamwork in
doing the assignment, where each person has to contribute their part in it and can
learn something from it.
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Appendix